现代大学英语精读6notesonenglish_第1页
现代大学英语精读6notesonenglish_第2页
现代大学英语精读6notesonenglish_第3页
现代大学英语精读6notesonenglish_第4页
现代大学英语精读6notesonenglish_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩5页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

现代大学英语精读6notesonenglishcharacter(总8页)

--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可--

--内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--

2

Firstnote.Ihadbetterletthecatoutofthebagatonceandrecordmyopinionthat

thecharacteroftheEnglishisessentiallymiddleclass.Thereisasoundhistorical

reasonforthis,for,sincetheendoftheeighteenthcentury,themiddleclasses

havebeenthedominantforceinourcommunity.Theygainedwealthbythe

IndustrialRevolution,politicalpowerbytheReformBillof1832;theyare

connectedwiththeriseandorganizationoftheBritishEmpire;theyare

responsiblefortheliteratureofthenineteenthcentury.

Solidity,caution,integrity,efficiency.Lackofimagination,hypocrisy.These

qualitiescharacterizethemiddleclassesineverycountry,butinEnglandtheyarenationalcharacteristicsalso,becauseonlyinEnglandhavethemiddleclassesbeeninpowerforonehundredandfiftyyears.Napoleon,inhisrudeway,calledus"anationofshopkeepers."Weprefertocallourselves"agreatcommercialnation"--it

soundsmoredignified--butthetwophrasesamounttothesame.Ofcoursethere

areotherclasses:thereisanaristocracy,therearethepoor.Butitisonthe

middleclassesthattheeyeofthecriticrests--justasitrestsonthepoorinRussia

andonthearistocracyinJapan.Russiaissymbolizedbythepeasantorbythefactoryworker;Japanbythesamurai;thenationalfigureofEnglandisMr.Bullwithhis

tophat,hiscomfortableclothes,hissubstantialstomach,andhissubstantial

balanceatthebank.SaintGeorgemaycaperonbannersandinthespeechesof

politicians,butitisJohnBullwhodeliversthegoods.AndevenSaintGeorge--ifGibboniscorrect--woreatophatonce;hewasanarmycontractorandsupplied

indifferentbacon.Itallamountstothesameintheend.

SecondNote.JustastheheartofEnglandisthemiddleclasses,sotheheart

ofthemiddleclassesisthepublicschoolsystem.Thisextraordinaryinstitutionis

local.ItdoesnotevenexistallovertheBritishIsles.Itisunknownin

Ireland,almostunknowninScotland(countriesexcludedfrommy

survey),andthoughitmayinspireothergreatinstitutions--Aligarh,for

example,andsomeoftheschoolsintheUnitedStates--itremains

unique,becauseitwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonmiddleclasses,andcan

flourishonlywheretheyflourish.Howperfectlyitexpressestheircharacter--far

betterforinstance,thandoestheuniversity,intowhichsocialandspiritual

complexitieshavealreadyentered.Withitsboarding-houses,itscompulsory

games,itssystemofprefectsandfagging,itsinsistenceongoodformandon

espritdecorps,itproducesatypewhoseweightisoutofallproportiontoits

numbers.Onleavinghisschool,theboyeithersetstoworkatonce--goes

intothearmyorintobusiness,oremigrates--orelseproceedstothe

university,andafterthreeorfouryearsthereenterssomeotherprofession--

3

becomesabarrister,doctor,civilservant,schoolmaster,orjournalist.(If

throughsomemishaphedoesnotbecomeamanualworkeroranartist.)Inall

thesecareershiseducation,ortheabsenceofit,influenceshim.Itsmemories

influencehimalso.Manymenlookbackontheirschooldaysasthehappiestoftheirlives.Theyrememberwithregretthatgoldentimewhenlife,thoughhard,wasnotyetcomplex,whentheyallworkedtogetherandplayedtogetherandthoughttogether,sofarastheythoughtatall;whentheyweretaughtthatschoolistheworldinminiatureandbelievedthatnoonecanlovehiscountrywhodoesnotlove

hisschool.AndtheyprolongthattimeasbesttheycanbyjoiningtheirOldBoys'

society:indeed,someofthemremainOldBoysandnothingelsefortherestof

theirlives.Theyattributeallgoodtotheschool.Theyworshipit.Theyquotethe

remarkthat"ThebattleofWaterloowaswonontheplayingfieldsofEton."Itis

nothingtothemthattheremarkisinapplicablehistoricallyandwasnevermadebytheDukeofWellington,andthattheDukeofWellingtonwasanIrishman.Theygo

onquotingitbecauseitexpressestheirsentiments;theyfeelthatiftheDukeof

Wellingtondidn'tmakeitheoughttohave,andifhewasn'tanEnglishmanhe

oughttohavebeen.Andtheygoforthintoaworldthatisnotentirelycomposedofpublic-schoolmenorevenofAnglo-Saxons,butofmenwhoareasvariousasthe

sandsofthesea;intoaworldofwhoserichnessandsubtletytheyhaveno

conception.Theygoforthintoitwithwell-developedbodies,fairlydeveloped

minds,andundevelopedhearts.Anditisthisundevelopedheartthatislargely

responsibleforthedifficultiesofEnglishmenabroad.Anundevelopedheart--nota

coldone.Thedifferenceisimportant,andonitmynextnotewillbebased.

ForitisnotthattheEnglishmancan'tfeel--itisthatheisafraidtofeel.Hehasbeentaughtathispublicschoolthatfeelingisbadform.Hemustnotexpressgreatjoyorsorrow,orevenopenhismouthtoowidewhenhetalks--hispipemightfalloutifhedid.Hemustbottleuphisemotions,orletthemoutonlyonaveryspecial

occasion.

Onceuponatime(thisisananecdote)Iwentforaweek'sholidayonthe

ContinentwithanIndianfriend.Webothenjoyedourselvesandweresorrywhen

theweekwasover,butonpartingourbehaviourwasabsolutelydifferent.Hewas

plungedindespair.

Hefeltthatbecausetheholidaywasoverallhappinesswasoveruntilthe

worldended.Hecouldnotexpresshissorrowtoomuch.ButinmetheEnglishman

cameoutstrong.Ireflectedthatweshouldmeetagaininamonthortwo,and

couldwriteintheintervalifwehadanythingtosay;andunderthese

circumstancesIcouldnotseewhattherewastomakeafussabout.Itwasn'tasifwe

4

werepartingforeverordying."Buckup,"Isaid,"dobuckup."Herefusedtobuck

up,andIlefthimplungedingloom.

Theconclusionoftheanecdoteisevenmoreinstructive.Forwhenwemetthe

nextmonthourconversationthrewagooddealoflightontheEnglishcharacter.I

beganbyscoldingmyfriend.Itoldhimthathehadbeenwrongtofeelanddisplayso

muchemotionuponsoslightanoccasion;thatitwasinappropriate.Theword

"inappropriate"rousedhimtofury."What"hecried."Doyoumeasureoutyour

emotionsasiftheywerepotatoes"Ididnotlikethesimileofthepotatoebut

afteramoment'sreflectionIsaid:"Yes,Ido;andwhat'smore,IthinkIought

to.Asmalloccasiondemandsalittleemotionjustasalargeoccasiondemandsa

greatone.Iwouldlikemyemotionstobeappropriate.Thismaybemeasuringthem

likepotatoes,butitisbetterthansloppingthemaboutlikewaterfroma

pail,whichiswhatyoudid."Hedidnotlikethesimileofthepail."Ifthoseareyour

opinions,theypartusforever,"hecried,andlefttheroom.Returning

immediately,headded:"No--butyourwholeattitudetowardemotioniswrong.

Emotionhasnothingtodowithappropriateness.Itmattersonlythatitshallbe

sincere.Ihappenedtofeeldeeply.Ishowedit.Itdoesn'tmatterwhetherIoughtto

havefeltdeeplyornot."

Thisremarkimpressedmeverymuch.YetIcouldnotagreewithit,andsaidthatIvaluedemotionasmuchashedid,butuseditdifferently;ifIpoureditoutonsmalloccasionsIwasafraidofhavingnoneleftforthegreatones,andofbeing

bankruptatthecrisesoflife.Notetheword"bankrupt."Ispokeasamemberofa

prudentmiddle-classnation,alwaysanxioustomeetmyliabilities,butmyfriendspokeasanOriental,andtheOrientalhasbehindhimatradition,notofmiddle-

classprudencebutofkinglymunificenceandsplendour.Hefeelshisresourcesare

endless,justasJohnBullfeelshisarefinite.Asregardsmaterialresources,the

Orientalisclearlyunwise.Moneyisn'tendless.Ifwespendorgiveawayallthe

moneywehave,wehaven'tanymore,andmusttaketheconsequences,whicharefrequentlyunpleasant.But,asregardstheresourcesofthespirit,hemayberight.Theemotionsmaybeendless.Themoreweexpressthem,themorewemayhavetoexpress.Trueloveinthisdiffersfromgoldandclay,Thattodivideisnotto

takeaway.

SaysShelley.Shelley,atallevents,believesthatthewealthofthespiritisendless;thatwemayexpressitcopiously,passionately,andalways;thatwe

canneverfeelsorroworjoytooacutely.

Intheaboveanecdote,IhavefiguredasatypicalEnglishman.Iwillnow

descendfromthatdizzyandsomewhatunfamiliarheight,andreturntomy

5

businessofnotetaking.AnoteontheslownessoftheEnglishcharacter.The

Englishmanappearstobecoldandunemotionalbecauseheisreallyslow.Whenaneventhappens,hemayunderstanditquicklyenoughwithhismind,buthetakesquiteawhiletofeelit.Onceuponatimeacoach,containingsomeEnglishmenand

someFrenchmen,wasdrivingovertheAlps.Thehorsesranaway,andasthey

weredashingacrossabridgethecoachcaughtonthestonework,tottered,and

nearlyfellintotheravinebelow.TheFrenchmenwerefranticwithterror:they

screamedandgesticulatedandflungthemselvesabout,asFrenchmenwould.The

Englishmensatquitecalm.Anhourlater,thecoachdrewupataninntochange

horses,andbythattimethesituationswereexactlyreversed.TheFrenchmenhad

forgottenallaboutthedanger,andwerechatteringgaily;theEnglishmenhad

justbeguntofeelit,andonehadanervousbreakdownandwasobligedtogotobed.Wehavehereaclearphysicaldifferencebetweenthetworaces--adifferencethatgoesdeepintocharacter.TheFrenchmenrespondedatonce;theEnglishmen

respondedintime.Theywereslowandtheywerealsopractical.Theirinstinct

forbadethemtothrowthemselvesaboutinthecoach,becauseitwasmorelikelytotipoveriftheydid.Theyhadthisextraordinaryappreciationoffactthatweshallnoticeagainandagain.Whenadisastercomes,theEnglishinstinctistodowhatcanbedonefirst,andtopostponethefeelingaslongaspossible.Hencetheyaresplendidatemergencies.Nodoubttheyarebrave--noonewilldenythat--braveryispartlyanaffairofthenerves,andtheEnglishnervoussystemiswellequippedfor

meetingphysicalemergency.

Itactspromptlyandfeelsslowly.Suchacombinationisfruitful,andanyonewhopossessesithasgonealongwaytowardbeingbrave.Andwhentheactionis

over,thentheEnglishmancanfeel.

Thereisonemoreconsideration--amostimportantone.IftheEnglishnature

iscold,howisitthatithasproducedagreatliteratureandaliteraturethatis

particularlygreatinpoetryJudgedbyitsprose,Englishliteraturewouldnotstand

inthefirstrank.ItisitspoetrythatraisesittothelevelofGreek,Persian,or

French.AndyettheEnglisharesupposedtobesounpoetical.HowisthisThenation

thatproducedtheElizabethandramaandtheLakePoetscannotbeacould,

unpoeticalnation.Wecan'tgetfireoutofice.Sinceliteraturealwaysrestsuponnationalcharacter,theremustbeintheEnglishnaturehiddenspringsoffireto

producethefirewesee.Thewarmsympathy,theromance,the

imagination,thatwelookforinEnglishmenwhomwemeet,andtoooftenvainlylookfor,mustexistinthenationasawhole,orwecouldnothavethisoutburst

ofnationalsong.Anundevelopedheart--notacoldone.

6

ThetroubleisthattheEnglishnatureisnotatalleasytounderstand.Ithasa

greatairofsimplicity,itadvertisesitselfassimple,butthemoreweconsider

it,thegreatertheproblemsweshallencounter.Peopletalkofthemysterious

East,buttheWestalsoismysterious.Ithasdepthsthatdonotrevealthemselves

atthefirstgaze.Weknowwhatthesealookslikefromadistance:itisofone

color,andlevel,andobviouslycannotcontainsuchcreaturesasfish.Butifwe

lookintotheseaovertheedgeofaboat,weseeadozencolors,anddepth

belowdepth,andfishswimminginthem.ThatseaistheEnglishcharacter--

apparentlyimperturbableandeven.ThesedepthsandthecolorsaretheEnglish

romanticismandtheEnglishsensitiveness--wedonotexpecttofindsuch

things,buttheyexist.And--tocontinuemymetaphor--thefisharetheEnglish

emotions,whicharealwaystryingtogetuptothesurface,butdon'tquiteknow

how.Forthemostpartweseethemmovingfarbelow,distortedandobscure.

Nowandthentheysucceedandweexclaim,"Why,theEnglishmanhas

emotions!Heactuallycanfeel!"Andoccasionallyweseethatbeautifulcreaturetheflyingfish,whichrisesoutofthewateraltogetherintotheairandthesunlight.

Englishliteratureisaflyingfish.Itisasampleofthelifethatgoesondayafterday

beneaththesurface;itisaproofthatbeautyandemotionexistinthe

salt,inhospitablesea.

Andnowlet'sgetbacktoterrafirma.TheEnglishman'sattitudetoward

criticismwillgiveusanotherstartingpoint.Heisnotannoyedbycriticism.Helistens

ornotasthecasemaybesmilesandpasseson,saying,"Oh,thefellow's

jealous";"Oh,I'musedtoBernardShaw;monkeytricksdon'thurtme."Itneveroccurstohimthatthefellowmaybeaccurateaswellasjealous,andthathemightdowelltotakethecriticismtoheartandprofitbyit.Itneverstrikeshim--exceptasa

formofwords--thatheiscapableofimprovement;hisself-complacencyis

abysmal.Othernations,bothOrientalandEuropean,haveanuneasyfeelingthattheyarenotquiteperfect.Inconsequencetheyresentcriticism.Ithurtsthem;andtheirsnappyanswersoftenmaskadeterminationtoimprovethemselves.Notsothe

Englishman.Hehasnouneasyfeeling.Letthecriticsbark.Andthe"tolerant

humorousattitude"withwhichheconfrontsthemisnotreallyhumorous,because

itisboundedbythetitterandtheguffaw.

TurnoverthepagesofPunch.Thereisneitherwit,laughter,norsatirein

ournationaljester--onlythesniggerofasuburbanhouseholderwhocanunderstand

nothingthatdoesnotresemblehimself.Weekafterweek,underMrPunch's

supervision,amanfallsoffhishorse,oracolonelmissesagolfball,oralittle

girlmakesamistakeinherprayers.Weekafterweekladiesshownottoomuchof

7

theirlegs,foreignersaredeprecated,originalitycondemned.Weekafterweeka

bricklayerdoesnotdoasmuchworkasheoughtandafuturistdoesmorethanhe

need.Itisallsupposedtobesogood-temperedandclean;itisalsosupposedtobe

funny.Itisactuallyanoutstandingexampleofourattitudetowardcriticism:the

middle-classEnglishman,withasmileonhisclean-shavenlips,isengagedin

admiringhimselfandignoringtherestofmankind.If,inthosecolorlesspages,he

cameacrossanythingthatreallywasfunny--adrawingbyMaxBeerbohm,for

instance--hissmilewoulddisappear,andhewouldsaytohimself,"Thefellow's

abitofacrank,"andpasson.

Thisparticularattituderevealssuchinsensitivenessastosuggestamoreseriouscharge:istheEnglishmanaltogetherindifferenttothethingsofthe

spiritLetusglanceforamomentathisreligion--not,indeed,athis

theology,whichwouldnotmeritinspection,butattheactiononhisdailylifeof

hisbeliefintheunseen.Hereagainhisattitudeispractical.Butaninnatedecency

comesout:heisthinkingofothersratherthanofhimself.Rightconductishisaim.Heasksofhisreligionthatitshallmakehimabettermanindailylife:thatheshallbemorekind,morejust,moremerciful,moredesiroustofightwhatiseviland

toprotectwhatisgood.Noonecouldcallthisalowconception.Itis,asfarasit

goes,aspiritualone.Yet--andthisseemstobetypicaloftherace--itisonlyhalfthereligiousidea.Religionismorethananethicalcodewithadivinesanction.Itis

alsoameansthroughwhichmanmaygetintodirectconnectionwiththe

divine,and,judgingbyhistory,fewEnglishmenhavesucceededindoingthis.

Wehaveproducednoseriesofprophets,ashasJudaismorIslam.Wehavenot

evenproducedaJoanofArc,oraSavonarola.Wehaveproducedfewsaints.In

GermanytheReformationwasduetothepassionateconvictionofLuther.In

Englanditwasduetopalaceintrigue.Wecanshowasteadylevelofpiety,afixed

determinationtolivedecentlyaccordingtoourlights--littlemore.

Well,itissomething.Itclearsusofthechargeofbeinganunspiritualnation.

ThatfacilecontrastbetweenthespiritualEastandthematerialisticWestcanbe

pushedtoofar.TheWestalsoisspiritual.Onlyitexpressesitsbelief,notinfastingandvisions,notinpropheticrapture,butinthedailyround,thecommontask.Anincompleteexpression,ifyoulike.Iagree.Buttheargumentunderlyingthese

scatterednotesisthattheEnglishmanisanincompleteperson.Notacoldoran

unspiritualone.Butundeveloped,incomplete.

IhavesuggestedearlierthattheEnglisharesometimeshypocrites,anditis

notmydutytodevelopthisratherpainfulsubject.Hypocrisyistheprimechargethat

isalwaysbroughtagainstus.TheGermansarecalledbrutal,theSpanish

8

cruel,theAmericanssuperficial,andsoon;butweareperfideAlbion,the

islandofhypocrites,thepeoplewhohavebuiltupanEmpirewithaBibleinone

hand,apistolintheotherandfinancialconcessionsinbothpockets.Isthecharge

trueIthinkitis;butwhatwemeanbyhypocrisyDowemeanconscious

deceitWell,theEnglisharecomparativelyguiltlessofthis;theyhavelittleofthe

Renaissancevillainaboutthem.DowemeanunconsciousdeceitMuddle-

headednessOfthisIbelievethemtobeguilty.WhenanEnglishmanhasbeenled

intoacourseofwrongaction,hehasnearlyalwaysbegunbymuddlinghimself.Apublic-schooleducationdoesnotmakeformentalclearness,andhepossessestoa

veryhighdegreethepowerofconfusinghisownmind.Howdoesitworkinthe

domainofconduct

JaneAustenmayseemanoddauthoritytocite,butJaneAustenhas,within

herlimits,amarvelousinsightintotheEnglishmind.Herrangeislimited,her

charactersneverattemptanyofthemorescarletsins.Butshehasamercilesseye

forquestionsofconduct,andtheclassicalexampleoftwoEnglishpeoplemuddlingthemselvesbeforetheyembarkuponawrongcourseofactionistobefoundinthe

openingchaptersofSenseandSensibility.OldMr.Dashwoodhasjustdied.Hehas

beentwicemarried.Byhisfirstmarriagehehasason,John;byhissecond

marriagethreedaughters.Thesoniswelloff;theyoungladiesandtheirmother--forMr.Dashwood'ssecondwifesurviveshim--arebadlyoff.Hehascalledhissontohisdeath-bedandhassolemnlyadjuredhimtoprovideforthesecondfamily.Muchmoved,theyoungmanpromises,andmentallydecidestogiveeachofhissisters

athousandpounds:andthenthecomedybegins.Forheannounceshisgenerous

intentiontohiswife,andMrs.JohnDashwoodbynomeansapprovesofdeprivingtheirownlittleboyofsolargeasum.Thethousandpoundsareaccordinglyreduced

tofivehundred.Buteventhisseemsrathermuch.Mightnotanannuitytothe

stepmotherbelessofawrenchYes--butthoughlessofawrenchitmightbemoreofadrain,for"sheisverystoutandhealthy,andscarcelyforty."Anoccasionalpresentoffiftypoundswillbebetter,"andwill,Ithink,beamplydischargingmypromisetomyfather."Or,betterstill,anoccasionalpresentoffish.Andin

theendnothingisdone,nothing;thefourimpecuniousladiesarenoteven

helpedinthemovingoftheirfurniture.

Well,aretheJohnDashwoodshypocritesItdependsuponourdefinitionof

hypocrisy.Theyoungmancouldnotseehisevilimpulsesastheygatheredforceandgainedonhim.Andevenhiswife,thoughaworsecharacter,isalsoself-deceived.ShereflectsthatoldMr.Dashwoodmayhavebeenoutofhismindathisdeath.She

thinksofherownlittleboy--andsurelyamotheroughttothinkofherownchild.

9

Shehasmuddledherselfsocompletelythatinonesentenceshecanrefusethe

ladiestheincomethatwouldenablethemtokeepacarriageandinthenextcansaythattheywillnotbekeepingacarriageandsowillhavenoexpenses.Nodoubtmenandwomeninotherlandscanmuddlethemselves,too,yetthestateofmindofMr.andMrs.JohnDashwoodseemstometypicalofEngland.Theyareslow--they

taketimeeventodowrong;whereaspeopleinotherlandsdowrongquickly.

Therearenationalfaultsastherearenationaldiseases,andperhapsonecandrawaparallelbetweenthem.IthasalwaysimpressedmethatthenationaldiseasesofEnglandshouldbecancerandconsumption--slow,insidious,pretendingtobe

somethingelse;whilethediseasespropertotheSouthshouldbecholeraand

plague,whichstrikeatamanwhenheisperfectlywellandmayleavehimacorpse

byevening.Mr.andMrs.JohnDashwoodaremoralconsumptives.Theycollapse

graduallywithoutrealizingwhatthediseaseis.Thereisnothingdramaticorviolent

abouttheirsin.Youcannotcallthemvillains.

Hereistheplacetoglanceatsomeoftheotherchargesthathavebeen

broughtagainsttheEnglishasanation.Theyhave,forinstance,beenaccusedoftreachery,cruelty,andfanaticism,InthesechargesIhaveneverbeenableto

seetheleastpoint,becausetreacheryandcrueltyareconscioussins.Theman

knowsheisdoingwrong,anddoesitdeliberately,likeTartuffeorIago.He

betrayshisfriendbecausehewishesto.Hetortureshisprisonersbecauseheenjoysseeingthebloodflow.HeworshipstheDevilbecausehepreferseviltogood.From

villainiessuchasthesetheaverageEnglishmanisfree.Hischaracter,which

preventshisrisingtocertainheights,alsopreventshimfromsinkingtothese

depths.Becausehedoesn'tproducemysticshedoesn'tproducevillainseither;he

givestheworldnoprophets,butnoanarchists,nofanatics--religiousorpolitical.

OfcoursetherearecruelandtreacherouspeopleinEngland--onehasonlytolookatthepolicecourts--andexamplesofpublicinfa

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论