高级英语写作Advanced-English-Writing

AdvancedEnglishWritingForEnglishminorsArrangementsofteaching

AssessmentsStudents’Attendance30%Classparticipation20%FinalExamination50%Exemplification

举例法

Importanceofcitingexamples:Inwriting,examplesoftenfollowgeneralstatementstomakethelattermoreexplicit,persuasive,andconvincing.Withoutadequateexamples,astatementmaysoundhollow,evengroundless.Anarrationofanincident,adescriptionofanevent,oralistingofrelevantinstancesmayallactasexamples.ClassActivity

Studywithyourpartnerthetwopassagestofindouthowthewritermakeshisideaclearbyexamples.Discussion

Typesofexamplesfromthepassages:AnarrationofaccidentAdescriptionofaneventAlistofrelevantinstancesPrinciplesofexamples

Accordingtothepassagesyouhaveread,whatprinciplesdoyouthinktheexamplesshouldfollow?PrinciplesofexamplesTheexamplessuppliedtosupportageneralstatementshouldbe

Relevant(theexamplesshouldbedirectlyorlogicallyrelatedtothegeneralstatement)

Specific(theexamplesshouldbeconcrete,vivid,andreadilyunderstandable)

Sufficient(anumberofexamplesshouldbesupplied.TofollowthepreferredEnglishpattern,asetofthreeexamplesmaybeanappropriatenumberinmanycases.)Exercise:Thefollowingexerciserequiresthatyousupplysupportingexamplesforgeneralstatements.Studytheexamplefirst,readthestatements,andthendiscussthepossiblesupportingexamples.Supplyatleastthreerelevantandspecificexamplesineach.Classactivity:Supplytheexamplestothefollowingstatements.

Englishasasecond/foreignlanguagecanbeusefulinmanyways.Supportingexample1:Supportingexample2:Supportingexample3:2.Thereareseveraladvantagesforacollegestudentdoingapart-timejob.Supportingexample1:Supportingexample2:Supportingexample3:Theinternethastransformedourlivesinmanyways.Supportingexample1:Supportingexample2:Supportingexample3:Furtherstudy:Readthefollowingparagraphs,andtrytofindwhatmaterialsareusedasexamples

andwhy.

Thegrowingnumberofpopulationneedsmoreandmorewater.Inthepastfiftyyears,thepopulationisincreasedby250%,whilethetotalwaterrequirementincreasedby7200%.FurtherstudyTheAmericanSouthisfamousforthemanyPresidentsandstates-peopleithasproduced,suchasGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,HenryClay,LyndonJohnson,MartinLutherKing,andJimmyCarter.FurtherstudyThe1960swereyearsofturmoilinAmerica.PresidentsJohnandRobertKennedywereassassinated.SowasMartinLutherKing.Besides,therewereurbanriotsandantiwarmarches.Furtherstudy

Mobilephonesshouldcarryalabeliftheyprovedtobeadangeroussourceofradiation,accordingtoRobertBell,ascientist.Andnomoremobilephonetransmittertowersshouldbebuiltuntilthelong-termhealtheffectsoftheelectromagneticradiationtheyemitarescientificallyevaluated,hesaid.“Nobody’sgoingtodropdeathovernightbutweshouldbeaskingformorescientificinformation,”RobertBellsaidataconferenceonthehealtheffectsoflow-levelradiation..“Ifmobilephonesarefoundtobedangerous,theyshouldcarryawarninglabeluntilpropershieldscanbedevised,”hesaid.Furtherstudy

Success,whichencouragesrepetitionofoldbehavior,isnotnearlyasgoodateacherasfailure.Youcanlearnfromadisastrouspartyhowtogiveagoodone,fromanill-chosenfirsthousewhattolookforinasecond.Evenafailurethatseemstotalcanpromptfreshthinking,achangeofdirection.Afriendofmine,after12yearsofstudyingballet,didnotsucceedinbecomingadancer.Shewasturneddownbytheballetmaster,whosaid,“Youwillneverbeadancer.Youhaven’tthebodyforit.”Insuchcases,thewaytousefailureistotakestockcourageously,asking,“WhathaveIleft?WhatelsecanIdo?”Myfriendputawayhertoeshoesandmovedintodancetherapy,afieldwhereshe’sbothcompetentanduseful.Writingpractice:

Chooseoneofthetopicsdiscussedaboveanddevelopitintoacompositionof200words.AcademicWriting---CoherenceCoherenceisanimportantconceptingoodwriting.Coherenceinapieceofwritingreferstotheprinciplethatallparagraphs,sentencesorideasinitfittogethersowellthattheyformaunitedwhole.CoherenceinEnglishwritingexistsontwolevels:theoveralllevelandthelocallevel.Coherenceattheoveralllevelmeansthatthestructureofapieceofwritingshouldfollowthelogicalthinkingandtheexpectationsofthereader.Coherenceatthelocallevelmeansthatdifferentsentencesandparagraphsarelogicallyandsmoothlylinkedtoexpresstheintendedmeaning.HowtoachievecoherenceMorespecifically,threetypesofcohesivedevicesareemployedtoprovidecohesion(连结)forapieceofwriting:grammaticaldevices,lexicaldevices,andlogicaldevices.Thispartisspecificallydevotedtogrammaticalandlexicalcohesivedevices1.Usepronounstoreplacenounsornounphrasese.g.Napoleonwasagreatsoldier.Hewasalsoagreatadministrator.Johnboughtanewcar.Itisexpensive,butitrunsmuchbetterthanhisoldone.JohnandMaryaregoingonaholidayinBrazil._____________friendsareveryenvious.Hedecidedtotakesomeheavyshoeswithhim.Hethoughtthat_____________wouldbeusefulincasehewentwalking.2.Usepronominal(代词的)formstoreplaceadverbialsoftimeandplace.e.g.Heleftthefollowingday.Heknewthenthathewasnotcomingback.Wecalledonthemsoonafterbreakfast.Weshouldhaverealizedthatthiswasabadtimeforavisit.Idecidedtotakemybooksbacktothelibrary.WhenIgot___________,Ifounditwasclosed.3.Usepronominalformstoreplaceclausesorsentencese.g.Somestudentsworkallnightjustbeforeanexam.Thisisagreatmistake.

Johnhasjustresigned.Itwasquiteunexpected.________iswhatyoushoulddo:youshouldbefrank.4.Usedeterminers(the,this,that,etc.)torefertopreviousnounphrases.e.g.Thievesbrokeintoajeweler’sshopintheNorthStreetlastnight.Thethievesenteredtheshopthroughasmallbackwindow.Iboughtapocketcalculatorlastweek.________provedveryuseful.5.Repeatthekeywordse.g.Theseparticulartrainservicesarenotusedverymuchbycommuters.Asarule,commuterstendtotravelmuchearlier.Likemostwildlife,deerreproduce,growandstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.Amaturefemale___________whohasconceived(怀孕)inNovemberandgivenbirthtotwofawns(小鹿)duringtheendofMayorfirstpartofJunemustsearchfor____________forthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody’sneeds,butalsotoproducemilkforher______________.6.Usesynonymsorwordsofsimilarmeaningtoexpressthesameidea.e.g.Thesecarswerefirstmadein1972.Whentheywerefirstproduced,theywerenotverypopular.Ifyouhaveanythoughtsonthesubject,pleaseletmeknow.Ishallbeinterestedtohearyour___________.7.Useconstructionimplyingwhole-partorpart-wholerelationshipe.g.Youwillneedtotakesometoolswithyou.Youcanbuyahammer,asaw,andascrewdriveratanyhardwarestore.

Largecarsandlorriesarenotadvisedtousethisroute.These___________shouldtaketheotherroad.8.Userelatedwordforme.g.Sevenpeoplehavebeenarrestedsofar.Thearrestsweremadelatelastnight.9.Useparallelstructurese.g.Itispossiblethatt