TEM4语法重点讲解完整版

TEM4语法重点讲解ByHillarySun1.虚拟语气、情态动词、时态与语态2、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句3、非谓语动词4、形容词、副词比较级5、倒装结构、平行结构6、其他：代词、反义疑问句、主谓一致、补语TEM4语法常考重点：1.时态和体态〔最常考的是完成时、现在进行时、以及表示将来的一般现在时〕2、非谓语动词：不定式、动名词和分词3、虚拟语气与情态动词4、从句：状语从句〔重点是让步状语从句的引导词与语序、比较状语从句以及条件状语从句〕、定语从句、名词性从句5、其他：形容词、副词的比较级、各类倒装句、反义疑问句、句意表达与理解虚拟语气

1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握if条件句主从句谓语动词的标准搭配:*虚拟语气用于强调疑心或不可能，是种假设，而不是客观存在的事实。主句从句与现在事实相反would/should/could/might+dowere(不分人称)/did与过去事实相反Would（第二、三人称）/should(第一人称）+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/should/might/could+doshoulddo/weretodo如：1.Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.2.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime. (句子前半局部为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek. (前半局部为假设，后半局部是事实)

2.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions,butthat,onconditionthat,supposing,provided,without等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.

3.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：

(1)以下动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,requireinsist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)以下形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)以下名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.

4.常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldrather

wouldassoon

asthough/if

suppose…hadrather

wouldsooner

supposing…Ifonly…

Itis(high/about/the)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)*as

if/though

的虚拟要点

1〕对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were

2〕对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式

3〕对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalk

aboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Exercises1.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_____forthat.a.forustobepreparedb.thatwearepreparedc.ofustobepreparedd.ourbeingprepared20032._____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.a.Haditnotbeenb.Hadn’titbeenc.Wasitnotd.Wereitnot20023.“Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?”“Idon’tknow.Butit’sabouttime______onsomething.”a.I’ddecideb.Idecidedc.Idecided.I’mdeciding20024.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere______quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.a.weren’tb.hasn’tbeenc.hadn’tbeend.wouldn’tbe20005.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,it’sabouttimeyou_____abletowritelettersinEnglish.a.shouldbeb.werec.mustbed.are19996.Ifyourcar_____anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.a.shallneedb.shouldneedc.wouldneedd.willneed19987._____enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.a.Givingb.Togivec.Givend.Beinggiven19988.Heleftordersthatnothing______toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.a.shouldbeb.oughttobec.mustbed.wouldbe19989.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif______.a.Iwasnotcalledawayb.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayc.Ihadnotbeencalledawayd.nobodycalledmeaway199710.I_____thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.a.wouldenjoyb.willhaveenjoyedc.wouldhaveenjoyedd.willbeenjoying199611.Wecould_____himwithadetachedhousewhenhecame,buthehadspecificallyaskedforasmallflat.a.provideb.haveprovidedc.notprovided.nothaveprovided199512._____,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.a.Hadn’thebeentakengoodcareofb.Hadhenotbeentakengoodcareofc.Hadnothebeentakengoodcareofd.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof199513._____yourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.a.Unlessb.Butforc.Exceptford.Notfor199414.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers_____smokeduringtheflight.a.notb.neednotc.couldnotd.wouldnot199415.______youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.a.IfIrealizedb.HadIrealizedc.Irealizedthatd.AsIrealized19941-4:AABC5-8:BBCA9-12:CCBB13-15:BAB情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：

1.表示已经发生的情况(1)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否认推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.

2.表示虚拟语气(1)needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.

3.几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否认式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.Exercises1.She_____fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.(2009)A.hadbeenB.mustbeC.hasbeenD.musthavebeen2.Aren’tyoutired?I____youhaddoneenoughfortoday.〔2009〕A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought52.Nancy'sgonetoworkbuthercar'sstillthere.She____bybus.(2010)A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegoneKEYS:DAA时态、语态

时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：

(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来。(宾语从句)比较：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打时我告诉他。(条件状语从句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)〔=makecertain)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：

(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)

(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：

Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。

3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的根底上还要继续下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.

时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。Exercises1.Jack______fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.a.hasbeenmissingb.hasbeenmissedc.hadbeenmissingd.wasmissed20032.Forsometimenow,worldleaders_____outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.a.hadbeenpointingb.havebeenpointingc.werepointingd.pointed20023.HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou_____continually_____mewithsillyquestions?a.have…interruptedb.had…interruptedc.are…interruptingd.were…interrupting1997Keys:ABC2004年语法题1.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudness____byhislackoftalent.A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than2.____,I’llmarryhimallthesame.

A.WasherichorpoorB.Whetherrichorpoor

C.WereherichorpoorD.Beherichorpoor

3.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.

A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever4.____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?

A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.Wereyousurprised

C.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised

5.Ifnot____withtherespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill-temperedandgrumblesallthetime.

A.beingtreatedB.treated

C.betreatedD.havingbeentreated

6.Itisimperativethatstudents____theirtermpapersontime.A.handinB.wouldhandin

C.havetohandinD.handedin

7.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,____tothetruck.

A.thegreaterstressisB.greateristhestress

C.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestress

8.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.

A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinking

C.thatheistothinkD.tothink

9.Issuesofprice,place,promotion,andproductare____conventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.

A.theseofthemostB.mostofthose

C.amongthemostD.amongthemanyof

10.____bothsidesaccepttheagreement____alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,would

C.Should,willD.Unless,would

11.MrWells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,____forEuropethisafternoon.

A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leave1-10:ADCABADBCA11:C形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)以下动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。

2.考比较级时，应注意：(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)以下词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan.Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.

3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围：anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词

theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否那么会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。

4.有关比较级的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(3)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.(4)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.than连词than引导比较状语从句，有时省去局部谓语，保存了主语和助动词，此时助动词可以移到主语前。如： Johndrivesmuchmorecarefullythandoeshisfather.(=thanhisfatherdrives)连词than引导比较状语从句，常省去主语，保存谓语局部，这种结构多见于正式文体中。如： Don’teatmorethanisgoodforyou.倍数的表达倍数+形容词〔或副词〕的比较级+than倍数+as+形容词或副词〔或many/much〕+as倍数+thesize〔length，height…〕of倍数+more+名词〔可数，不可数〕+than倍数+asmany〔或much〕+名词+asE.g.Thecityisnowtentimesitsoriginalsize.Theselleraskedfordoubletheusualprice.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.asasmuchas“到达与……一样的程度”notsomuch…as“与其说……不如说……”suchasto“到如此程度以致……”no/notanymore…than… “两者一样都不……”no/notanyless…than… “两者一样都……”AistoBwhatCistoDWateristofishwhatairistoman.nomorethan=only“仅”notmorethan=atmost“至多”no/notanymore…than…=neither..nor..两者一样都不……，和…一样不……notmore…than=less…than“不如”nolessthan =asmuch/manyas“多达”notlessthan=atleast“至少”no/notanyless…than…=as…as “两者一样都……”，“与……一样”notless…than=more…than“比……更”morethan,otherthan,ratherthanTheyenrolledmorethan500newstudents.Ican’tdootherthanobey.(除…之外〕Thisisratherforfathertodecidethanforyou.Ratherthanallowthevegetablestogobad,hesoldthemathalfprice.**ratherthan连接两个平行结构，表示“是…而不是…”、“与其…宁愿…”Quiz:比较级和最高级1.Yourideas,_______,seemunusualtome.a.likeherb.likehersc.similartoherd.similartoherself20032.Intellectistothemind_______sightistothebody.a.whatb.asc.thatd.like20013.Fatcannotchangeintomuscle______musclechangesintofat.a.anymorethanb.nomorethanc.nolessthand.muchmorethan19994.Itisnotsomuchthelanguage______theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.a.butb.norc.asd.like19995.Johnis______hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.a.nolessb.nomorec.notlessd.noso19986.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner_____totheprofessor.a.asfarasb.thesameasc.asmuchasd.aslongas19987.WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.a.inb.itreceivesinc.doesd.itdoesin19968.______thetwo,Bobis______student.a.Of,morediligentb.In,morediligentc.Of,themorediligentd.In,muchmorediligent19959.Shehastakengreatpainstoconcealheremotions,andtherebymadethem______conspicuous.a.allthemoreb.allthemuchc.allmored.allmuch199410.Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatdealmoreluxuriousthan____.A.isnecessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary1-4:BAAC5-8:ACCC9-10:CA合成不定代词的习惯用语somethingof假设干、多少、有些anythingbut并不，根本不nothingbut只不过，只有somethinglike有点像orsomething类似Mr.Smithisanengineerorsomething.Sheisnothingbutadancer.Hewasanythingbutpleasedwhenheheardthis.nooneVS.nonenoone只能指人，none可用于指人或物。noone＝nobody，语气比none强，后面不接of构成的短语；none通常与of连用作主语noone作主语时，谓语动词用单数；none后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数均可。Noonewasintheclassroom.Noneofthemoneyonthedeskismine.

Noneofusspeaks/speakJapanese.用于简短答复时，none用来答复howmany或howmuch问句；noone或nobody用来答复who问句；而nothing那么用来答复what问句；–Howmanyfishdidyoucatch? –None.–Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?–None.–Whowillgototheparty? –Noone./Nobody.–What’sinyourhand? –Nothing.one,theone,thatthat只能代替事物，不能代替人；one既可代替人也可代替事物。one代替前面出现的名词表示不确指；that,theone代替前面出现的名词，指代谈话双方都知道的事物，即“特指”。that不能有前置修饰语，但须有后置修饰语；one一般可有前置修饰语，也可有后置修饰语。one,theone都只能指代前面出现的单数可数名词，复数可数名词那么用ones,theones；that既可指代单数可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。that代替前面提到的事物，必须是这一名词在第二次出现时有后置修饰语；如果前面提到的是复数名词，那么用those来代替。I’mlookingforahouse.I’dreallylikeonewithagarden.(指代不确定的单数可数名词)Thesweaterhewearstodayisdifferentfromthat/theone

heworeyesterday.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的单数可数名词时，that=theone)Mary’shandwritingisfarbetterthanthat

ofPeter.(指代不可数名词)Thebikestheymadethisyeararebetterthanthose/theonestheymadelastyear.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的复数可数名词时，those=theones)QUIZ:代词1.______ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.a.Noneb.Bothc.Neitherd.All20022.Itwasasaphysicianthatherepresentedhimself,and_____hewaswarmlyreceived.a.assuchb.suchasc.asthatd.sothat1997CAassuch:就这种身份。定冠词〔the〕的用法(1)Manistheonlyanimalthatcantalk.**the+最高级/序数词/only/same+名词(2)Sheistheprettierofthetwo.**the+比较级+ofthetwo(3)Theyarepaidbythemonth.bythe+计量单位〔“按；以……计”)(4)Hegrabbedmebythearmandpulledmeontothebus.**the+身体部位〔表示身体某部位接受外来的动作〕(5)Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.Thebeautifullivesforever.**the+形容词=复数普通名词/抽象名词表示“排除”的介词besides=inadditiontoexcept=but=otherthanexceptfor表示不同工程类别的比照和限制 Youcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes. Themoviewasgoodexceptfortheending.exceptthat后接从句，“除…之外” Iknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofthisschool.apartfrom=asidefrom(AmE) 有时=besides，有时=except(for)另外，butfor“假设不是，要不是”，一般使用虚拟语气，与“排除”无关重点搭配tosb’sadvantage对某人有利findfaultwithsb.

挑某人的刺，找某人的碴儿putemphasison把重点放在compensationfor

对于……的补偿beparticularabout 对……挑剔，过分讲究bepopularwith受……欢送inthelightof 根据、按照withtheexceptionof 除……以外byvirtueof 由于、依靠regardlessof 不管、不顾在汉语中可数，但在英语中为不可数名词的某些词:advice,baggage(luggage),damage,equipment,furniture,homework,information,news...不可数名词的量化表示修饰可数名词复数:many,agood/greatmany，agood/great/largenumberof修饰不可数名词:much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof两者都可修饰:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/largequantityof,quantitiesof,alargesumof平行结构

1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.

2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。

(1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.Quiz:平行结构1.Evenasagirl,_____tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.a.performingbyMelissawereb.itwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswerec.knowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswered.Melissaknewthatperformingwas2001倒装结构

1.以下否认词及含有否认意义的词组修饰状语时，假设置于句首，句子的主谓要局部倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypasses(avoids)theessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.

2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要局部倒装Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.**Onlyyoucanunderstandme.

3.以以下副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要局部倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.(so..that…结构中的so置于句首时，可以使用倒装〕

4.以以下副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Downjumpedtheburglar(thief)fromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.

Theregoesthebell.

5.让步从句的倒装(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如：Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.6.if引导的虚拟条件句省略掉if时，如：WereItogo,Iwouldbelate.7.比较从句的倒装as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词那么不倒装。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.EXERCISES1.Heisnotunderarrest,______anyrestrictiononhim.a.orthepolicehaveplacedb.orhavethepoliceplacedc.northepolicehaveplacedd.norhavethepoliceplace19952.Sobadly______inthecaraccidentthathehadtostayinhospitalforafewmonths.a.didheinjureb.injuredhimcwasheinjuredd.hewasinjured1994

主谓一致问题

1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.

3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：Buyingclothesis

oftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.

4.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.