英语中得独立主格结构

英语中得独立主格结构独立主格结构就是由一个相当于主语得名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成得一种独立主格成分。With(without)得复合结构可瞧作就是独立主格结构得一种形式。一、独立主格结构得特点1)独立主格结构得逻辑主语与句子得主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面得分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等就是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday、=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday、4)当表示人体部位得词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构得构成:名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。1.名词(或代词)+现在分词现在分词表示前面得名词或代词主动进行得动作或状态。Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory、Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass、Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV、注意:现在分词being或havingbeen在独立主格结构中可以省略。Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting、独立主格结构中得being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一就是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome、二就是在逻辑主语就是代词得情况下。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed、2.名词(或代词)+不定式(短语)不定式表示将来得动作。Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood、Manyflowersandgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful、3.名词(或代词)+过去分词过去分词表示前面得名词或代词被动完成得动作。Thegirlslayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead、Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved、Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard、4.名词(或代词)+形容词(短语)形容词(短语)在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词得性质、状态Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile、Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy、5.名词(或代词)+副词副词在独立主格结构中也多就是说明名词或代词得状态。Themeetingover,weallwenthome、Schoolover,weallwenthome、6.名词(或代词)+介词短语Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand、Helefttheoffice,tearsineyes、注意:在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成得独立主格结构里,当介词就是in时,其前后得两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with得复合结构不受此限制。例如:Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand、三、独立主格结构得作用:多用作状语1、表示时间Hishomeworkdone(=Afterhishomeworkwasdone),Marydecidedtogoshopping、2、表示原因Therebeingnobuses(=Becausetherewerenobuses),wehadtowalkhome、3、表示条件Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),we’llgotoplaybasketball、4、表示方式或伴随Hesatatthetable,headdown、动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstobesettled、Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled、Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling、四、With(without)得复合结构得构成以及句法功能(一)、with/without+宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构得几种情况:1、with+名词/代词+形容词Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen、=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen、注意:在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成得独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化得-ing形式或-ed形式。Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy、Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy、2、with+名词/代词+副词Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead、=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead、3、with+名词/代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,withaputerinhishand、=Hestoodatthedoor,andaputerwasinhishand、4、with+名词/代词+动词过去分词Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay、=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay、5、with+名词/代词+现在分词Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas、=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas、Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow、=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow、6、with+名词/代词+动词不定式Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo、=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo、(二)、With(without)得复合结构得句法功能:定语与状语1、Thereisamagazinewithamoderngirlonitscover、(定语)2、Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet、=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet、(伴随状语)3Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit、=Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit、(原因状语)4.Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted、=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted、(时间状语)五、选择题1、Everything___intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance、A、totakeB、takenC、tobetakenD、taking2、Anexpert___tohelpthemtomorrow,theyaresuretoworkouttheproblem、A、willeB,ingC、toeD、havinge3、Themeeting___over,hewenttopickuphissondirectlyA、tobeB、isC、wasD、being4、---Theysatstillintheroom,___、---Whydidtheydolikethat?A、drawingthecurtainsB、withthecurtainsdrawnC、withthecurtainsdrawingD、havingthecurtainsdrawn5、Thesun___,theycontinuedtheirway、A、hasrisenB、havingrisenC、hasraisedD、havingraised6、Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent___attheendoflastMarch、A、hasbeenlaunchedB、havingbeenlaunchedC、beinglaunchedD、tobelaunched7、Herearetwovolumes,thethirdone____nextmonth、A、esoutB、cameoutC、ingoutD、toeout8、Withhisson___,theoldmanfeltunhappy、A、todisappointB、tobedisappointingC、disappointingD、beingdisappointed9.---eon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject、---Sorry、Withsomuchwork___mymind,Ialmostbreakdown、A、filledB、fillingC、tofillD、beingfilled10.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork___,hegladlyacceptedit、A、finishedB、finishingC、havingfinishedD、wasfinished11、__,Ihadtoaskfortwodays’leave、A、MotherbeingillB、MotherillC、AsmotherwasillD、A,BandC12、Withsomanybooks???___,Icouldn’tgotosurftheInternet、A、toreadB、tobereadC、readingD、read13、Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman____admittingwhathehaddone、A、withhisdroppingheadB、droppinghisheadC、raisinghisheadD、withhisheaddown14、Winter___,itistimetobuywarmclothes、A、haseonB、isingonC、ingonD、eson15、Theoldmanlayonhisbackatthecornerofthestreet,hiseyes___andhishands___、A、close,trembleB、closed,tremblingC、closing,tremblingD、closed,trembled16、Withnothing__toburn,thefirebecameweakandfinallydiedout、A、leavingB、leaveC、leftD、toleave17、Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied___hisworksunfinished、A、forB、withC、ofD、from18、Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwiththatnoise___on、A、togoB、wentC、goingD、goes19、___twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend、A、BecauseofB、WithC、AsforD、Besides20、Tomcamehome,___、A、adogfollowinghimB、adogfollowedhimC、beingfollowedhimD、adogwasfollowedhim独立主格结构——练习【现学现用】11、Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest_________inayear、A、follows B、followed C、tofollow D、beingfollowed2、Allthings_________,IthinkweoughttogivethejobtoGeorge、A、considered

B、considering C、toconsider D、beingconsidered3、Theriver_________inthenight,thecrossingwasimpossible、A、torise B、rose C、havingrisen D、beingrisen4、Moretime_________,weshouldhavedonethejobmuchbetter、A、togive B、give C、beinggiven D、given5、Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weather_________、A、permits B、permitting C、topermit D、permitted6、Themonitor_________ill,we’dbetterputthemeetingoff、A、being B、tobe C、been D、tohavebeen7、Animportantlecture_________giventomorrow,theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight、A、tobe B、being C、been D、tohavebeen8、Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishands_________underhishead、A、tocross B、crossed C、crossing D、tobecrossing9、Tom_________lateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed、A、havingbeen

B、been C、tobe D、tobeing10、Otherthings_________equal,Iwouldbuytheblackdressnotthewhiteone、A、being B、tobe C、been D、havingbeen【现学现用】21、Anewtechnique_______,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent、A)workingoutB)havingworkedoutC)havingbeenworkedoutD)tohavebeenworkedout2、Allthings_______,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff、A)consideredB)beconsideredC)consideringD)havingconsidered3、Allflights_______becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain、A)hadbeencanceledB)havebeencanceledC)werecanceledD)havingbeencanceled4、Somanydirectors_______,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff、A)wereabsentB)beenabsentC)hadbeenabsentD)beingabsent5、Allthetasks_______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek、A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeenfulfilled6、Allflights_____becauseoftheterribleweather,theyhadtogotherebytrain、A)havingbeencanceledC)havingcanceledB)hadbeencanceledD)werecanceled7、Thespeech_______,alivelydiscussionstarted、A)beingdeliveredB)wasdeliveredC)bedeliveredD)havingbeendelivered8、Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper_______itclosely、A)followedB)followingC)tofollowD)beingfollowing9、_______,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosemandoflanguageispoor、A)OtherthingsbeingequalC)TobeequaltootherthingsB)WereotherthingsequalD)Otherthingstobeequal10、Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_______onbenches,chairsorboxes、A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated11、______thetemperaturefallingsorapidly,wecouldn'tgoonwiththeexperiment、A)SinceB)ForC)AsD)With12、______intheUnitedStates,St、Louishasnowbeethe24thlargestcity、A)beingthefourthbiggestcityB)ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityC)OncethefourthbiggestcityD)Thefourthbiggestcityitwas【现学现用】31、Themeeting____over,wealllefttheroom、A、isB、tobeC、beingD、wouldbe2、Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,it___themostpopularsportintheworld、A、makingB、makesC、madeD、tomake3、___suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver、A、HavingsufferedB、SufferingC、TosufferD、Suffered4、Thefish____bad,thechildrenleftmuchofit、A、tasted,untouchedB、tasting,untouchedC、tasting,untouchingD、tasted,untouching5、___fromwhatyousay,heoughttosucceed、A、JudgedB、JudgingC、WhenyoujudgedD、Becauseyoujudge6、Everything___intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance、A、totakeB、takenC、tobetakenD、taking7、Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork______,wedidn’taccepttheoffer、A、notbeingfinishedB、nothavingfinishedC、hadnotbeenfinishedD、wasnotfinished8、Therearevariouskindsofmetals,each______itsownproperties(特性)、A、hasB、hadC、tohaveD、having9、Theoldmanstoodunderabigtree,______、A、apipeinmouthB、withapipeinmouthC、pipeinmouthD、pipeinhismouth10、Theproduction_steadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterial、A、hasgoneupB、isgoingupC、havinggoneupD、beinggoneup独立主格结构巩固练习11、______nobus,wehadtowalkhome、

A、TherewasB、TherebeingC、BecausetherebeingD、Therewere2、____,I'llgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon、

A、TimepermitsB、IftimepermittingC、TimepermittingD、Time'spermitting3、_____,weallwenthomehappily、

A、GoodbyewassaidB、GoodbyehadbeensaidC、GoodbyesaidD、Whengoodbyesaid

4、_____,weallwentswimminginhighspirits、

A、ItbeingfineweatherB、ItfineweatherC、ItwasfineweatherD、Itbeingafineweather

5、____,thebusstartedatonce、

A、ThesignalwasgivenB、ThesignalgivingC、ThesignalgivenD、Whenthesignalgiven

6、Shestoodthere,_____fromhercheeks、

A、tears'rollingdownB、tearsrolleddownC、withtearsrolleddownD、tearsrollingdown____on,theleavesareturninggreen、

A、WhenspringingB、Springing

C、SpringcameD、Springbeinge8、_____,Ihadtobuyanewone、

A、MydictionarylosingB、MydictionaryhavingbeenlostC、MydictionaryhadbeenlostD、BecausemydictionarylostIusedtosleepwiththewindow_____、

A、openedB、openC、openingDtoopen10、____,thehunterwentintotheforest、

A、AgunonshoulderB、Agunwasonhisshoulder

C、GunonshoulderD、Agunbeingonshoulder11、____productionupby60%,thepanyhashadanotherexcellentyear、

A、AsB、ForC、WithD、Through12、Withalotofwork____,Ihavetosituptonight、

A、doB、doingC、doneD、todo

13、Hestoodtheresilently,hislips_____、

A、tremblingB、trembledC、weretremblingD、weretrembling

14、_____,hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours、

A、AllthingsconsideringB、AllthingsconsideredC、AllthingswereconsideredD、Withallthingswereconsidered15、______,wewillsurely