宁波大学外国语学院《661基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2004年宁波大学外国语学院312基础英语考研真题及详解

2005年宁波大学外国语学院312基础英语考研真题及详解

2006年宁波大学外国语学院312基础英语考研真题及详解

2007年宁波大学外国语学院608基础英语考研真题及详解

2008年宁波大学外国语学院608基础英语考研真题及详解

2009年宁波大学外国语学院608基础英语考研真题及详解

2010年宁波大学外国语学院608基础英语考研真题及详解

2011年宁波大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2012年宁波大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2013年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2014年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2015年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2016年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2017年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2018年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2019年宁波大学外国语学院661基础英语考研真题及详解

2004年宁波大学外国语学院312基

础英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.EnglishPhonetics(20points)

Instructions:Givethephonetictranscriptionsofthefollowingwordsorwrite

outthewordsaccordingtothegivenphonetictranscriptionsontheAnswer

Sheet.Remembertomarkoutthestressedsyllableofeachofthephonetic

transcriptions.

1.introduction

【答案】/ɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/

2.distill

【答案】/dɪˈstɪl/

3.doctorate

【答案】/ˈdɒktərət/

4.envoy

【答案】/ˈenvɔɪ/

5.duration

【答案】/djuˈreɪʃn/

6.counselor

【答案】/ˈkaʊnsələ/

7.embassy

【答案】/ˈembəsi/

8.ample

【答案】/ˈæmpl/

9.sinologist

【答案】/saɪˈnɑːlədʒɪst/

10.archaeological

【答案】/ˌɑːkɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

11./pikˈtεriəl/

【答案】pictorial

12./priˈsi:diŋ/

【答案】preceding

13./əˈrei/

【答案】array

14./ˈrəutəri/

【答案】rotary

15./ˈlɔndʒitju:d/

【答案】longitude

16./mægˈnetik/

【答案】magnetic

17./ænˈtikwəti/

【答案】antiquity

18./ʃəuviˈnistik/

【答案】chauvinistic

19./kəmˈpeliŋ/

【答案】compelling

20./ˈfə:nis/

【答案】furnace

Ⅱ.ErrorDetectionandCorrection(20points)

Instructions:Thereare20errorsconcerningspelling,diction,punctuationand

grammarinthefollowingpassage.Underlineeachofthemandcorrectitin

thecorrespondingnumberedblankontheAnswerSheet.

Thebasicissueistheproposalthatrepresentationfunctionbymeansofa

dual-modesystem,withaccesstorulesandexemplars.Botharefeasable,but

howtheyexist,orrather,coexist,foranyparticularforeignlanguagelearner

willdependonarangoffactors—contextoflearning,natureofinstruction,

individualdifferencesandsoon.Therule-basedsystemisliketobe

parsimoniouslyandelegantlyorganized,withrulesbeencompactly

structured.Theywilldrawinturnuponlexicalelements(themselveswell

organizedinalexicon)ifnecessary.Sucharule-basedsystemislikelytobe

generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheirapplication,andsopreciseinthe

meaningsthattheycanexpress.Itisalsolikelytoberestructurable,having

newrulesreplacingorsubsumingoldrules,andthenfunctioningefficiently

asanextendingsystem.Suchmodeofrepresentationisalsolikelytobeless

sensitivetofeedbacksincetheprecisionandsystemwhichacountsforrule-

organizationwillmakethefeedbackmoreinformative.Inessencial,then,the

rule-basedsystemprioritizesanalyzabilily.Butofcourse,allthesegainsare

achievedinoneconsiderablecost:theiroperationwillleadaheavy

processingburdenduringgoingonlanguageuse.Rulesneedcomplex

processesofconstructiontounderpintheiroperation,whichtheunitsfrom

whichtheyarecomposedarenecessarilysmall,andrequiredetailattention

duringcomprehensionandassemblyduringproduction.Thisisresource

draining,andlikely,inthecaseofthesecondlanguagelearner,tohave

capacity-stretchingdifficulties.Asresult,thismodeofcommunicationmay

needsupportivecircumstancesforittobefeasible.

【答案与解析】

Thebasicissueistheproposalthatrepresentation(21)functionbymeansofa

dual-modesystem,withaccesstorulesandexemplars.Bothare(22)feasable,

buthowtheyexist,orrather,coexist,foranyparticularforeignlanguage

learnerwilldependona(23)rangoffactors(24)—contextoflearning,nature

ofinstruction,individualdifferencesandsoon.Therule-basedsystemis

(25)liketobeparsimoniouslyandelegantlyorganized,withrulesbeen

compactlystructured.Theywilldrawin(26)turnuponlexicalelements

(themselveswellorganizedinalexicon)ifnecessary.Sucharule-based

systemislikelytobe(27)generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheir

(28)application(29),andsopreciseinthemeaningsthattheycanexpress.It

isalsolikelytoberestructurable,havingnewrulesreplacingorsubsuming

oldrules,andthen(30)functioningefficientlyasanextendingsystem.Such

modeofrepresentationisalsolikelytobelesssensitiveto(31)feedback

(32)sincetheprecisionandsystemwhich(33)acountsforrule-organization

willmakethefeedbackmoreinformative.In(34)essencial,then,therule-

basedsystemprioritizes(35)analyzabilily.Butofcourse,allthesegainsare

achieved(36)inoneconsiderablecost:theiroperationwillleadaheavy

processingburdenduring(37)goingonlanguageuse.Rulesneedcomplex

processesofconstructiontounderpintheiroperation,whichtheunits

(38)fromwhichtheyarecomposedarenecessarilysmall,andrequiredetail

attentionduringcomprehensionandassembly(39)duringproduction.Thisis

resourcedraining,andlikely,inthecaseofthesecondlanguagelearner,to

havecapacity-stretchingdifficulties.(40)Asresult,thismodeof

communicationmayneedsupportivecircumstancesforittobefeasible.

21.function→functions

（representation为单数形式，此处因为是and后的完整句子所以function作

动词，应加s。）

22.feasable→feasible

（feasible意为“可行的，可能的”，并没有feasable这个单词，此处是拼写

错误。）

23.rang→range

（arangeof意为“一系列；一些”没有arangof这种搭配。）

24.—→:

（此题是有关标点符号的问题，破折号和冒号二者都可以表示总分，但

表示的总说和分说的关系不同。若分说部分是对总说的分项说明或列举

时，则用冒号；若分说部分是对总说的解释，则应用破折号。此处为分

项列举，故应使用冒号。）

25.like→likely

（根据意思此处应为belikelyto，并且后文使用了好几个belikelyto，like

也不能直接接在is和to之间，所以此处应改为likely。）

26.turn→turns

（inturns意为轮流，是多人间的轮流，所以此处错误。）

27.generating→generative

（此处因为以system为主语，所以无法使用generating，有根据后面的

creative和precise可知此处应该也是形容system的形容词，故改为

generative。）

28.application→applications

（前面使用的是their由此可知此处的应用应该为复数形式，所以此题选

applications。）

29.去掉“,”

（此处的逗号应去掉，在这个句子“Sucharule-basedsystemislikelytobe

generating,withrulesbeingcreativeintheirapplication,andsopreciseinthe

meaningsthattheycanexpress.”中and后面的句子与前面的beingcreative

所在句子为并列关系，而此处这个逗号可能使人误以为此处的and与

such所在主句相连，所以应去除此处的逗号。）

30.functioning→functions

（此处and应连接两个并列句，所以后句应改为完整的句子，故function

做动词。）

31.feedback→feedbacks

（feedback为可数名词，在此处既没有冠词也没有复数，是不能单独拿出

来的，应该使用复数形式。）

32.since→because

（since讲原因的时候一般在句首引导从句，所以此处使用because更

好。）

33.acounts→accounts

（acount为名词，在此处意思和用法都不搭，此处应使用accountfor意

为“对……负责”。）

34.essencial→essence

（essencial没有这个词，而且此处使用固定搭配inessence。）

35.analyzabilily→analyzability

（analyzabilily的拼写错误，应为analyzability。）

36.in→at

（此处考查固定搭配atthecost意为“以……为代价”。）

37.goingon→going-on

（goingon做形容词时中间要加连字符。）

38.from→of

（此处考查固定搭配，becomposedof意为“由……组成”。）

39.during→in

（during更强调于时间上的跨度，inproduction才是说“在生产中”。）

40.Asresult→Asaresult

（此处考查固定搭配，asaresult意为“因此”。）

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

Instructions:Fillineachoftheblanksinthefollowingpassagewithaproper

wordorphrasewhichbestcompletesthesentence.

WhenIreturnedtoCambridgein1948theprojectofScienceandCivilization

inChinabeganinearnest,withthehelpofmyfirstcollaboratorWangQing-

Ning.AlthoughIwasstillSirWilliamDunnReaderinBiochemistry,and

41._____hadagoodmanylecturestogivetotheadvancedstudents,we

made42._____progress,andthefirstvolumeoftheseriescameoutin1954.

43._____backatitnow,Ifeelthatinataskofthissortitisveryimportant

44._____toknowtoomuch,butyettobeinpossessionofaboundless

enthusiasmfortheChinesepeopleandtheirachievementsovertheages.

Now45._____fifteenvolumeshavebeenpublished,andthewhole46.

_____isexpectedtoconsistofatleasttwenty-five,sowehavecomealong

waysincewe47._____.

Andgraduallywhatacaveofglitteringtreasureswasopenedup!Myfriends

amongtheoldergenerationofsinologistshadthoughtthatweshouldfind

nothing—buthow48._____theywere.Oneafteranother,extraordinary

inventionsanddiscoveriesclearlyappearedinChineseliterature,

archeologicalevidenceorpictorialwitness,often,indeedgenerally,long

precedingtheparalleloradopted,inventionsanddiscoveriesof49._____.

Whetheritwasthearrayofbinomialcoefficients,orthestandardmethodin

interconversionofrotaryandlongitudinalmotion,orthefirstofall

clockworkescapements,ortheplowshareofmalleablecastiron,orthe

beginningsofgeobotanyandsoilscience,orthefindingofsmallpox

inoculation—whereveronelookedtherewas“first”after“50._____”.

FrancisBaconhadselectedthreeinventions,paperandprinting,gunpowder,

andthemagneticcompass,whichhaddonemore,hethought,thanany

religiousconviction,51._____anyastrologicalinfluence,oranyconqueror’s

achievements,totransformcompletelythemodemworldandmarkit52.

_____fromantiquityandtheMiddleAges.Heregardedtheoriginsofthese

inventionsas“obscureandinglorious”andhedied53._____everknowing

thatallofthemwereChinese.Wehavedoneour54._____toputthisrecord

straight.

ChauvinisticWesterners,ofcourse,alwaystrytominimizethe55._____of

EuropetoChinain56._____andtheMiddleAges,butoftenthe

circumstantialevidenceiscompelling.57._____thefirstblastfurnacesfor

castironnowknowntobeScandinavianofthelateeighteenthcenturyAD,

areofcloselysimilarformtothoseofthepreviouscenturyin58._____

whileaslateastheseventeenthcenturyallthemagneticcompassesof

surveyorsandastronomerspointedsouth,notthenorth,just59._____the

compassesofChinahadalwaysdone.Inmanycases,however,wecannotas

yetdetectthecapillarychannelsthroughwhichknowledgewasconveyed

fromEasttoWest.Neverthelesswehavealwaysadaptedtheveryreasonable

assumptionthatthelongerthetimeelapsingbetweentheappearanceofa

discoveryorinventioninonepartoftheworld,anditsappearancelateronin

someotherpartoftheworldfaraway,60._____likelyisitthatthenew

tilingwasindependentlyinventedordiscovered.

【答案与解析】

41.he

（although后面有两个分句，第一句说的是我，主句里面又说的是我们，

所以第二个分句应该说有关他的事情，所以填he。）

42.great

（前面分句说了我和他的各种不方便之处，尽管如此我们最终还是出版

了这本书，所以说是取得了很大的进展。）

43.Looking

（根据句意，此处主要讲述作者在多年后回顾当时的情景，使用look

back。）

44.not

（后面的toomuch一般跟的都是否定的内容，并且后句还有butyet的转

折，所以此处填not更为合理。）

45.after

（已经有15卷出版了，那就是说在这15卷出版之后。）

46.set

（总共想要出版25卷，这样为一套书，所以用set。）

47.started

（此处since后面要跟时间点，作者一直在感慨自从开始写这些书之后的

成就，所以此处应该是“在我们开始之后”。）

48.surprised

（前句说了其他人是多么的不相信，然后用一个but进行转折，可见他们

是很震惊。）

49.theWest

（根据后面所说的内容，中国的发明总是比西方的早，所以此处填西

方，theWest。）

50.first

（此处指前文提到的这些发现发明中国要比西方早。）

51.or

（三项相并列，后一分句用的or，此处应该与之保持一致。）

52.away

（那些发明标志着它与中世纪相不同，awayfromit。）

53.without

（根据句意培根到死都不知道这些东西是中国的，所以此处填

without。）

54.best

（根据句意我们尽了最大努力去改正这些记录，尽最大努力，tryour

best。）

55.inferiority

（前后文说到虽然西方好多发明都是在中国之后，但是西方的沙文主义

是不会承认自已逊于中国的。inferiorto意为“逊于”。）

56.antiquity

（文章第3段第一句话中有过antiquity与theMiddleAges的搭配，所以应

填antiquity。）

57.Forinstance

（前文说到间接证据是令人信服的，后面就提到了许多例子，所以此处

应该使用表示例子的短语。）

58.China

（又是描述的西方和中国发明的差异，中国的不知道比他们早了多少

年，所以此处填中国。）

59.as

（根据句意正如中国的指南针一直那样做的，正如，justas。）

60.themore

（此处考查常用句型themore...themore，意思为“越……越……”）

Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension(40points)

Instructions:Therearetwopassagesinthissection.Thetypesofthe

questionsvarygreatly.Soreadtheinstructionscarefullybeforeyoucope

withthequestions.RemembertowriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

TheFutureoftheGrizzlyBear

A.Grizzlybears(UrsusArctos)aredistributedaroundtheNorthern

Hemisphere,buttheirmajorhabitatisNorthAmerica.Thereareonlyabout

58,000left,morethanhalfinAlaska.Thereweremorethantwicethat

numberlivingintherestofthecontinenttwocenturiesago,butby1975

thesehadbeenreducedtofewerthan1,000,andlistedasathreatened

species.However,numbersinsomeareasappeartohavestabilizedandmay

bereboundingslightly,bringingthetotaltoabout1,100.

B.Apartfromnotbeingkilled,thebears’mainrequirementsarelotsofroom

andlotsoffood.Theirdietisveryvariedandtheydevouralmostanysource

ofnutrition,astheyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearlyhalfayear

whilehibernatinginaden.Sotheyarenotfussyeaters.Salmon,whichthey

catchwithgreatskillinroaringrivers,isafavorite,butgrizzliesalsoeatelk

andotherdeer,hornetlarva,rootsandbulbs,gophers,horsesandhorse

fodder,andevendamsduguponbeaches.

C.Overthewinter,alargegrizzlycanlose150pounds,whichneedstobe

replaced.Sizeandbodyfataffecthowmanycubsafemaleproduces.For

males,gettingbigmeanscompetingmoresuccessfullyformates.Observers

havecalculatedthatagrizzlycaneat2,500mothsanhour,and48,000aday.

Amonthofsuchsteadyfeastingcouldfulfillnearlyhalfabear’senergy

requirementsforayear.

D.Althoughhuntingdecimatedthegrizzlypopulationinthepast,sharpcurbs

havebeenputonbothcommercialandsporthuntinginNorthAmerica’s

wildernessareas.Abiggerproblemforthegrizzliesistherestrictionoftheir

habitatsbyroadbuilding,bothhighwaysandloggingroadsinforests.A

femalegrizzlywillroaminanarea50to300squaremiles,whileamale

grizzlycanforageinterritoryofupto1,000squaremiles.Thebearswill

seldomcrossahighway,nomatterhowunfrequented,andsolocal

governmentshaveerectedspecial“wildlifeoverpasses”toencouragethemto

continuetheirnormalwanderings.

E.Grizzliesperformausefulserviceforthewell-beingoftheecological

environment,accordingtoscientists.Astheydigintheground,theirclaws

turnoverthesoil,releasingscarcenitrogenandallowingwildseedstolodge.

Vegetationsuchasglacierliliesgrowbetterandproducesmoreseedsin

swathsdugbybears.Thebears,too,caneatandspreadseedsfromasmany

as70,000berriesaday.InthecoastalforestsofthewestcoastsoftheU.S.

andCanada,wheretheriversarerichinsalmon,itisgrizzlieswhichmake

possiblethegrowthofwhatecologistscall“salmontrees”.Asthefishfight

theirwayupstream,transportingtonsofnutrientsharvestfromtheoceans,

grizzliescarrythatbountyacrosstheforestfloorintheformofurine,feces

andleft-overfishcarcasses.Thesenutrients,togetherwiththenitrogenthat

thegrizzliesscratchupfromthesoil,enablethe“salmontrees”togrow60

percentfaster.Overthecenturies,grizzlieshavethushelpedtoproducethe

temperaterainforestswithgiantconifers,abletoproducemorebio-massper

acrethantropicalrainforests.

F.Tosolvetheproblemofshrinkinggrizzlypopulations,wildlifemanagers

arebeginningtolookbeyondthetraditionalbordersofthenationalparks.

TheYellowstonetoYukon(Y2Y)ConservationInitiativeisajointeffortby

morethan200U.S.andCanadianorganizations.Itaimstoconnectallthe

wildareasalongtheRockyMountainschain.Indeed,somescientiststhink

thatthelong-termsurvivalofisolatedgrizzlypopulationsmaywelldepend

onthecreationofsuchlinkagezones,narrowstripsofbear-friendlyhabitats

thatwouldrestoreconnectionsbetweentheseendangeredanimals,inNorth

America.

Questions61-64

Instructions:ThispassagehassixparagraphsA-F.Whichparagraphcontains

thegiveninformationineachquestion.WritetheappropriateletterA-Fthat

matcheseachofthegivenquestionsonyourAnswerSheet.Therearemore

paragraphsthansummaries,soyouwillnotincludethemall.

61.U.S.A.andCanadianeffortsmayensurethesurvivalofthegrizzlies.

62.Thepresentsituationofthegrizzlypopulation.

63.Thegrizzliesareanimportantcomponentoftheecosystem.

64.Grizzlieseatawiderangeoffoods.

【答案与解析】

61.F从文章F段中的“TheYellowstonetoYukon(Y2Y)Conservation

Initiativeisajointeffortbymorethan200U.S.andCanadian

organizations.”得出答案。

62.A根据A段内容，主要讲了灰熊现存数目，以及曾经的数目。

63.E根据E段中“Grizzliesperformausefulserviceforthewell-beingofthe

ecologicalenvironment,accordingtoscientists.”可得出答案。

64.BB段最后“grizzliesalsoeatelkandotherdeer,hornetlarva,rootsand

bulbs,gophers,horsesandhorsefodder,andevendamsdugupon

beaches.”显示出了灰熊吃的食物种类非常多。

Questions65-69

Instructions:Choosethebestoptiontocompleteeachofthefollowing

statements.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

65.Mostgrizzlieslivein_____.

A.theNorthernHemisphere

B.UrsusArctos

C.Alaska

D.NorthAmerica

66.Tohelpsolvetheproblemofencroachmentongrizzlies’habitats,_____.

A.curbshavebeenputonhunting

B.“wildlifeoverpasses”havebeenerected

C.roadsarenolongerbuiltinforests

D.highwaysaremorefrequented

67.Grizzlieseatwhatevernutritiontheycanfindbecause______.

A.theyarenotfuzzyeatersandtheyliketoeateverything

B.theyparticularlylikesalmonbuttheycanalsotakeotherfoods

C.theyonlyneedtoeatsteadilyforamonth

D.theyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearlyhalfayear

68.Grizzliesassistthegrowthofvegetationby_______.

A.spreadingseeds

B.catchingsalmon

C.eatingmoths

D.breakingthetalltrees

69.Thefunctionofthelinkagezonesisto_______.

A.promoteCanada-U.S.A.cooperation

B.expandtheareaofYellowstoneNationalPark

C.restoreconnectionsbetweengrizzlyhabitats

D.expandthehorizonsofwildlifemanagers

【答案与解析】

65.D根据文章第1段第一句话“Grizzlybears(UrsusArctos)aredistributed

aroundtheNorthernHemisphere,buttheirmajorhabitatisNorth

America.”可知灰熊主要栖息地是北美。此题选D。

66.B根据第4段最后一句话“Thebearswillseldomcrossahighway,no

matterhowunfrequented,andsolocalgovernmentshaveerectedspecial

‘wildlifeoverpasses’toencouragethemtocontinuetheirnormal

wanderings.”可知政府建立“wildlifeoverpasses”来解决灰熊栖息地的问

题，故此题选B。A选项所说内容是解决灰熊数目减少的方法之一，不

符合题意。C，D是对第4段的错误理解，故不选。

67.D根据第2段第二句话“Theirdietisveryvariedandtheydevouralmost

anysourceofnutrition,astheyhavetoliveonstored-upbodyfatfornearly

halfayearwhilehibernatinginaden.”可知此题选D。

68.A第5段中间部分“Thebears,too,caneatandspreadseedsfromasmany

as70,000berriesaday.”可知灰熊会帮助种子的传播，所以A正确。BC选

项为灰熊会做的事情但是与帮助植物发展无关。D选项未提及，不选。

69.C根据最后一段最后一句“Indeed,somescientiststhinkthatthelong-

termsurvivalofisolatedgrizzlypopulationsmaywelldependonthecreation

ofsuchlinkagezones,narrowstripsofbear-friendlyhabitatsthatwould

restoreconnectionsbetweentheseendangeredanimals,inNorthAmerica.”可

知此题选C。

Questions70-73

Instructions:Completeeachofthefollowingstatementsusingawordor

phrasefromtheboxbelow.Therearemorewordsandphrasesgiven,soyou

willnotusethemall.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

70.By1975,thegrizzlyhadbecome______.

71.Sizeandbodyfatcandeterminethenumberof______.

72.Treesfertilizedbyfishremainsarecalled______.

73.Y2Ywillfollowthe______.

【答案与解析】

70.fewerthan1,000

（根据文章第1段第三句话“butby1975thesehadbeenreducedtofewer

than1,000”可知此题答案。）

71.cubs

（从第3段第二句话“Sizeandbodyfataffecthowmanycubsafemale

produces.”可知体型和身体脂肪会影响雌性产下多少只幼崽。）

72.salmontrees

（从文章第五段“itisgrizzlieswhichmakepossiblethegrowthofwhat

ecologistscall‘salmontrees’.”可知这种树叫做“salmontrees”。）

73.RockyMountains

（根据最后1段第三句话“Itaimstoconnectallthewildareasalongthe

RockyMountainschain.”可知这个保护区是沿着落基山脉的。）

AWebWorldLanguage?

ATheconceptofacommonlanguagetoeasecommunicationworldwideis

notanewone,butrecentlyithasbeengivenfreshurgencybythespreadof

theInternet.Currently,Internetusersarestilldividedintolanguage

compartments,i.e.,EnglishspeakersreadEnglishmessages,Frenchspeakers

readFrenchmessages,andsoon.Translationofinformationfromone

languageintoanothertakesjustaslongasitalwaysdid.Butnowanideafor

solvingthisproblembyutilizingtheuniquefeaturesoftheWesternand

Chinesewrittenlanguageshasbeenproposed.

BMostWesternwrittenlanguagesarebasedonphoneticalphabets,whereas

Chinesewritingisbasedonpictograms.TheRomanalphabet,forinstance,

has26lettersrepresenting26differentsounds,wherewrittenChinesehas

thousandsofpictograms,eachrepresentingadifferentword.Oneadvantage

oftheChinesemethodisthatthepictogramrepresentsthemeaning,notthe

sound.Thismakesthewrittenlanguagemoreflexiblethanthespoken

language,andabletorepresentmanymoreconcepts.However,thislarge

numberofdifferentsymbolsmakeslearningthescriptamammothtask,and

itisdifficulttousewithkeyboards.Phoneticalphabets,ontheotherhand,

havefewsymbols,makingthemeasytolearn,andtheyaresuitedto

keyboardtransmission.Themaindrawbackisthatonlyaspeakerofthe

languagecanreadwritinginthatlanguage,whereasthepictorialapproach

allowsanylanguagetobewrittenandreadwithauniversalsetofsymbols.

CHowever,thetwoideasmaybeabletobecombinedinsuchawayasto

providethebenefitsofbothwiththedisadvantagesofneither.Thelarge

numberofdifferentsymbolsofthepictographicsystemcanbereducedby

creatingasmallsetofbasicsemanticunitswhichcanbecombinedtomake

words,inthesamewaythatthesoundsofallwordsinalanguagecanbe

representedbyasmallnumberofsimplesoundunitscalledletters.

DItmaybepossibletorepresentallmeaningsbytheappropriatechoiceof

basicsemanticconceptunitswhichcouldbecalledsembols(semantic

symbols),thedecompositionofwordsinalanguageintounitsofmeaning

ratherthansound.Analphabetofbasicmeaningunitscouldbecreated.This

semanticalphabetwouldbeusedtowriteallwordsofanylanguageina

commonmannereasyforcomputerprogramsto“understand”.Theideacan

betakenfurther:Alanguagecanbecreatedbasedonwordscomposedfrom

suchsemanticunitsinnewways.Newwordscanevolveasrequired,by

creativecompositionfromthebasicunits.Anyhumanlanguagewouldbe

understandableifwrittenbythismethod.

EFirstofall,200orsobasicsemanticunitswouldbechosen.Inorderto

makethelanguagepronounceableaswellaswritable,eachsemanticunit

wouldbeassignedaphoneme,orunitofsound,suchas“ba”.Eachphoneme

wouldbeassociatedwithoneandonlyonemeaning.Itwouldthenbe

assignedaparticularsembol.Wordscouldthenbeassembledintosentences.

Forexample,thefollowingbasicphonemes:tu(utility),su(surface),bu

(above),gra(ground),couldbeusedtoformthewordtusubugra(utility

surfaceaboveground)meaningtable.Thissystemwouldworkwithcurrent

printingandcomputertechnologyasitusestheRomanalphabet.

FThebasicsembol-setwouldthenbeassembledinsidethecomputerinsuch

awayastoallowprogramstounderstandthewordsrepresentedbythe

sembol-set.Thecomputercanbegivenaccesstoatranslationdictionary,

whichwillallowittotranslatewordsin,say,Englishintosembology.The

computercanthenreachalevelofunderstandingwhereitcanexpanditsown

knowledgebytranslatingandthenunderstandinganytext,suchasbooks,

newspaperarticles,etc.

GThetrulyrevolutionarypotentialforthisnewlanguageliesinthefactthat

computersusingitwillbeabletorepresentandcommunicateknowledge

arrivedatbythisprocesstooneanother,formingacommonexpanding

database.Suchasystemwouldendupbeinghighlyintelligent.Byrecording

probabilitiesofassociationofdifferentconceptsandevents,itcouldperhaps

predictandsuggestnewlinesofresearch,newhithertounknown

associations,etc.Itcouldalsoprovideareferencedatabaseofhuman

knowledge,inaformamenabletovariousmethodsofautomatedprocessing.

Questions74-80

Instructions:ThispassagehassevenparagraphsA-G.Inwhichparagraphcan

youfindthefollowinginformation?Anyletteroftheparagraphcanbeused

morethanonce.RemembertowriteyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

74.TheChinesewrittenlanguageismoreflexibleandrepresentative.

75.Theprinciplesofsymbolicandpictographicwritingcanbecombined

advantageously.

76.Computersmaytakeoverthedevelopmentprocessofthenewlanguage.

77.ThelanguagebarrierstillexistsforusersoftheWeb.

78.Itispossibletorepresentthewordsofallthelanguagesincomputer

form.

79.Thealphabetofthenewlanguagewillnotbebasedonphonetics.

80.Thetechnologyoftranslationfromonelanguagetoanotherhasnotyet

improvedmuch.

【答案与解析】

74.B文章B段的中部“Thismakesthewrittenlanguagemoreflexiblethan

thespokenlanguage,andabletorepresentmanymoreconcepts.”可知中文的

书写更加灵活，能代表更多的概念。

75.C根据C段第一句话“However,thetwoideasmaybeabletobe

combinedinsuchawayastoprovidethebenefitsofbothwiththe

disadvantagesofneither.”以及C段的内容可知这两种语言的优点可以相结

合。

76.F从第6段最后一句“Thecomputercanthenreachalevelof

understandingwhereitcanexpanditsownknowledgebytranslatingandthen

understandinganytext,suchasbooks,newspaperarticles,etc.”可知电脑可

以达到一个理解的水平，它可以通过翻译扩大自己的知识，然后理解任

何文本，如书籍，报纸文章等。由此说明电脑自己就可以接管这种新语

言的发展。

77.A由A段第二句话“Currently,Internetusersarestilldividedinto

languagecompartments”可知网络上语言的障碍还存在。

78.D根据D段第一句话“Itmaybepossibletorepresentallmeaningsbythe

appropriatechoiceofbasicsemanticconceptunits”以及后面的让电脑运行

这种系统可知此句话出自D段。

79.B从B段的倒数第三句话“However,thislargenumberofdifferent

symbolsmakeslearningthescriptamammothtask,anditisdifficulttouse

withkeyboards.”可知象形文字过于复杂不能用在新的语言中。故此句源

于B段。

80.A根据A段倒数第二句话“Translationofinformationfromonelanguage

intoanothertakesjustaslongasitalwaysdid.”可知语言之间的相互翻译还

没有什么进展。

V.Writing(50points)

Instructions:Confuciussaid,“Iexaminemyselfthreetimesaday.”But

modempeopleseemtobesooccupiedwiththeirworkthattheyhavenotime

forself-reflection.Aphilosopheroncewarnedthat“Anunexaminedlifeis

notworthliving.”Writeanarticleofsome500wordsonthistopiceitherin

favorofthewarningornotinfavorofit.Remembertowriteyourarticleon

theAnswerSheet.

【参考译文】

AnUnexaminedLifeIsNotWorthLiving

Itotallyagreewiththiswarning.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelieve

Happinessisconnectedwithself-reflection.Happinessdoesnotdropfrom

thesky;it’stobecreatedbyourownhands.JustasSocrates,agreat

philosopherandideologistsaid“Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving”.If

wedonotexamineoureverydaylife,weshallneverknowthetruemeaning

ofhappiness.Allthingsintheirbeingaregoodforsomething,astemporary

universitystudents,wemustcreateabrightfutureforourselvesandby

ourselves.Mostimportantlyweshouldmakeourlivesmeaningfuland

contributetoourcountry.Self-