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现代大学英语精读6notesonenglishcharacter(总8页)
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Firstnote.Ihadbetterletthecatoutofthebagatonceandrecordmyopinionthat
thecharacteroftheEnglishisessentiallymiddleclass.Thereisasoundhistorical
reasonforthis,for,sincetheendoftheeighteenthcentury,themiddleclasses
havebeenthedominantforceinourcommunity.Theygainedwealthbythe
IndustrialRevolution,politicalpowerbytheReformBillof1832;theyare
connectedwiththeriseandorganizationoftheBritishEmpire;theyare
responsiblefortheliteratureofthenineteenthcentury.
Solidity,caution,integrity,efficiency.Lackofimagination,hypocrisy.These
qualitiescharacterizethemiddleclassesineverycountry,butinEnglandtheyarenationalcharacteristicsalso,becauseonlyinEnglandhavethemiddleclassesbeeninpowerforonehundredandfiftyyears.Napoleon,inhisrudeway,calledus"anationofshopkeepers."Weprefertocallourselves"agreatcommercialnation"--it
soundsmoredignified--butthetwophrasesamounttothesame.Ofcoursethere
areotherclasses:thereisanaristocracy,therearethepoor.Butitisonthe
middleclassesthattheeyeofthecriticrests--justasitrestsonthepoorinRussia
andonthearistocracyinJapan.Russiaissymbolizedbythepeasantorbythefactoryworker;Japanbythesamurai;thenationalfigureofEnglandisMr.Bullwithhis
tophat,hiscomfortableclothes,hissubstantialstomach,andhissubstantial
balanceatthebank.SaintGeorgemaycaperonbannersandinthespeechesof
politicians,butitisJohnBullwhodeliversthegoods.AndevenSaintGeorge--ifGibboniscorrect--woreatophatonce;hewasanarmycontractorandsupplied
indifferentbacon.Itallamountstothesameintheend.
SecondNote.JustastheheartofEnglandisthemiddleclasses,sotheheart
ofthemiddleclassesisthepublicschoolsystem.Thisextraordinaryinstitutionis
local.ItdoesnotevenexistallovertheBritishIsles.Itisunknownin
Ireland,almostunknowninScotland(countriesexcludedfrommy
survey),andthoughitmayinspireothergreatinstitutions--Aligarh,for
example,andsomeoftheschoolsintheUnitedStates--itremains
unique,becauseitwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonmiddleclasses,andcan
flourishonlywheretheyflourish.Howperfectlyitexpressestheircharacter--far
betterforinstance,thandoestheuniversity,intowhichsocialandspiritual
complexitieshavealreadyentered.Withitsboarding-houses,itscompulsory
games,itssystemofprefectsandfagging,itsinsistenceongoodformandon
espritdecorps,itproducesatypewhoseweightisoutofallproportiontoits
numbers.Onleavinghisschool,theboyeithersetstoworkatonce--goes
intothearmyorintobusiness,oremigrates--orelseproceedstothe
university,andafterthreeorfouryearsthereenterssomeotherprofession--
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becomesabarrister,doctor,civilservant,schoolmaster,orjournalist.(If
throughsomemishaphedoesnotbecomeamanualworkeroranartist.)Inall
thesecareershiseducation,ortheabsenceofit,influenceshim.Itsmemories
influencehimalso.Manymenlookbackontheirschooldaysasthehappiestoftheirlives.Theyrememberwithregretthatgoldentimewhenlife,thoughhard,wasnotyetcomplex,whentheyallworkedtogetherandplayedtogetherandthoughttogether,sofarastheythoughtatall;whentheyweretaughtthatschoolistheworldinminiatureandbelievedthatnoonecanlovehiscountrywhodoesnotlove
hisschool.AndtheyprolongthattimeasbesttheycanbyjoiningtheirOldBoys'
society:indeed,someofthemremainOldBoysandnothingelsefortherestof
theirlives.Theyattributeallgoodtotheschool.Theyworshipit.Theyquotethe
remarkthat"ThebattleofWaterloowaswonontheplayingfieldsofEton."Itis
nothingtothemthattheremarkisinapplicablehistoricallyandwasnevermadebytheDukeofWellington,andthattheDukeofWellingtonwasanIrishman.Theygo
onquotingitbecauseitexpressestheirsentiments;theyfeelthatiftheDukeof
Wellingtondidn'tmakeitheoughttohave,andifhewasn'tanEnglishmanhe
oughttohavebeen.Andtheygoforthintoaworldthatisnotentirelycomposedofpublic-schoolmenorevenofAnglo-Saxons,butofmenwhoareasvariousasthe
sandsofthesea;intoaworldofwhoserichnessandsubtletytheyhaveno
conception.Theygoforthintoitwithwell-developedbodies,fairlydeveloped
minds,andundevelopedhearts.Anditisthisundevelopedheartthatislargely
responsibleforthedifficultiesofEnglishmenabroad.Anundevelopedheart--nota
coldone.Thedifferenceisimportant,andonitmynextnotewillbebased.
ForitisnotthattheEnglishmancan'tfeel--itisthatheisafraidtofeel.Hehasbeentaughtathispublicschoolthatfeelingisbadform.Hemustnotexpressgreatjoyorsorrow,orevenopenhismouthtoowidewhenhetalks--hispipemightfalloutifhedid.Hemustbottleuphisemotions,orletthemoutonlyonaveryspecial
occasion.
Onceuponatime(thisisananecdote)Iwentforaweek'sholidayonthe
ContinentwithanIndianfriend.Webothenjoyedourselvesandweresorrywhen
theweekwasover,butonpartingourbehaviourwasabsolutelydifferent.Hewas
plungedindespair.
Hefeltthatbecausetheholidaywasoverallhappinesswasoveruntilthe
worldended.Hecouldnotexpresshissorrowtoomuch.ButinmetheEnglishman
cameoutstrong.Ireflectedthatweshouldmeetagaininamonthortwo,and
couldwriteintheintervalifwehadanythingtosay;andunderthese
circumstancesIcouldnotseewhattherewastomakeafussabout.Itwasn'tasifwe
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werepartingforeverordying."Buckup,"Isaid,"dobuckup."Herefusedtobuck
up,andIlefthimplungedingloom.
Theconclusionoftheanecdoteisevenmoreinstructive.Forwhenwemetthe
nextmonthourconversationthrewagooddealoflightontheEnglishcharacter.I
beganbyscoldingmyfriend.Itoldhimthathehadbeenwrongtofeelanddisplayso
muchemotionuponsoslightanoccasion;thatitwasinappropriate.Theword
"inappropriate"rousedhimtofury."What"hecried."Doyoumeasureoutyour
emotionsasiftheywerepotatoes"Ididnotlikethesimileofthepotatoebut
afteramoment'sreflectionIsaid:"Yes,Ido;andwhat'smore,IthinkIought
to.Asmalloccasiondemandsalittleemotionjustasalargeoccasiondemandsa
greatone.Iwouldlikemyemotionstobeappropriate.Thismaybemeasuringthem
likepotatoes,butitisbetterthansloppingthemaboutlikewaterfroma
pail,whichiswhatyoudid."Hedidnotlikethesimileofthepail."Ifthoseareyour
opinions,theypartusforever,"hecried,andlefttheroom.Returning
immediately,headded:"No--butyourwholeattitudetowardemotioniswrong.
Emotionhasnothingtodowithappropriateness.Itmattersonlythatitshallbe
sincere.Ihappenedtofeeldeeply.Ishowedit.Itdoesn'tmatterwhetherIoughtto
havefeltdeeplyornot."
Thisremarkimpressedmeverymuch.YetIcouldnotagreewithit,andsaidthatIvaluedemotionasmuchashedid,butuseditdifferently;ifIpoureditoutonsmalloccasionsIwasafraidofhavingnoneleftforthegreatones,andofbeing
bankruptatthecrisesoflife.Notetheword"bankrupt."Ispokeasamemberofa
prudentmiddle-classnation,alwaysanxioustomeetmyliabilities,butmyfriendspokeasanOriental,andtheOrientalhasbehindhimatradition,notofmiddle-
classprudencebutofkinglymunificenceandsplendour.Hefeelshisresourcesare
endless,justasJohnBullfeelshisarefinite.Asregardsmaterialresources,the
Orientalisclearlyunwise.Moneyisn'tendless.Ifwespendorgiveawayallthe
moneywehave,wehaven'tanymore,andmusttaketheconsequences,whicharefrequentlyunpleasant.But,asregardstheresourcesofthespirit,hemayberight.Theemotionsmaybeendless.Themoreweexpressthem,themorewemayhavetoexpress.Trueloveinthisdiffersfromgoldandclay,Thattodivideisnotto
takeaway.
SaysShelley.Shelley,atallevents,believesthatthewealthofthespiritisendless;thatwemayexpressitcopiously,passionately,andalways;thatwe
canneverfeelsorroworjoytooacutely.
Intheaboveanecdote,IhavefiguredasatypicalEnglishman.Iwillnow
descendfromthatdizzyandsomewhatunfamiliarheight,andreturntomy
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businessofnotetaking.AnoteontheslownessoftheEnglishcharacter.The
Englishmanappearstobecoldandunemotionalbecauseheisreallyslow.Whenaneventhappens,hemayunderstanditquicklyenoughwithhismind,buthetakesquiteawhiletofeelit.Onceuponatimeacoach,containingsomeEnglishmenand
someFrenchmen,wasdrivingovertheAlps.Thehorsesranaway,andasthey
weredashingacrossabridgethecoachcaughtonthestonework,tottered,and
nearlyfellintotheravinebelow.TheFrenchmenwerefranticwithterror:they
screamedandgesticulatedandflungthemselvesabout,asFrenchmenwould.The
Englishmensatquitecalm.Anhourlater,thecoachdrewupataninntochange
horses,andbythattimethesituationswereexactlyreversed.TheFrenchmenhad
forgottenallaboutthedanger,andwerechatteringgaily;theEnglishmenhad
justbeguntofeelit,andonehadanervousbreakdownandwasobligedtogotobed.Wehavehereaclearphysicaldifferencebetweenthetworaces--adifferencethatgoesdeepintocharacter.TheFrenchmenrespondedatonce;theEnglishmen
respondedintime.Theywereslowandtheywerealsopractical.Theirinstinct
forbadethemtothrowthemselvesaboutinthecoach,becauseitwasmorelikelytotipoveriftheydid.Theyhadthisextraordinaryappreciationoffactthatweshallnoticeagainandagain.Whenadisastercomes,theEnglishinstinctistodowhatcanbedonefirst,andtopostponethefeelingaslongaspossible.Hencetheyaresplendidatemergencies.Nodoubttheyarebrave--noonewilldenythat--braveryispartlyanaffairofthenerves,andtheEnglishnervoussystemiswellequippedfor
meetingphysicalemergency.
Itactspromptlyandfeelsslowly.Suchacombinationisfruitful,andanyonewhopossessesithasgonealongwaytowardbeingbrave.Andwhentheactionis
over,thentheEnglishmancanfeel.
Thereisonemoreconsideration--amostimportantone.IftheEnglishnature
iscold,howisitthatithasproducedagreatliteratureandaliteraturethatis
particularlygreatinpoetryJudgedbyitsprose,Englishliteraturewouldnotstand
inthefirstrank.ItisitspoetrythatraisesittothelevelofGreek,Persian,or
French.AndyettheEnglisharesupposedtobesounpoetical.HowisthisThenation
thatproducedtheElizabethandramaandtheLakePoetscannotbeacould,
unpoeticalnation.Wecan'tgetfireoutofice.Sinceliteraturealwaysrestsuponnationalcharacter,theremustbeintheEnglishnaturehiddenspringsoffireto
producethefirewesee.Thewarmsympathy,theromance,the
imagination,thatwelookforinEnglishmenwhomwemeet,andtoooftenvainlylookfor,mustexistinthenationasawhole,orwecouldnothavethisoutburst
ofnationalsong.Anundevelopedheart--notacoldone.
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ThetroubleisthattheEnglishnatureisnotatalleasytounderstand.Ithasa
greatairofsimplicity,itadvertisesitselfassimple,butthemoreweconsider
it,thegreatertheproblemsweshallencounter.Peopletalkofthemysterious
East,buttheWestalsoismysterious.Ithasdepthsthatdonotrevealthemselves
atthefirstgaze.Weknowwhatthesealookslikefromadistance:itisofone
color,andlevel,andobviouslycannotcontainsuchcreaturesasfish.Butifwe
lookintotheseaovertheedgeofaboat,weseeadozencolors,anddepth
belowdepth,andfishswimminginthem.ThatseaistheEnglishcharacter--
apparentlyimperturbableandeven.ThesedepthsandthecolorsaretheEnglish
romanticismandtheEnglishsensitiveness--wedonotexpecttofindsuch
things,buttheyexist.And--tocontinuemymetaphor--thefisharetheEnglish
emotions,whicharealwaystryingtogetuptothesurface,butdon'tquiteknow
how.Forthemostpartweseethemmovingfarbelow,distortedandobscure.
Nowandthentheysucceedandweexclaim,"Why,theEnglishmanhas
emotions!Heactuallycanfeel!"Andoccasionallyweseethatbeautifulcreaturetheflyingfish,whichrisesoutofthewateraltogetherintotheairandthesunlight.
Englishliteratureisaflyingfish.Itisasampleofthelifethatgoesondayafterday
beneaththesurface;itisaproofthatbeautyandemotionexistinthe
salt,inhospitablesea.
Andnowlet'sgetbacktoterrafirma.TheEnglishman'sattitudetoward
criticismwillgiveusanotherstartingpoint.Heisnotannoyedbycriticism.Helistens
ornotasthecasemaybesmilesandpasseson,saying,"Oh,thefellow's
jealous";"Oh,I'musedtoBernardShaw;monkeytricksdon'thurtme."Itneveroccurstohimthatthefellowmaybeaccurateaswellasjealous,andthathemightdowelltotakethecriticismtoheartandprofitbyit.Itneverstrikeshim--exceptasa
formofwords--thatheiscapableofimprovement;hisself-complacencyis
abysmal.Othernations,bothOrientalandEuropean,haveanuneasyfeelingthattheyarenotquiteperfect.Inconsequencetheyresentcriticism.Ithurtsthem;andtheirsnappyanswersoftenmaskadeterminationtoimprovethemselves.Notsothe
Englishman.Hehasnouneasyfeeling.Letthecriticsbark.Andthe"tolerant
humorousattitude"withwhichheconfrontsthemisnotreallyhumorous,because
itisboundedbythetitterandtheguffaw.
TurnoverthepagesofPunch.Thereisneitherwit,laughter,norsatirein
ournationaljester--onlythesniggerofasuburbanhouseholderwhocanunderstand
nothingthatdoesnotresemblehimself.Weekafterweek,underMrPunch's
supervision,amanfallsoffhishorse,oracolonelmissesagolfball,oralittle
girlmakesamistakeinherprayers.Weekafterweekladiesshownottoomuchof
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theirlegs,foreignersaredeprecated,originalitycondemned.Weekafterweeka
bricklayerdoesnotdoasmuchworkasheoughtandafuturistdoesmorethanhe
need.Itisallsupposedtobesogood-temperedandclean;itisalsosupposedtobe
funny.Itisactuallyanoutstandingexampleofourattitudetowardcriticism:the
middle-classEnglishman,withasmileonhisclean-shavenlips,isengagedin
admiringhimselfandignoringtherestofmankind.If,inthosecolorlesspages,he
cameacrossanythingthatreallywasfunny--adrawingbyMaxBeerbohm,for
instance--hissmilewoulddisappear,andhewouldsaytohimself,"Thefellow's
abitofacrank,"andpasson.
Thisparticularattituderevealssuchinsensitivenessastosuggestamoreseriouscharge:istheEnglishmanaltogetherindifferenttothethingsofthe
spiritLetusglanceforamomentathisreligion--not,indeed,athis
theology,whichwouldnotmeritinspection,butattheactiononhisdailylifeof
hisbeliefintheunseen.Hereagainhisattitudeispractical.Butaninnatedecency
comesout:heisthinkingofothersratherthanofhimself.Rightconductishisaim.Heasksofhisreligionthatitshallmakehimabettermanindailylife:thatheshallbemorekind,morejust,moremerciful,moredesiroustofightwhatiseviland
toprotectwhatisgood.Noonecouldcallthisalowconception.Itis,asfarasit
goes,aspiritualone.Yet--andthisseemstobetypicaloftherace--itisonlyhalfthereligiousidea.Religionismorethananethicalcodewithadivinesanction.Itis
alsoameansthroughwhichmanmaygetintodirectconnectionwiththe
divine,and,judgingbyhistory,fewEnglishmenhavesucceededindoingthis.
Wehaveproducednoseriesofprophets,ashasJudaismorIslam.Wehavenot
evenproducedaJoanofArc,oraSavonarola.Wehaveproducedfewsaints.In
GermanytheReformationwasduetothepassionateconvictionofLuther.In
Englanditwasduetopalaceintrigue.Wecanshowasteadylevelofpiety,afixed
determinationtolivedecentlyaccordingtoourlights--littlemore.
Well,itissomething.Itclearsusofthechargeofbeinganunspiritualnation.
ThatfacilecontrastbetweenthespiritualEastandthematerialisticWestcanbe
pushedtoofar.TheWestalsoisspiritual.Onlyitexpressesitsbelief,notinfastingandvisions,notinpropheticrapture,butinthedailyround,thecommontask.Anincompleteexpression,ifyoulike.Iagree.Buttheargumentunderlyingthese
scatterednotesisthattheEnglishmanisanincompleteperson.Notacoldoran
unspiritualone.Butundeveloped,incomplete.
IhavesuggestedearlierthattheEnglisharesometimeshypocrites,anditis
notmydutytodevelopthisratherpainfulsubject.Hypocrisyistheprimechargethat
isalwaysbroughtagainstus.TheGermansarecalledbrutal,theSpanish
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cruel,theAmericanssuperficial,andsoon;butweareperfideAlbion,the
islandofhypocrites,thepeoplewhohavebuiltupanEmpirewithaBibleinone
hand,apistolintheotherandfinancialconcessionsinbothpockets.Isthecharge
trueIthinkitis;butwhatwemeanbyhypocrisyDowemeanconscious
deceitWell,theEnglisharecomparativelyguiltlessofthis;theyhavelittleofthe
Renaissancevillainaboutthem.DowemeanunconsciousdeceitMuddle-
headednessOfthisIbelievethemtobeguilty.WhenanEnglishmanhasbeenled
intoacourseofwrongaction,hehasnearlyalwaysbegunbymuddlinghimself.Apublic-schooleducationdoesnotmakeformentalclearness,andhepossessestoa
veryhighdegreethepowerofconfusinghisownmind.Howdoesitworkinthe
domainofconduct
JaneAustenmayseemanoddauthoritytocite,butJaneAustenhas,within
herlimits,amarvelousinsightintotheEnglishmind.Herrangeislimited,her
charactersneverattemptanyofthemorescarletsins.Butshehasamercilesseye
forquestionsofconduct,andtheclassicalexampleoftwoEnglishpeoplemuddlingthemselvesbeforetheyembarkuponawrongcourseofactionistobefoundinthe
openingchaptersofSenseandSensibility.OldMr.Dashwoodhasjustdied.Hehas
beentwicemarried.Byhisfirstmarriagehehasason,John;byhissecond
marriagethreedaughters.Thesoniswelloff;theyoungladiesandtheirmother--forMr.Dashwood'ssecondwifesurviveshim--arebadlyoff.Hehascalledhissontohisdeath-bedandhassolemnlyadjuredhimtoprovideforthesecondfamily.Muchmoved,theyoungmanpromises,andmentallydecidestogiveeachofhissisters
athousandpounds:andthenthecomedybegins.Forheannounceshisgenerous
intentiontohiswife,andMrs.JohnDashwoodbynomeansapprovesofdeprivingtheirownlittleboyofsolargeasum.Thethousandpoundsareaccordinglyreduced
tofivehundred.Buteventhisseemsrathermuch.Mightnotanannuitytothe
stepmotherbelessofawrenchYes--butthoughlessofawrenchitmightbemoreofadrain,for"sheisverystoutandhealthy,andscarcelyforty."Anoccasionalpresentoffiftypoundswillbebetter,"andwill,Ithink,beamplydischargingmypromisetomyfather."Or,betterstill,anoccasionalpresentoffish.Andin
theendnothingisdone,nothing;thefourimpecuniousladiesarenoteven
helpedinthemovingoftheirfurniture.
Well,aretheJohnDashwoodshypocritesItdependsuponourdefinitionof
hypocrisy.Theyoungmancouldnotseehisevilimpulsesastheygatheredforceandgainedonhim.Andevenhiswife,thoughaworsecharacter,isalsoself-deceived.ShereflectsthatoldMr.Dashwoodmayhavebeenoutofhismindathisdeath.She
thinksofherownlittleboy--andsurelyamotheroughttothinkofherownchild.
9
Shehasmuddledherselfsocompletelythatinonesentenceshecanrefusethe
ladiestheincomethatwouldenablethemtokeepacarriageandinthenextcansaythattheywillnotbekeepingacarriageandsowillhavenoexpenses.Nodoubtmenandwomeninotherlandscanmuddlethemselves,too,yetthestateofmindofMr.andMrs.JohnDashwoodseemstometypicalofEngland.Theyareslow--they
taketimeeventodowrong;whereaspeopleinotherlandsdowrongquickly.
Therearenationalfaultsastherearenationaldiseases,andperhapsonecandrawaparallelbetweenthem.IthasalwaysimpressedmethatthenationaldiseasesofEnglandshouldbecancerandconsumption--slow,insidious,pretendingtobe
somethingelse;whilethediseasespropertotheSouthshouldbecholeraand
plague,whichstrikeatamanwhenheisperfectlywellandmayleavehimacorpse
byevening.Mr.andMrs.JohnDashwoodaremoralconsumptives.Theycollapse
graduallywithoutrealizingwhatthediseaseis.Thereisnothingdramaticorviolent
abouttheirsin.Youcannotcallthemvillains.
Hereistheplacetoglanceatsomeoftheotherchargesthathavebeen
broughtagainsttheEnglishasanation.Theyhave,forinstance,beenaccusedoftreachery,cruelty,andfanaticism,InthesechargesIhaveneverbeenableto
seetheleastpoint,becausetreacheryandcrueltyareconscioussins.Theman
knowsheisdoingwrong,anddoesitdeliberately,likeTartuffeorIago.He
betrayshisfriendbecausehewishesto.Hetortureshisprisonersbecauseheenjoysseeingthebloodflow.HeworshipstheDevilbecausehepreferseviltogood.From
villainiessuchasthesetheaverageEnglishmanisfree.Hischaracter,which
preventshisrisingtocertainheights,alsopreventshimfromsinkingtothese
depths.Becausehedoesn'tproducemysticshedoesn'tproducevillainseither;he
givestheworldnoprophets,butnoanarchists,nofanatics--religiousorpolitical.
OfcoursetherearecruelandtreacherouspeopleinEngland--onehasonlytolookatthepolicecourts--andexamplesofpublicinfa
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