新世纪版英语八年级下学期U4L1

UnitFourPeopleandtheEnvironmentLessonlPopulationProblems1．增长；成长；生长n_______11.污染n.________2．增加一倍；成倍__________12．煤n._________3．因此，因而；所以ad.____13.可获得的；可取得联系的4．快的，迅速的a．a._________5．拥挤的；塞满的a.____14．生产，产生________6．受污染的n．____________15．面临___________7．引起___________16．按平均值；通常________8．可怕的__________17．扔掉；抛弃，丢弃_______9．塑料；塑料制品_________18．耗尽，用光_________10.污染，弄脏vt.&vi．19.总有一天·有朝一日_______worldpopulationgrowthgreenhouseeffect温室效应世界人口增长naturalresources自然资源theproblemofovercrowdingthrowawaymillionsoftonsofrubbish过度拥挤问题扔掉成百万吨的垃圾agingpopulation人口老龄化saveenergy节约能源controlthebirthrate控制出生率pollutetheair污染空气doubleevery24yearsfindotherwaystomakeenergy每24年翻一倍寻找其他生产能源的方法一、词汇精讲1．doublevi．＆vt.(doubling,doubled,doubled)增加一倍；成倍课文：ThepopulationinAfricaisdoublingevery24years.(P103)非洲人口每24年翻一番。拓展：doubleallthequantities分量增加一倍double两倍的，成双的，双重的：adoublebed双人床adoubleaim双重目标double两倍：mixeddoubles男女混合双打例句：HegetspaiddoublefordoingthesamejobIdo.他与我做同样的工作，但报酬却比我多一倍。2．causevt．(causing,caused,caused)引起疗．原因课文：Butwhathascausedthisproblem?(P105)但是是什么引起了这个问题？拓展：causetrouble惹麻烦causen．原因，理由,动机，事业；目标；themostcommoncauses最常见的原因nocauseforconcern没有理由担忧；agoodcause崇高的事业辨析：cause;reason;excuseCause一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”，后接介词Reason一种看法或行为的“理由”；Excuse借口、辩白例句：①Carelessnessistheusualcauseoffire．粗心是造成火灾的普遍原因。②Youmusttellhimthereasonwhyyouwon'taccepthisoffer.你必须告诉他为什么你不能让他通过。③Lateagain!Whatyourexcuseofthistime?又迟到！这次你的借口是什么？3．rapidd．快的，迅速的课文：That'llberapidgrowth．那将是一个快速的增长。语块学习：rapidgrowth快速的增长拓展：rapidchange迅速的改变rapidlyad．快地，迅速地；arapidlygrowingeconomy迅速增长的经济4.pollutevi.&vt．(polluting;polluted*polluted)污染，弄脏课文：Theypollutetheair，thelandandthewater.它们污染空气，土地和水。Pollutionn.污染airpollution空气污染；waterpollution水污染Polluteda.受污染的例句：Youcannotfindfishinthisriverbecausethewaterispolluted.你在这条河里找不到鱼，因为河水已受到污染。二、语块深解l.befacedwith面临课文：Becausethepopulationisgrowingsofast,theworldisfacedwithmanyproblems由于人口增长过快，世界面临着很多问题。拓展:befacedwithsth．面临某事facetofacewithsb.与某人面对面；facetofacewithsth．面对某种处境inthefaceofsth即使面对〔问题、困难等〕；由于，因为例句：①Thetwohavenevermetfacetofacebefore.两个人过去从未见过面。②Shewasatanearlyagebroughtfacetofacewiththehorrorsofwar.她年幼时就面临战争的恐怖。③Hewasunabletodenythechargesinthefaceofnewevidence.面对新的证据，他无法否认被控告的罪。2.onaverage按平均值；通常课文：Onaverage,menlivetobe76,andthewomen,78.(P103)平均来说，男人活到76岁而女人活到78岁。拓展：grownonaverage50%平均增长率为50%inaverage平均地辨析：onaverage;inaverageonaverage经常单独使用，做插入语；inaverage后面一般跟有名词，这时的average似乎带有一点形容词例句：①Wereceived20callsadayonaverage.我们平均每天接到二十个。②Spendingover8hoursinnetbareverydayinaverage,Iamatotallynetworm.我平均每天都要在网吧里呆上8个小时以上，是个不折不扣的同虫。课文：Mostpeopleusedtoliveinthecountry.(P103)大多数人过去住在乡村例句：①Heusedtogotosleepat90'clockintheevening-他过去常常在晚上9点睡觉。②Heisusedtogoingtosleepearly．他习惯于早睡。③Woodisusedtomakehouses木材被用来造房子。4.throwaway扔掉；抛弃，丢弃课文：Everydaywethrowawaymillionsoftonsofrubbish.(P108)每天我们扔掉成百万吨的垃圾。拓展：throwaway失去；错过，浪费；白费：throwawayanopportunity失去时机throwto扔给……例句：Hethrewtheballtome．他把球扔给了我。三、重点句型l.By1999thepopulationhadreached6billion,andby2005ithadrisento6.4billion直到1999年人口已经到达60亿，到了2005年人口上涨到了64亿。点津：本句为过去完成时，表示过去某个时间或动作之前发生的事情。其中by意为“直到……；到……为止”，通常表示完成时。例句：Wehadlearned2000wordsbytheendoflastmonth.到上个月底为止，我们已经学习了2000个单词。2.Therefore,itisnecessarytocontrolthepopulationgrowth.因此，控制人口增长是必要的。点津：itisnecessarytodo表示“傲某事是必要的”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式“tocontrolthepopulationgrowth”。itis+形容词+todo表示“做某事……”。例句：Itisnecessarytocleantheroomseveryday．必须每天清扫一次房间。3.TheprobleminAsiaisnotjustpopulationgrowthbutalsoovercrowdinginmanycities.在亚洲不只有人u增长问题，在一些城市还有人口拥挤问题。点津：句中not(only)...butal。。…意为“不但……而且……”，其中only和also可省略〔～般只省略一个〕，用于连接两个相同的句子成分。其中本句中not和butalso后接名词，作句子的表语。例句：Helikesnotonlyplayingbasketballhutalsoplayingvolleyball,他不但喜欢打篮球而且喜欢打排球。4.Government.shavetosolvetheproblemofovercrowdingincities.(Pl03)政府不得不解决城市人口拥挤问题。点津：句子ha。。to意为“必须，不得不，得”．强调外界客观因素要求主语不得不做某事，有人称、数和时态的变化，后接动词原形。辨析:havetomust例句：①Youdon’thavetotellhimaboutil．你没必要把这件事告诉他。②Youmustn’ttellhimaboutit．你一定不要把这件事告诉他。四、社交套话1．Welldone.做得好。／很棒。点津：本句为社交套话，表示对某事的正面判断和鼓励，意为“做得好”。与“Goodwork”意思相近，意为“干得好！”。例句；---Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.我已经做完了家庭作业。-Welldone．做的好。2.Ihopenot．(P107)我不希望这样。点津：本句为社交套话，表示对某事的反面看法。与“Ihopeso．”意思相反，用法相同，译为“我希望如此”。例句：-theworldwillbefilledwithrubbishhereandthere.世界将到处是垃圾。-Ihopenot.我不希望如此。五、语法Thepastperfecttense过去完成时一、过去完成时的形式过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。二、过去完成时的用法1．表示一个过去动作或状态在过去莱一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束.印发生在。过去的过去”。注意：只有和过去某时间或某动作相比拟时才能用到这一时态。常用的时间状语有：bytheendof,bythattime,before+过去时间或从句，when+从句。例句：①Wehadwaitedtherewhenshearrived.当她到达时，我们已等侯在那里了。②Itwastoocold,butwehadn'tthoughtofthat.天气太冷了，但是我们事前未想到。2．表示过去某一时间的某动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常用时间状语有：since+过去时间点或从句，for+-段时间。例句：①Shehadworkedfortwoyearsbeforeshecamehere.她来这里之前已工作了两年了。=2\*GB3②ItwasthebestbookthatI'dreadsince2000.它是自2000年以来我读过的最好的书。3．考点提示：hope,wish,plan,want,mean(意图)，intend(打算)，think,expect〔期望〕等用于过去完成时态，表示过去未曾实现的“方案、打算、企图、愿望、想法”等，多译为“本想〔本打算、本以为……〕”。例句：①Ihadplannedtosendyouabirthdaygift.我本来方案送给你一份生日礼物的。②Theboyhadhopedtowinthefirstprize.男孩本希望获得一等奖。中考链接(2012·40题)Bytheendoflastmonth,I____alltheCD'sofJustinBieber.A.collectB.collectedC.havecollectedD.hadcollectedI.将左栏词汇与右栏的正确释义配对()l.growthA.tobecometwiceasmuchorasmany()2.doubleB.tomakethingstobesold()3.rapidC.toadddirtyorharmfulsubstancestoland,air,water,etc.()4.causeD.tomakesth.happen,especiallysth.badorunpleasant()5.terribleE.theprocessofgrowingphysically,mentallyoremotionally()6.polluteF.thethingsthatyoucanget,buyorfind()7.availableG.makingyoufeelveryunhappy,upsetorfrightened()8.produceH.happeninginashortperiodoftime根据所给要求，改写以下句子。每空格限填一词l.Thegovernmenthastogiveitsattentiontotheproblemofovercrowdingincities.〔改为否认句〕Thegovernment____________togiveitsattentiontotheproblemofovercrowdingincities.2.Theworldpopulationwas6.3billionin2003.〔对划线局部提问〕________________theworldpopulationin2003?3.Thegovernmentsmustfindwaystocontrolthepopulationgrowth(保持句意根本不变〕It's_____________thegovernmentstofindwaystocontrolthepopulationgrowth4.Hehasenteredtheccollegeandhehasgotanaward.〔合并句子〕______________hasheenteredthecollege,butalsohehasgotanaward.5.Marywrotethreearticleslastweek.〔保持句意根本不变〕Mary____threearticlesbytheendoflastweek.6.before,hurried,the,we,train,to,started,station,had,the(连词成句)___________________________________________________选择最恰当的答案()1.Inthespringtheplaceiscrowdedwithskiers.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectfortheunderlinedword?()2.Wbenwegottothecinema,thefilmfortenminutes.A.hadbegunB.hasbeenonC.hadbeenonD.hasbegun()3.WhenIgottothestation,thetrain____.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.willleaveD.left()4.Beforehebegantodohishomework,hehadpromisedtofinishit_____anhour.A.duringB.forC.withinD.on()5.Ididn’tgotothecinemawithmyfriendsbecauseIthemovie.A.sawB.hadseenC.hasseenD.wouldsee()6.Bytheendoflastterm,thestudents____onethousandnewwords.A.learnedB.haslearnedC.willlearnD.hadlearned()7.Bythetimehe_______thirty,he______quiteafewforeigncountries.A.was;visitedB.was,hadvisitedC.was;hasvisitedD.hadbeen;visited()8.Itisnecessary_____hardyourjobs.toworkB.worksC.workedD.working()9.Hegetsused_______likethis.A.livingB.liveC.livedD.lives()10.---Rememhertolockthedoorwhenyouleft.---_______A.Me,tooB.Welldone.C.Sure.Iwill.D.That'sallright.用括号中所给词的适当形式完成句子。每空格限填一词l.Thechemicalsletoutbythefactorywill_theriver.(pollution)2.Couldyoucomeupwithanideato________theproblem?(solution)3.Thebusistoo_______togeton.(crowd)4.Thepricesofcarsarerising________.(rapid)5.Thereisa______ofinterestindetectivestoriesamongyoungpeople.(grow)将以下单词或词组填入空格。每空格限填一词．每词只能填一次A.hangedB.satellitesC.weatherD.receiveE.helpSatellitesForecasttheWeatherNowsatellitesarehelpingtoforecasttheweather.Theyareinspace,andtheycanreachanypartoftheworld.Theltakepicturesoftheatmosphere(气),becausethisiswheretheweatherforms.Theysendthesepicturestotheweatherstation.Sothescientiststherecanseetheweatherofanypartoftheworldandtellhowtheweatherwillchange.Today,nearlyfivehundredweatherstationsinsixtycountriescan2satellitepictures.Whentheyreceivethenewpictures,theycomparethemwiththeearlierones.Perhapstheymayfindthatthecloudshave___3____duringthelastfewhours.Thismaymeanthattheweatheronthegroundmaysoonchange,too.Intheirnextweatherforecast,theycantellpeopleaboutit.Sotheweathersatellitesareofagreat4tothescientistsatthestation.Inthepasttheycouldforecasttheweatherforabout24or48hoursearlier.Nowtheycanmakegoodforecastsforthreeorfivedays.Soon,perhaps,theymaybeabletoforecasttheweatherforaweekormoreahead.1.________2.________3._______4.________用适当的介词填空l.Wearefaced______manyproblemsatpresent.2.________average,vegetarians(素食者)areslimmerthanmeateater.3.Manyfamilieshavelargenumbers________childreninAfrica.4._______thenext10years,ourcitywillhavemoretallbuildings.5.Governmentshavetosolvetheproblem_______overcrowdingincities.根据句意和汉语注释写出各单词的正确形式l.Itisnecessaryto_______〔控制〕thepopulationgrowth.2.Governmentsshouldworkhardtosolvethe_______〔老龄化〕problems.3.Whathas_______〔引起〕thisproblem?4.Ourcityisgetting____〔过度拥挤的〕．5.Wewillneedmorewaterandothernatural__________〔资源〕．在以下句子中填入适当单词，首字母己给l.Thepoliceofficerwascalmwhenhewasf_______withdanger.2.Howmuchdoesanelectronicdictionarycostona__________？3.Becausetheworldp_________growing,wewillfaceseriousproblems.4.Youarealwayslosingyourtemper.Youmustc_______it.5.Wecanusethesun,thewindandtheseatomakee________.6.Insomecountries,peopleusuallyt_______awayoldfurnitureinthestreets.7.Governmentsshoulddosomethingtocontrolthepopulationg________.8.Somenaturalresourceswillheu________upsomeday.选择适当的词或词组完成以下句子throwawayB.useupC.disappearD.naturalresourcesE.somedayF.recycleG.availableH.makeenergy()l.Manyofthe____cannotberenewed,sowemustprotectthem.()2.Yourroomisinamess.You'dbetter_______theunnecessarythings.()3.Mr.Smithisnot_______atthemoment.ShallIaskhimtocallyouback?()4.Ifwedon'ttakeaction,thepollutionwon't_______.()5.Weshouldfindwaystousethesun,thewindandtheseato____..()6.Manycompaniesaretryingtotheirwasteinordertocutthecost.()7.Wewill______thepapersoon.Weneedtobuysome.()8.Thesciencefictionbooksaysthatpeoplecanliveonthemoon______.按例如改写句子Model:Theworldpopulationreached5billionin1987.(by1987)Theworldpopulationhadreached5billionby1987.l.Welearnedl,000newwordslastterm.(bytheendoflastterm)_________________________________________________________2.Dickreadtwochildren'sstorieslastmonth.(bytheendoflastmonth)_________________________________________________________3.Marywrotethreearticleslastweek.(bytheendoflastweek)_________________________________________________________4.Peterbroketwoschoolrecordslastsemester.(bytheendoflastsemester)_________________________________________________________5.Thestudents.sawseveralnewmovieslastmonth.(bylastmonth)_________________________________________________________一、能力提升I．根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案WhenBenFranklinwasonlyaboy,healwayswantedtoknowaboutthings.Hewasalwaysaskinghisfatherandbrothers"What”and"How".Theycouldn'talwaystellhimwhathewantedtoknow.Whentheycouldn’ttellhim,Bentriedtofindoutforhimself.ManytimesBendidfindoutthingsthatnooneknewbefore.Theotherboyswouldsay,"ThatBenFranklin!He’salwaysfindingoutsomethingnew!”Benlivedclosetothewater.Helikedtogotheretoseetheboats.Hesawhowthewindblewthemacrossthewater.OnedayBensaidtohimself.“whycan’tthewindhelpmefloat(漂浮)acrossthewater?AndI’mgoingtotry.”Bengothisbigkite.Hetookholdofthekitestringandranquicklywithit.Thewindblewthekitehighintotheair.Benbegantofloatacrossthewater.Soonhewasontheothersideandhehadnotworkedatall.Oneboyshouted,“lookatBenfloatingacrossthewater!Hiskitetakeshimtotheothersidewithoutanywork!”“Yes,”saidanother.“He’salwaysfindingnewwaystodothings.”()l.Whenhewasonlyachild,Ben_______A.likedtoflyakitebyhimselfB.alwaysaskedeasyquestionsC.alwayslikedtoplaywithwaterD.alwayslikedtofindouthowthingsworked()2.Hisfatherandbrothers.A.couldanswerallhisquestionsB.couldn'tanswerallhisquestionsC.triedhardtofindoutsomethingnewforhimD.weretoobusytoanswerhisquestions()3.HowdidBenFranklinfloatacrossthewater?A.Theotherboytookhimacrossit.B.Thewatercarriedhimacrossit.C.Theflyingkitetookhimacrossit.D.Aboattookhimacrossit.()4.Hefoundoutmanythingsthat________A.childrendidn’tknowB.hisfatherandbrothersknewC.peopledidn'tknowD.mostpeopleknew()5.Inthepassage,"andhehadnotworkedatall"means_____A.heworkedhardtocrossthewaterB.hedidn'tgotoworkthatdayC.hedidn’tcro.ssthewateratallD.hecrossedthewaterinaneasyway()6.WhatdoyouthinkofBenFranklin?A.Hewascreative.B.Heenjoyedshowingoff.C.Hewasimpolitetohisfatherandbrothers.D.Hewasnaughty.=2\*ROMANII.选择最恰当的单词或词组完成短文Whatwillyoubedoingwhenyouare26yearsold?Studyingatuniversityorworkingforaliving?TakealookatwhatAlbertEinsteinwasdoingattheageof26.Acenturyago,EinsteinwasworkinginSwitzerland.Hishobbywasphysics.Withoutmuchmoneyorhelp,he_lfivepapers(论文)foraphysicsmagazine.Threeofthesegreatlychangedthestudyofphysicsandourunderstandingofspace,time,lightandmatter.HismostfamousworkisontheTheoryofRelativity(相对论).EinsteinwasgivenTheNobelPrizeforhis___2___.Althoughhealsodidmanyotherthingslater,theyear1905wascalledEinstein's"YearofWonder”.Today,oversixtyyearsafterEinstein'sdeath,aquestionisasked,"Willthereeverbe3Einstein?"Itmaytakealongtime.______,Einsteinwasbornmorethan200yearsafterSirIsaacNewton,anothergreatscientist.However,physicsisadifferentfieldnow,andeducationis5_,too.Evenifyoucan’tbethenextgreatScientist,itisstillhelpfultoremembersomeofthethingsthatmadeEinstein__6.Hethoughtindependentlyandreadwidely.Heleftwithusaformula(公式)forlife:IfAisasuccessinlife,thenA=X+Y+Z.Xiswork;Yisplay;andZiskeepingyourmouthshut.()1.A.thoughtB.foundC.wroteD.printed()2.A.inventionsB.discoveriesC.experienceD.physics()3.A.othersB.otherc.theotherC.theotherD.another()4.A.InsteadB.IntheendC.InreturnD.Afterall()5.A.difficultB.easyCplexD.different()6.A.busyB.easyC.tallD.great在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给Mr.KingtaughtEnglishinamiddleschool.Hewasveryb______allthetimeandcouldn’tdosomer_2.Sohelefttheschoolandopenedabookshopinthecenterofthetown.Itwasn'tbigenoughbutallthebookswereniceandmostpeoplelikedtobuysomethere.Whentheshopwasc_3,hecouldreadathome.Heknewalotandthelearned(有学问的〕personweregladtomakef_4withhim.ItwasSundayanditwascoldoutside.Mr.Kingwasverybusy.Atnineintheeveningallthebuyerslefte____5agirl.Shewasdressedupandwaitedforsomeonethere.Standingbytheshelves,shelookedoverthebooksoneaftera_6.Itmadetheminafearfulmess〔凌乱不堪〕．Mr.Kingcameuptoherandasked,“Excuseme,madam.WhatcanIdoforyou?”"Yourbooksarealldull〔乏味的〕.”Saidthegirl.“Iwantad_7"That'seasy".Mr.Kingsmiled.Hetookoutacookbook〔烹调书〕andsaid,"Hereyouare,madam.”1._______2.______3._______4._______5._______6._______7．________Ⅳ．根据短文内容，答复以下问题Ifyoudon'tknowhowmuchwateryouneed,I’mnotsurprised.Differentadviceinrecentnewspapersappeartobeagainsttheold"8-a-day"adviceweallgrewupwith.Isitnecessarytodrinkdowneightglassesofwaterdaily,oristhisalreadyoutofdate?We’veheardforyearsthateightglassesofwaterdailyisnecessaryforapersontokeephealthy.Yourweightlossandhealthdependonit.Drinkeightglassesofwaterdailyandseeclearerskinbettersleep,andimproveeyesight.We’rewarnedoflosingwaterwithoutatleasteightglasses.But,therearesomenewideasofexaminingyourdailydiet,includingwhatyoueataswellaswhatyoudrink.Theanswerisyouneedwhatyou