寒假第四讲六选四阅读理解讲义-上海市高一上学期英语上外版2020

Lesson4IntensiveReading:DisasterpreventionIntensivereadingIntensivereadingDisasterprevention六选四题型解读GapFillingGapFilling:Sentence难度：★★★★☆【语篇类型】议论文【主题群】灾害防范【来源】NewScientistA.Butotherswarnthatmillionswilldiebeforewegetthere.B.ThatisbasedonanRnumberofsomewherebetween2.5and3.C.Bythatestimate,someplaceshavealreadyachievedherdimmunity.D.Ourexperienceofothervirusesshowhowherdimmunitycandevelop.E.Inotherwords,“nowalls,barriers,carsorglasswindowsintheway”，saysTang.F.Onlyaround10to20percentofapopulationneedstobeimmunetothevirustoachieveherdimmunity.CanherdimmunityeverhappenTheideaofherdimmunity(群体免疫)hashadabumpyrideasthecoronaviruspandemichasplayedout.Itwasinitiallytouted①insomecountriesasaviable②strategyfordealingwiththespreadofCOVID19,beforebeingdismissed.Today,someheadlinescelebratethefactthatmanyplacesmighthaveachievedherdimmunityincludingBritainandpocketsofLondon,NewYorkandMumbai._____1_____Thetruepictureisfarmessier,partlybecausescientistsdon'tevenagreeonwhatherdimmunityis,letalonehowitmightbeachieved.Sohowwillweknowwhenpopulationsareprotectedagainstthecoronavirus?Whilethedefinitionofherdimmunitydependsonwhoyouask,let'sassumethatitreferstoasituationinwhichenoughofapopulationisimmunetoapathogen(病原体)thatitnolongerspreadsthroughoutamunity.Thosewhomightbesusceptible③toitareindirectlyprotectedthankstotheimmuneresponsesofothers.Theseimmuneresponsesmighthavedevelopedafterapersonwasinfectedwithapathogenorafterbeingvaccinated④againstit._____2_____Seasonalviruseslikethemoncoldoftensweepthroughapopulationuntilenoughpeoplehaveencounteredthemandbuiltupaprotectiveimmuneresponseforthemtostopspreading.WidespreaduseoftheMMRvaccineledtoherdimmunityformeasles(麻疹)insomecountries.Butherdimmunitydoesn'tnecessarilylast.Virusescanevolveandchange.Andifvaccinationratesdrop,virusescanmakeaeback.Whenitestothecoronavirus,thereareevenmorechallenges.Forastart,wedon'tknowwhatproportionofapopulationwouldneedtobeimmunetogenerateherdimmunity.ThisfigureistypicallyestimatedusingthebasicreproductionnumberorRnumberofavirus,whichrepresentshowmanyotherpeopleapersonwhohastheviruswillgoontoinfect.Mostestimatessaythatbetween60and70percentofapopulationwouldneedtobeimmunetothecoronavirustostopitsspreadinamunity._____3_____Buteveniftheselevelswerereached,itdoesn'tmeanthattheviruswon'tspreadatall.Itcouldstillbepassedfromaninfectedpersontosomeonewhoisvulnerable,giventherightsetting.“It'sapopulationlevelstatistic,”saysJulianTangattheUniversityofLeicester,UK.Itisdifficulttoknowwhenherdimmunityhasbeenreached,butadeclineincaseswouldbeagoodindicator.Theproblemisthathumansdon'ttendtobehaveasaherd.Thecalculationfortheherdimmunitythreshold⑤assumesthatpeopleareequallyspacedandmixingequallywitheachother._____4_____Inreality,ofcourse,peopleliveinvariedenvironments,andtravelandinteractwithotherstovaryingdegrees.EstimatesoftheRnumbervary,too,andchangeovertime.Ourbehaviourcanalsoinfluencethefigure.Lockdowns,socialdistancingandotherinfectioncontrolmeasureswillhaveloweredtheRnumberinmanyregions,forexample.Keys:ADBEGrammar&VocabularyGrammar&VocabularyI.Fillthesewordsinthetext.Thenmatcheachwordwiththeirdefinition.toutviablesusceptiblevaccinatethreshold1.__________apointatwhichsthstarts2.__________easilyinfluencedorharmedbysth3.__________abletoworkasintendedorabletosucceed4.__________togivesomeoneavaccinetopreventthemfromgettingadisease5.__________toadvertiseorpraisesth,oftentoencourageitsuseorsaleKeys:threshold;susceptible;viable;vaccinate;toutIl.pletethesentenceswiththeproperformsofthegivenwords.Eachwordisusedonlyonce.achievecalculationdismissencounterestimategenerateindicatorinfectinitiallyrepresentsweepvarying1.Rumours__________throughthetown.2.Prices__________widelyfromshoptoshop.3.Herlatestfilmhas__________alotofinterest.4.Allthetomatoplantsare__________withthevirus.5.HewasprobablythehappiestpersonI'veever__________.6.Itwasdifficultto__________howmanytreeshadbeendestroyed.7.The__________earthquakewasfollowedbyaseriesofaftershocks.8.Weuseddifferentmethodsof__________,butwebothgotthesameresult.9.TomanypeopletheWhiteHouse__________theidentityoftheUnitedStates.10.Itgivesyouasenseof__________ifyouactuallymakeittotheendofaverylongbook.11.Variousstudies__________thatsomeformsofalternativemedicineareextremelyeffective.12.Just___________thosethoughtsfromyourmind—they'recrazyandnotworththinkingabout.Keys:swept;vary;generated;infected;encountered;estimate;initial;calculation;represents;achievement;indicate;dismissIII.TranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.1.playout2.letalone3.referto4.buildup5.widespreaduse6.makeaeback7.forastart8.beimmuneto9.beequallyspaced10.interactwithKeys:1.发生，开始；2.更不必说；3.指的是；4.建立；5.广泛的使用；6.卷土重来；7.首先；8.对…免疫；9.等距的；10.与…互动SentencestructuresReadthefollowingsentences,payingattentiontotheirstructures.Thentrytotranslatethegivensentencesmodelingthestructures.1.Thetruepictureisfarmessier,partlybecausescientistsdon'tevenagreeonwhatherdimmunityis,letalonehowitmightbeachieved.句型：…partlybecause...,letalone...,意为“部分原因是…,更别说…”仿写：他拒绝参加这个聚会，部分原因是他很忙，更别说他的竞争对手也会去。Keys:Herefusedtogototheparty,partlybecausehewasbusy,letalonethathispetitorswouldbethere.2.Whilethedefinitionofherdimmunitydependsonwhoyouask,let'sassumethatitreferstoasituationinwhichenoughofapopulationisimmunetoapathogenthatitnolongerspreadsthroughoutamunity.句型：let'sassumethat+宾语从句，意为“我们假设…”仿写：尽管每个人的饮水量不同，我们假设一个人一天喝一瓶水，这样我们就可以估算一共需要买多少水。Keys:Whilehowmuchwaterpeopledrinkvaries,let’sassumethatonepersondrinksabottleofwaterperdaysothatwecanestimatehowmuchwatertobuy.3.Buteveniftheselevelswerereached,itdoesn'tmeanthattheviruswon'tspreadatall.句型：evenif…,itdoesn'tmeanthat...意为“即使…也不意味着…”仿写：即使老师批评你，也不意味着她不喜欢你。Keys:Eveniftheteachercriticizesyou,itdoesn’tmeanshedislikesyou.V.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.1.据估计，目前已有五百多家研发中心落户此地。(estimate)Thereareestimatedtobemorethan500researchanddevelopmentcentersinthisarea.2.学习方法因人而异，所以你要找到对你最有用的方法。(vary)Learningmethodsvaryfrompersontoperson,soyouneedtofindthemethodthatworksbestforyou.3.毫无疑问,一旦被那可怕的疾病传染,随后肯定会死亡。(infect)Thereisnodoubtthatonceyouareinfectedwiththeterribledisease,youaresuretodieshortly.4.令教练欣慰的是，整个辩论队齐心协力，克服了遇到的各种困难，最终所有的努力都得到了回报。(encounter)Tothecoach’srelief,allthedebateteammembershaveworkedtogethertooverevariousdifficultiestheyencountered,andalltheireffortshavefinallybeenrewarded.FocusonthetopicFocusonthetopic：DisasterpreventionGapFillingGapFilling:Sentence难度：★★★★☆【语篇类型】说明文【主题群】灾害防范【来源】新课程优选A.TheseasonusedtotakeoffaroundJunebuthasbeenstartingearlierandearlierforthepastfewyears.B.Withdeadlyanddestructivewildfiresburningeveryseason,Californiamunitiesarepreparingfortheworst.C.Firefightersintheareawerechallengedbyconstantlyshiftingwindsandnarrow,windingroadways.D.Windsorstillstandsbecausemostofitsresidentsgrabbedprepackedemergencygobagsandevacuatedimmediatelywhenordered.E.Afewdayslater.Windsorofficialsstoodroadsidewithsignstoweleresidentsback.F.Manyalsoarereconsideringbuildingcodesandemphasizingtheneedtocreatedefensiblespacesbylimitingflammablesaroundhomesandbusinesses.CaliforniaPrepsforFireSeasonWINDSOR,CalifGrassandothervegetationhavebeguntocovertheashleftbehindwhenthelargestblazeofthe2019wildfireseasonburnedtheedgeofthisNorthernCaliforniatownaboutfourmonthsago._____1_____UnlikeinotherdangerousCaliforniablazes,including2018'sCampFirethatdestroyedthetownofParadise,firstresponderswereabletofocusentirelyonthefirefightratherthanlastminuterescues.“It'snotanaccidentthatWindsorgotsaved,”MayorDominicFoppolisaid.“Wewentthrough2017.WewatchedithappenagaininParadise.”_____2_____Thestate'swetwintermonthshavebeeacriticaltimeforofficialsandresidentshopingtoprotectthemselvesfromafireseasonthatstartsearlierandendslaterthaneverSomeareorganizingmassevacuationdrillsandhostingeventstohelpbusinessesandresidentsdesignemergencyplans._____3_____InNorthernCalifornia,themunitiesofOrinda,MoragaandLafayettebandedtogethertobuilda19milefuelbreakmeanttoslowadisastrousblazefromspreadingintoneighborhoodsfromnearbyhills.ForecastersexpectwarmeranddrierweatherinCaliforniaheadingintospring,whichcouldcausegrassestodryoutandleadtoanearlierthannormalstarttothisyear'sfireseason._____4_____“Wehaveindicatorsthatwe'redryingoutalready,”saidScottMcLean,aspokesmanfortheCaliforniaDepartmentofForestryandFireProtection,orCalFire.Key:CBFA【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加州为火灾季节所做的一些准备和应对措施。1．根据上一段“WINDSOR,Calif—Grassandothervegetationhavebeguntocovertheashleftbehindwhenthelargestblazeofthe2019wildfireseasonburnedtheedgeofthisNorthernCaliforniatownaboutfourmonthsago.(大约四个月前，2019年野火季最大的大火烧毁了这个北加州小镇的边缘，草地和其他植被开始覆盖留下的火山灰)”以及后文“UnlikeinotherdangerousCaliforniablazes,including2018'sCampFirethatdestroyedthetownofParadise,firstresponderswereabletofocusentirelyonthefirefightratherthanlastminuterescues.(不像其他危险的加州大火，包括2018年摧毁天堂镇的营火，急救人员能够完全专注于救火，而不是最后一刻的救援)”可知，上文提到加州温莎遭遇大火，后文则提到这一地区急救人员应对火灾和其他地区急救人员救火的不同之处，可知本句是在说明该地区的消防员在该地所面临的一些挑战和困难，故C选项“该地区的消防员面临着不断变化的风向和狭窄蜿蜒的道路的挑战”符合语境，故选C。2．根据后文“Thestate'swetwintermonthshavebeeacriticaltimeforofficialsandresidentshopingtoprotectthemselvesfromafireseasonthatstartsearlierandendslaterthaneverSomeareorganizingmassevacuationdrillsandhostingeventstohelpbusinessesandresidentsdesignemergencyplans.(该州潮湿的冬季已经成为官员和居民保护自己免受火灾季节影响的关键时期。火灾季节开始得比以往任何时候都早，结束得更晚。一些人正在组织大规模疏散演习，并举办活动，帮助企业和居民设计应急计划)”可知，后文提到一些人正在组织大规模疏散演习，并举办活动，帮助企业和居民设计应急计划，可见当地的人都在为火灾做准备。故B选项“每个季节都有致命和毁灭性的野火在燃烧，加州的社区都在为最坏的情况做准备”符合语境，故选B。3．根据后文“InNorthernCalifornia,themunitiesofOrinda,MoragaandLafayettebandedtogethertobuilda19milefuelbreakmeanttoslowadisastrousblazefromspreadingintoneighborhoodsfromnearbyhills.(在北加州，奥林达、莫拉加和拉斐特等社区联合起来，建造了一个19英里长的火灾中断带，旨在减缓灾难性的大火从附近山区蔓延到社区)”可知，后文提到了建造火灾中断带，说明是想通过建筑物来阻止火灾蔓延，故F选项“许多人也在重新考虑建筑法规，并强调通过限制住宅和企业周围的易燃物来创造可防御空间的必要性”符合语境，故选F。4．根据上文“ForecastersexpectwarmeranddrierweatherinCaliforniaheadingintospring,whichcouldcausegrassestodryoutandleadtoanearlierthannormalstarttothisyear'sfireseason.(预报员预计，加州将迎来更温暖、更干燥的春天，这可能会导致草枯，导致今年的火灾季节比往年提早开始)”可知，上文提到了加州将迎来更温暖、更干燥的春天，这可能会导致草枯，导致今年的火灾季节比往年提早开始，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明火灾季节与过去相比的不同之处，A选项中Theseason指代上文fireseason。故A选项“这个季节过去通常在6月左右开始，但在过去几年开始得越来越早”符合语境，故选A。难度难度：★★★★★Readingprehension【语篇类型】记叙文【主题群】灾害防范【来源】新课程优选LastOctoberIwasonadivingholidayinthePhilippineswithsevenotheradvanceddivers.Idivedofftheboatslowlysinkingtoabout20m.Afternearly45minutes,thesoundofmybreathingwasdrownedoutbyalowrumblelikeanengineandIfeltdeeppowerfulvibrations(震动)asifabigboatwithapropellerwaspassingoverhead.Thediveinstructor’seyeswerewidewithconfusiontoo.Webothswamnexttoeachotherstayingclosetothesideofthereef(礁石).Thesituationfeltsinister.Thenwewereenvelopedbycloudsofwhitesandthatmushroomeduparoundus.Coulditbeagiantturtle(海龟)racingpastus?Theyarenormallyslowmoverssothiswasveryweirdbehavior.ThevibrationbecamesointensethatIcouldfeelitinmybonesandthenthesoundturnedintoadeafeningroar.Suddenly,afewmetersbelowus,breaksbeganformingandthesandwassuckeddown.That’swhenIgotwhatitwas.Thenoisewasthesoundoftheearthsplinteringopenandgrindingagainstitself.TheinstructorandIheldhandsandlookedintoeachother’seyes.Ifeltfortedbyhispresence.Iwasnumb(麻木的)forterrorbutclearheaded.Mybodywentonhighalert,readytoreact.ButIhavenopoweroverwhateverthisis.Theonlyoptionistostayverystillandletitdowhateveritsgoingtodo.Ittookenormouswillpowertoresisttheurgetoswimtothesurface,whichisnotsensibleassituationonthesurfaceatthattimewasambiguouswithpotentialthreatspending.Soonwesawotherdivers.ThesoundandvibrationlastedonlytwoorthreeminutesandwhentheystoppedIheardtheswooshofsandfallingovertheseabed.Weallheldhandsbeforeresurfacingtoavoiddepressionsickness,whichcanbefatal.Whenup,itwasahugerelieftoseeallthediversandweallsharedincredulouslooksbeforepullingoutourbreathingtoolsandshouting,“Whatwasthat?”Backontheboat,werushedtocheckthenewsanddiscoveredwehadwitnessedahugeearthquake,measuring7.2ontheRichterscale.Itreleasedmoreenergythan30Hiroshimabombs,thoughitseemedthatwewerenotattheepicenter(震中).Iwashighandfeltluckysurprisinglynotbecauseofmyrecentsurvivalmiracle,buttohaveexperiencednatureatitsmoststunninganditsmostfrightening.1.Howdidtheauthorrealizethattheymetwithanearthquake?A.Byfeelingtheviolentshakeunderthesea.B.Bywitnessinganormallyslowturtlequicklymovingby.C.Byseeingtheseafloorcrack.D.Bycheckingthenewsandbeinformedoftheevent.2.Whydidn’ttheauthorrisetothesurfacebeforethevibrationstopped?A.Becausetheinstructorgesturedhimnottorise.B.Becausehewasnumbinbody.C.Becausehecouldsensetheunclearwatersituation.D.Becausehetriedtoavoidunexpecteddangerabove.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Atthebeginningoftheevent,abigboatpassedbycausingbigvibration.B.Allthediversusedthereefastheprotectionagains