研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译

Lesson1READINGSELECTIONAWorldEnglish:ABlessingoraCurse?UniversallanguageByTomMcArthur[1]Intheyear2000,thelanguagescholarGlanvillePrice,aWelshman,madethefollowingassertionaseditorofthebookLanguagesinBritainandIreland:ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.(p141)Someyearsearlier,in1992,RobertPhillipson,EnglishacademicwhocurrentlyworksinDenmark,publishedwithOxfordabookentitledLinguisticImperialism.Init,hearguedthatthemajorEnglish-speakingcountries,theworldwideEnglish-languageteachingindustry,andnotablytheBritishCouncilpursuepoliciesoflinguisticaggrandisement.Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguicism(aconditionparallelto(equalto/similarto)racismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have[bydesign(=deliberate)ordefault(=mistake)]encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.[2]PhillipsonhimselfworkedforsomeyearsfortheBritishCouncil,andheisnotaloneamongAnglophoneacademicswhohavesoughttopointupthedangersofEnglishasaworldlanguage.TheinternationalizationofEnglishhasinthelastfewdecadesbeenwidelydiscussedintermsofthreegroups:first,theENLcountries,whereEnglishisanativelanguage(thisgroupalsobeingknownasthe"innercircle");second,theESLcountries,whereEnglishisasecondlanguage(the"outercircle");andthird,theEFLcountries,whereEnglishisaforeignlanguage(the"expandingcircle").Sincethe1980s,whensuchtermsbecamecommon,thisthirdcirclehasinfactexpandedtotakeintheentireplanet.[3]Forgoodorforill,therehasneverbeenalanguagequitelikeEnglish.Therehavebeenmany"worldlanguages",suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskrit.Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.[4]Englishhoweverisprobablytoocloseforustobeabletoanalyzeandjudgeitasdispassionately,aswemaynowdiscusstheinfluenceofClassicalChineseonEastAsiaorofClassicalLatinonWesternEurope.ThejuryisstilloutinthetrialoftheEnglishlanguage,andmaytakeseveralcenturiestoproduceitsverdict,butevensowecanask,inthisEuropeanYearofLanguages,whetherPriceandPhillipsonarerighttowarnusallaboutthelanguagethatIamusingatthisverymoment.[5]Itcertainlyisn'thardtolookforsituationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse.AnexampleisAustralia,whichisroutinelyregardedasastraightforwardEnglish-speakingcountry.ThefirstEuropeanswhowentthereoftenusedLatintodescribeanddiscusstheplace.ThewordAustraliaitselfisLatin;evidentlynooneatthetimethoughtofsimplycallingit"Southland"(whichiswhatAustraliameans).Inaddition,inSouthAustraliathereisawidestretchoflandcalledtheNullarborPlains,thefirstwordofwhichsoundsAboriginal,butnullarborisLatinandmeans"notrees".Andmostsignificantlyofall,theearlysettlerscalledthecontinentaterranullius.AccordingtotheEncartaWorldEnglishDictionary(1999)theLatinphraseterranulliusmeans:...theideaandlegalconceptthatwhenthefirstEuropeansarrivedinAustraliathelandwasownedbynooneandthereforeopentosettlement.Ithasbeenjudgednottobelegallyvalid.Butthatjudgmentwasmadeonlyrecently.WhentheEuropeansarrived,Australiawasthinlypopulated—butpopulatednonetheless—fromcoasttocoastineverydirection.Therewerehundredsofcommunitiesandlanguages.Manyoftheselanguageshavediedout,manymoreareintheprocessofdyingout,andthesedeadanddyinglanguageshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyeitherkindsofpidginEnglishorgeneralAustralianEnglish.Dependingonyourpointofview,thisiseitheratragiclossorthepriceofprogress.[6]Atthesametime,however,cantheblamefortheextinctionofAboriginallanguagesbelaidspecificallyatthedoorofEnglish?ThefirstEuropeanstodiscoverAustraliawereDutch,andtheirlanguagemighthavebecomethelanguageofcolonizationandsettlement.Anysettlerlanguagecouldhavehadthesameeffect.IfforexampletheMongolshadsustainedtheirvastEurasianempire,MongolianmighthavebecomeaworldlanguageandgonetoAustralia.Again,ifhistoryhadbeensomewhatdifferent,today'sworldlanguagemighthavebeenArabic,apowerfullanguageinWestAsiaandNorthAfricathatcurrentlyaffectsmanysmallerlanguages,includingCopticandBerber.Spanishhasadverselyaffectedindigenouslanguagesinso-called"Latin"America,andRussianhasspreadfromEuropetotheSiberianPacific.IfEnglishisacurseandakiller,itmayonlybesointhesensethatanylargelanguageislikelytoinfluenceandendangersmallerlanguages.[7]YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.Letusinsteadlookatsomethingratherdifferent:theissueofpolitics,justice,andequality.MyobjectlessonthistimeisSouthAfrica.Tenyearsago,SouthAfricaceasedtobegovernedonprinciplesofracialseparateness,asystemknowninAfrikaans(alanguagederivedfromDutch)asapartheid.ThesystemarosebecausetheAfrikanercommunity—EuropeansettlersofmainlyDutchdescent—sawthemselvesassuperiortotheindigenouspeopleofthelandtheyhadcolonized.[8]English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.However,thelanguagethroughwhichthisoppositiongainedstrengthandorganizationwasEnglish,whichbecameforthemthekeylanguageoffreedomandunity,notofoppression.TherearetodayelevenofficiallanguagesinSouthAfrica—English,Afrikaans,andninevernacularlanguagesthatincludeZulu,Ndebele,andSetswana.ButwhichoftheseninedoblackSouthAfricansuse(orplantouse)astheirnationallinguafranca?Whichdotheywishtheirchildrentospeakandwritesuccessfully(inadditiontotheirmothertongues)?Theanswerisnoneoftheabove.TheywantEnglish,andinparticulartheywantasuitablyAfricanizedEnglish.[9]So,acursefortheindigenouspeoplesofAustraliaandsomethingofablessingforthoseinSouthAfrica...[10]HowthenshouldwethinkofEnglishinourglobalizingworldwithitsendangereddiversities?Theanswer,itseemstome,iscrystalclear.Likemanythings,Englishisattimesablessingandattimesacurse—forindividuals,forcommunities,fornations,andevenforunionsofnations.TheEastAsiansymbolismofyinandyangmightservewellhere:Thereissomethingofyangineveryyin,ofyinineveryyang.Althoughtheyareopposites,theybelongtogether:inthisinstancewithinthecircleofcommunication.Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.(1,292words)ABOUTTHEAUTHORDr.TomMcArthurisfoundereditoroftheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage(1992)andthequarterlyEnglishToday:TheInternationalReviewoftheEnglishLanguage(Cambridge,1985—).Hismorethan20publishedworksincludetheLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglish(1981),WorldsofReference:Language,LexicographyandLearningfromtheClayTablettotheComputer(1986),andTheEnglishLanguages(1998).HeiscurrentlyDeputyDirectoroftheDictionaryResearchCenterattheUniversityofExeter.EXERCISESI.ReadingComprehensionAnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethe,followingstatements.1.ItcanbeinferredfromGlanvillePrice'sstatementthatheis______. A.happythatEnglishiseverywhereinBritainandIrelandB.worriedaboutthefutureoftheremainingCelticlanguagesC.shockedbythediversityoflanguagesinBritainandIrelandD.amazedthatmanypeopleintheUKstillspeaktheirAboriginallanguages2.Cumbricisusedasanexampleof______.A.alocaldialectB.avictimoftheEnglishlanguageC.alanguagethatisonthevergeofextinctionD.alanguagethatisusedbyonlyalimitednumberofpeople3.WhichofthefollowingisthemajorconcernofthebookLinguisticImperialism?A.Englishteachingoverseas.B.Britishgovernment'slanguagepolicies.C.DominanceofEnglishoverotherlanguages.D.TheroleofEnglishintechnologyadvancement.4.BothPriceandPhillipsonare______.A.governmentofficialsB.advocatesoflinguisticimperialismC.insupportoflanguagepoliciescarriedoutbytheBritishCouncilD.concernedaboutthenegativeeffectofEnglishonsmallerlanguages5.Accordingtothetext,theEFLcountries______.A.arelargeinnumberB.isknownasthe"outercircle"C.willbeendangeredbyEnglishD.havemadeEnglishtheirofficiallanguage6.AccordingtoMcArthur,ChineseisdifferentfromEnglishinthat______.A.ithasmadeagreatcontributiontotheworldB.ithashadpositiveinfluenceonotherlanguagesC.itmayresultinthedisappearanceofotherlanguagesD.itprobablywillnotendangertheexistenceofotherlanguages7.Whenhesaidthejuryisoutinthetrial"(Line3,Paragraph4),McArthurmeant______. A.punishmentisdueB.thejuryiswaitingforatrialC.nodecisionhasbeenmadeyetD.thereisnoonetomakethedecision8.Australiamightbeusedasanexampletoshowthat______.A.languagesarechangingallthetimeB.someEnglishwordsarederivedfromLatinC.EnglishhaspromotedtheprogressofsomenationsD.Englishshouldbeblamedfortheextinctionofsmallerlanguages9.ManypeopleseeEnglishasablessingforpeoplein______.A.Australia B.EastAsiaC.SouthAfrica D.ESLcountries10.Themainthemeofthisspeechisthat______. A.EnglishshouldbetaughtworldwideB.EnglishasaworldlanguagedoesmoreharmthangoodC.weshouldbeobjectivetotheinternationalizationofEnglishD.weshouldbeawareof(realize)thedangerofEnglishasaworldlanguageB.Questionsonglobalunderstandingandlogicalstructures1.WhydoesMcArthurintroduceGlanvillePriceandRobertPhillipson'spointsofviewonthespreadofEnglish?Whatishis?Intention?McArthurquotesPrice’sassertionandcitesPillipson’sviewpointonthespreadofEnglishassortofconstoinitiatehisargument.Consareusuallypopularlybelievedargumentsoropinionsthatareagainsttheauthor’spointofview.Consarecommonlyusedwritingtechniquesandareoftenemployedinordertoappealtheaudienceandhighlighttheauthor’sviewpoint.2.DoesMcArthuragreewithwhatPriceandPhillipsonargued?FromasearlyaswhichsectiondoesMcArthurshowhisattitude?TowardthedominanceofEnglishasaworldEnglish?No.McArthur’sopinionisdifferentfromPriceandPillipson’sarguments.Hedoesn’tbelievethatEnglishisakillerandshouldbeblamedfortheextinctionofsmallerlanguages.HeseesEnglishasbothablessingandacurse,maybeasablessingmorethanacurse.AfterintroducingPriceandPillipson’sviewpoints,McArthurwritesabouthisownideasontheissueofEnglishasaworldlanguage.Fromthesentence“Forgoodorforill,therehasneverbeenalanguagequitelikeEnglish”,wecanlearnthatMcArthurdoesnotcurseEnglishlikePriceandPillipsonandhehasadifferentpointofview.3.Byreading"Itcertainlyisn'thardtolookforsituationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse",couldweconcludethatMcArthurbelievesEnglishisacurse?No.Thissentenceisakindofjustification.AlthoughMcArthurliterallyjustifiesthefactthattherearesituationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse,hedoesn’tbelievethatEnglishisvirtuallyacurse.Byaddingtheword“certainly”McArthurshowshisintent.4.CouldyoupickupsomewordsandexpressionsthatsignalchangeorcontinuationinMcArthur'sthought?“Forgoodorforill”(paragraph3)/“however”(paragraph4)/“But”(paragraph5)/“Atthesametime,however”(paragraph6)/“Yet”(paragraph7)5.Howmanypartscanthisspeechbedivided?Howarethepartsorganized?PartOne:paragraphs1and2.ThesetwoparagraphsintroducethesituationthatmanyacademicsargueagainstEnglishasaworldlanguage.PartTwo:paragraphs3,4,5,6,7,8,and9.ParagraphthreeisatransitionalparagraphthatinitiatesMcArthur’sownargument.IntheseparagraphsMcArthurarguesthatEnglishisnotonlyacurseasmanypeoplehavebelieved,butablessingaswell.PartThree:paragraph10.McArthurconcludesinthelastparagraphthatEnglishmaybeacurseorablessingdependsondifferentsituationsandweshouldmakeadvantagesofworldlanguagesandavoidtheirdisadvantages.II.VocabularyA.Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicestocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.1.Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups,______fromthefarmingcommunity.A.straightforwardly B.notably C.virtually D.exceptionally2.The______viewinBritainandotherWesterncountriesassociatesagingwithdecline,dependency,isolation,andoftenpoverty.A.predominant B.credulous C.inclusive D.sustainable3.Butgiftssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost___ofgovernments./rewardrewardingA.tough B.demanding C.diverse D.benign4.Theforemanreadthe______ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.A.prejudice B.verification C.verdict D.punishment5.Theyfearitcouldhavea(n)______effectonglobalfinancialmarkets.A.sizeable B.adverse(negative) C.beneficial D.consequential6.TheUNthreatenedto______economicsanctionsifthetalkswerebrokenoff.A.engage B.pursue C.abandon/abundant D.invoke7.Thereareatleastfourcrucialdifferencesbetweenthenew______andtheoldgovernment.A.regime B.hegemony C.complex D.federation/fedal<->federal,confederate)8.Thesequestions______achallengetoestablishedattitudeofsuperioritytowardtheoutsideworld.A.evolve B.constitute C.tolerate D.aroused9.Becauseofthis,astrongadministrative______wasneededtoplantheuseofscarceresources,organizeproductionandregulatedistribution.A.apparatus B.constitution C.insistence D.promotion10.Ilearntthattherearenogenuinely______animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces.A.endangered B.domesticated C.indigenous D.extinctB.ChoosethehestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachHonkUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.pointup byandlarge takein descent forgoodorillleaveaside crystalclear dieout endanger lay...atthedoorof1.Thebookconcludeswithareviewofthepossibleimpact(influence)ofmoreintimatecomputersforgoodorill,invariousareasofhumanlife.2.Moreover,ithadbecomeclearfromtheopinionpollsthattheunpopularityofthenewtaxwasbeinglaidatthedoorofthegovernmentwhichhadintroducedit,ratherthanthelocalauthoritieswhowereresponsibleforlevyingandcollectingit.3.Thiscasegavetheexampleofbreakingsomeone'sarm:thatisareallyseriousinjury,butonewhichisunlikelytoendangerthevictim'slife.4.ManyofthosewhoholditliveinpoorareasandsomeareColored,thatis(i.e./namely),ofmixedEuropeanandAfricandescent. 5.Thisdebateisimportantbecauseitpointsup(stress/emphasize)that"thefacts"arenotnecessarilyassimpleandstraightforwardastheymightatfirstsightseem.6.Inthebeginning,themeaningoflifemightbedebated,butoncepastthefirstperiod,manyoftheconversationsfollowawell-wornroutefromonetopictothenextandbackagain,takinginmostofhumanlife.7.Butsinceagricultureformsthebasis(base)ofourindustry,itwas,byandlarge(onthewhole),alsoanintensificationofthecrisisinthenationaleconomyingeneral.8.Letusleaveasideotherrelevantfactorssuchaseducation,careerstructure,payandconditionsofserviceandconcentrateon(focuson)manpowermanagement.(relateAtoB)9.Itistruethattheexactnatureofthisissueisuncertain.However,onethingiscrystalclear:itwillnotendangertheplanetanditsinhabitants.10.Butifanimalpopulationsaretoosmall,thentheysimplydieout.III.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenforeachblank.[criteria:(1)semantic/(2)grammatic]AsimplifiedformoftheEnglishlanguagebasedon850keywordswasdevelopedinthelate1920sbytheEnglishpsychologistCharlesKayOgdenand1bytheEnglisheducatorI.A.Richards.KnownasBasicEnglish,itwasusedmainlytoteachEnglishtonon-English-speakingpersonsand2asaninternationallanguage.ThecomplexitiesofEnglishspellingandgrammar,however,weremajor3totheadoptionofBasicEnglishasasecondlanguage.ThefundamentalprincipleofBasicEnglishwasthatanyidea,4complex,maybereducedtosimpleunitsofthoughtandexpressedclearlybyalimitednumberofeverydaywords.The850-wordprimaryvocabularywas5600nouns(representingthingsorevents),150adjectives(forqualitiesand_6),and100general"operational"words,mainlyverbsandprepositions.Almostallthewordswerein7useinEnglish-speakingcountries.Morethan60percentofthemwereone-syllablewords.Thebasicvocabularywascreated 8 byeliminating9 theuseof18"basic"verbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.Numerouswordswhichhavethesameorsimilarmeaningsandbyverbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.Theseverbsweregenerallycombinedwithprepositions,suchasup,among,under,in,andforward.Forexample,aBasicEnglishstudentwouldusetheexpression“goup”10 "ascend".(Semantic/grammaticalcriterion)

1. A.created B.publicized C.invented D.operated

2. A.proved B.provided C.projected D.promoted

3. A.advantages B.objections C.obstacles D.facileties

4. A.however B.whatever C.wherever D.whenever

5. A.comprisedof B.madeof C.composedof D.constitutedof

6. A.personalities B.properties C.preferences D.perceptions/perceive)

7. A.common B.ordinary C.average D.nonprofessional

8. A.inall B.attimes C.forgood D.inpart/partially)

9. A.experiencing B.exchanging C.excluding D.extending

10.A.inspiteof =despite B.infavorof C.insteadof D.incaseof

II.TranslationPutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese.1.ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。2.Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguisticism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。3.Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。4.YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。5.English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。6.Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。V.OralPracticeandDiscussion1.WhydidGlanvillePricesaythatEnglishisakiller?Becauseithascausedextinctionoflotsofsmalllanguages,suchasCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx,anditalsothreatenstheexistenceofremainingCelticlanguages.2.AccordingtoMcArthur,inwhatwayisEnglishdifferentfromother"worldlanguages"?Generallypeopleview“worldlanguages”,suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskritasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Andtheauthorbelievesitisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneoftheselanguagesnowposesmuchofathreat.English,however,isanothercase.ItisprobablytoocloseforustobeabletoanalyzeandjudgeitasdispassionatelyaswemaynowdiscusstheinfluenceofClassicalChineseonEastAsiaorofClassicalLatinonWesternEurope.Wemaynothavethelastwordonitsinfluenceuntilcenturieslater.3.WhydoesMcArthursaythatEnglishis"acursefortheindigenouspeoplesofAustraliaandsomethingofablessingforthoseinSouthAfrica"?WhenthefirstEuropeansarrivedinAustralia,therewerehundredsoflanguages.Nowmanyoftheselanguageshavediedout,manymoreareintheprocessofdyingout,andthesedeadanddyinglanguageshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyeitherkindsofpidginEnglishorgeneralAustralianEnglish.However,inSouthAfricatheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.ItwasEnglishthathelpedoppositiongainstrengthandorganization.Insteadofbeingalanguageofoppression,Englishbecameforthemthekeylanguageoffreedomandunity.4.WhatshouldwedotomakethemostofEnglishwhileavoidingthecurseitmaybring?5.DoyouthinkthatteachingEnglishtospeakersofothercountriesisanactoflinguisticimperialism?TheinfluenceoftheUSandBritainontherestoftheworld,pastandpresent,cannotbedenied,andtheteachingofEnglishcanneverbeentirelyneutral.Languageisneveraneutralvehicleforcommunication;thecontextcomeswithit,likeitornot.Englishisadouble-edgedsword,sotospeak.Thereisanelementofculturalimperialism,giventhat—evenifonedoesn’tteachculture,perse（本质上）—cultureisstillnonethelessencodedinlanguageinaveryrealsense.Ontheotherhand,thestudenteitherneeds,wantsorisrequiredtolearnEnglish,andthereforelearningEnglishhassomeperceivedbenefitforthestudent.FurthermorethespreadofEnglishhasbroughtabouttheextinctionofmanyminoritylanguages.ThequestionofwhetherteachingESLorEFLcanbeconsideredlinguisticimperialismiscontroversial.VOCABULARYITEMS1.sizable:adj.fairlylarge相当大的2.virtually:adv.almostbutnotquite;nearly几乎，差不多;virture3.constitute:v.toamountto;equal形成，等同于4.aggrandis(z)ment:n.increaseinpowerorimportance扩张，增加,expansion5.predominantly:adv.mostlyormainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president,dominate(v)6.default:n.failuretodosth.疏忽,defaultvalue.7.hegemonic:adj.ofthepredominantinfluenceofonenationoverothers霸权的8.benign:adj.tendingtoexertabeneficialinfluence;favorable有利的9.dispassionately:adv.calmly;reasonably平心静气地，不带偏见地10.verdict:n.decisionoropiniongivenaftertestingorexamining判断，裁决,verify11.straightforward:adj.plain;clear明确的，清清楚楚的,12.aboriginal:adj.ofracesofpeoplebelongingtoaregionfromtheearliesttimes土著的,amanofhumbleorigin13.adversely:adv.unfavorably不利地14.indigenous:adj.native;originatinginanarea本土的，土生土长15. endanger:v.tocausetobeinadangeroussituation危害endangered:adj.indangerofbeingdamagedordestroyed濒于灭绝的16.apparatus:n.structureormethodofoperation组织，机构17.descent:n.hereditaryderivation血统，遗传,ascend<->descend(v)18.apartheid:adj.racialseparateness种族隔离19.regime:n.systemofgovernmentorrule政权20.vernacular:adj.native;commonlyspokenbythemembersofacountryorregion本国语的，方言的21.invoke:v.tomakeaparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeople'sminds引起,造成;22.pointupto:emphasize强调,stress;pointout23.takein:toinclude包括24.forgoodor(for)ill:whethertheeffectofasituationisgoodorharmful无论好坏25.byandlarge:onthewhole,generally总的来说，大体上;(be)atlarge.26.dieout:tobecomeextinct死光，绝种27.lay(put)sthatthedoorof...:toblame(sb.orsth.)forsth归咎于…28.leaveaside:putaside,tomakenodiscussionofasubject不谈论，把话题搁置一边,putaway29.crystalclear:absolutelyclear非常清楚的，显而易见的,obvious,apparentNOTES1.Cumbric:anancient,long-extinctCelticlanguageofNorthernEngland;Briton2.Cornish:theCelticlanguageofCornwall(aregionofextremesouthwestEngland),extinctsince1800,Anglosaxon3.Norn:anextinctNorsedialect,spokenuntilearlymoderntime