新教材高中英语UNITSIENEANSIENTISTS教知识细解码案含解析新人教版选择性必修第二册

PAGE1-UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS1．contradictvt.与……发生矛盾，与……抵触→contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的2．infectvt.使感染；传染→infectionn．感染；传染3．provevt.证明；检验→proofn．证据；证明；检验4．intervenevi.干涉；干预→interventionn．介入；出面；干涉1．suspectvt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象adj.可疑的；不可信的①Isuspect(that)youoncethoughtotherwise. vt.怀疑②Twosuspectsarenowbeinginterrogatedinconnectionwiththekilling. n.犯罪嫌疑人③Hisreasonforbeingabsentissuspect. adj.可疑的2．blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n．责备；指责①Hebearstheblameofhisbrother. n.责备；指责②YoucanhardlyblamePeterforbeingangrywithher. vt.责怪；指责③Wheneversomethinggoeswrong，everyoneblamesitonme. vt.把……归咎于3．handlen．把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)①Youhavetoturnthehandleandthenpullittowardsyou. n.把手；拉手②Alabelonthecrateread：“Handlewithcare”．vt.处理；搬动③Gardentoolscanbedangerousifcarelesslyhandled. vt.操纵；使用4．linkn．联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联①Theroadlinksallthenewtowns. vt.把……连接起来②Scientistshaveestablishedpossiblelinksbetweencanceranddiet. n.联系③Thetwocountrieshavesuccessfullysolvedtheboundaryissue，whichnowhasbecomealinkoffriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples. n.纽带5．decreasen．减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低①Thepopulationbegantodecrease. vi.减少；减小；降低②Theydecreasedthesizeofthegroupfrom25to15. vt.减少；减小；降低③Therehasbeensomedecreaseinimports. n.减少；降低WordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知识要点1)onceandforall最终地；彻底地(教材P2)However，heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。[例1]Hewillexplainitfullyonceandforall.他将把它充分地解释一次，就此了结。[例2]Theteacherhaswarnedthestudentonceandforall.那位老师已断然警告那名学生了。[知识拓展]allatonce 突然；同时atonce 立刻，马上onceandagain 一而再，再三[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Wehavetoresolvethismatteronceandforall.②Allatoncetherewassomeoneknockingonthedoor.③Hewaspunishedonceandagainfortellinglies.④I'mwarningyouonceandforall，ifyoudon'tstopdisturbingme，you'llberegretful.我最后一次警告你。如果你不停止纠缠我，你将来会后悔的。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点2)subscribevi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)(教材P2)Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.斯诺赞同第二种理论。[例1]Hesubscribedfor1，000shares.他认购了一千股。[例2]Isubscribedtothatmagazine.Itisputouteveryweek.我订阅了那本杂志。它是周刊。[知识拓展]subscribeto 同意；赞成；订阅……subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Inordertoimprovehisdaughter'sEnglish，hesubscribedtoEnglishWeekly.②Hesubscribedhisnametothecontract.③Ifyousubscribetothenewspaper，it'llbedeliveredtoyourdoor.如果你订阅这个报纸，它会给你送货上门的。④Iheartilysubscribetothatview．我十分赞同那个观点。[小片段填空]Weappliedfor①subscribingtosomemagazinesusefulforourwork.Thedepartmentmanager②subscribedtoitand③subscribedhisnametotheapplicationform.我们申请订阅几本对我们的工作有益的杂志，部门经理同意了这一请求，并在申请表上签上了他的名字。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点3)(教材P2)Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame．斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。(1)suspectvt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象[例1]Isuspecthimtoknoweverythingaboutthat.我猜想那件事他全都知道了。[例2]ShehadnoreasontosuspectthatSylviahadnottoldthetruth.她没有理由怀疑西尔维娅没说实话。[知识拓展]suspectsb.of(doing)sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事suspectsb.tobe... 怀疑某人是……[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Isuspecthimtobe(be)apickpocket.②Isuspectedthegirloflying(lie)tous.③Thepolicesuspecthimofhavingstolenthemoney．警察怀疑钱是他偷的。[小片段填空]①Thefirstsuspectwasthevictim'sson.Thepolice②suspectedhimofmurderinghisfather，becausetheneighborsreportedhavingheardthemfightingonthenightofthekilling.第一个嫌疑犯是死者的儿子。警察怀疑他谋杀了他的父亲，因为邻居们在案发当晚曾听到他们打架。(2)blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n．责备；指责[例1]Theyplacedtheblameonthedoctor.他们把责任归咎于医生。[例2]Hetriedtoescapeblameforwhathehaddone.他试图不为自己的行为负责。[知识拓展](1)betoblame(forsth.) (对某事)负有责任，(因某事)应受责备blamesb.forsth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人blamesth.onsb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事(2)put/laytheblameforsth.onsb. 将某事归咎于某人taketheblameforsth. 承担某事的责任[即学即练]单句语法填空/一句多译①Ifthathappens，thecoachwilltaketheblameforit.②Youarenottoblame(blame)．Ican'tputtheblameonyou.③Youshouldn'tblameJohnforthefailure.＝Youshouldn'tblamethefailureonJohn.你们不应该把这次失败归咎于约翰。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点4)linkn.联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联(教材P3)Moreover，SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。[例1]Thetwocompanieshavelinked.这两家公司已联合了。[例2]Thenewbridgewilllinktheislandtothemainland.新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。[知识拓展](1)link...to/with... 将……和……联系/连接起来linkup 连接；结合linkupwith... 与……联合；使与……衔接(2)alinkbetweenAandB A与B之间的联系[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①ThenewtunnellinksBritainto/withFrance.②Thetwospacecraftwilllinkupwitheachotherinorbit.③Thecountryislinked(link)tothetownbyanewbridge.④Thenewcompanylinkedupwithseveralolderonesinself­protection.那家新公司与几家较老的公司联合以保护自己。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点5)decreasen．减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低(教材P3)ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts，watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater，andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，在世界范围内霍乱的威胁大幅减少。[例1]Thedecreaseinsaleswasalmost20percent.销售量差不多减少了20%。[例2]Hisinterestinthissubjectgraduallydecreases.他对这个科目的兴趣在逐渐减退。[知识拓展](1)onthedecrease 在减少中adecreasein... 在……方面减少(2)decreaseto... 减少到……decreaseby... 减少了……decreasefrom...to... 从……减少到……[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Thereisadecreaseofnearly7%inthenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.②Theaccidentshavedecreasedby20%sincethemeasurewastaken.③Becauseofhumanactivities，thenumberofsomerareanimalsisonthedecrease.④Therehasbeenasharpdecreaseinpollutionsincethelawwasintroduced.自从立法之后污染已经大大减少。[名师点津]decrease的反义词increase的用法increaseto 增加(长)到……increaseby 增加(长)了……ontheincrease 在增加eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点6)thanksto幸亏；由于(教材P3)Fortunately，wenowknowhowtopreventcholera，thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。[例1]Thankstohisresearch，theUNhasmoretoolsinthebattletoridtheworldofhunger.多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中又多了些方法。[例2]Thankstohiseffort，itismoresuccessfulthanwehaveexpected.由于他的努力，(这件事)获得了比我们预期更大的成功。[知识拓展]becauseof 因为；由于asaresultof 作为……的结果；由于dueto 因为；由于owingto 由于；因为……的缘故[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Asaresultofthebadweather，thefootballmatchwasputoff.②Theaccidentwasduetohiscarelessdriving.③Owingtoyourtimelyhelp，wefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.④Thankstoyourhelp，weweresuccessful.多亏你的帮助，我们成功了。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点7)transformvt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变(教材P3)Moreover，inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。[例1]Heseemstohavebeenmiraculouslytransformedintoafirst­classplayer.他似乎奇迹般地变成了一流的球员。[例2]Thingscannotbetransformedovernight.事情不可能在一夜之间改变。[知识拓展](1)transformAintoB 把A变成Btransformsth.fromAtoB 使某物从A变成B(2)transformationn. 改变；改革[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①WemustworkhardsoastotransformChinaintoanadvancedindustrialcountry.②Acompletechangeofclimatetransformedtheareafromfarmlandtodesert.③Wearelivinginatimeofsocialtransformation(transform)．④Asteamenginetransformsheatintopower．蒸汽机将热能转变成动力。SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重点句式1)“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构(教材P2)Asayoungdoctor，JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera．作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。句式分析：句中howtopreventortreatcholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。[例1]Nooneknewhowtotreatthisdreadeddisease.没人知道如何治疗这种可怕的疾病。[例2]Idon'tquiteknowwhattosayinanswertoyourquestion.我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。[知识拓展](1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数)。(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。[即学即练]句型转换①Theteachertaughtthestudentshowtheyshoulddotheexperiment.→Theteachertaughtthestudentshowtodotheexperiment．②Theproblemiswheretoputthiscomputer.→Theproblemiswhereweshouldputthiscomputer．③IhavenoideawhatIcansayaboutthis.→Ihavenoideawhattosayaboutthis．④Whenwewillstarthasnotbeendecided.→Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式2)so...that...引导结果状语从句(教材P2)Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他发现，在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。句式分析：句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。[例1]Hewassofoolishthatheacceptedherinvitation.他接受了她的邀请真是太傻了。[例2]TheywalkedsofastthatIcouldnotkeepupwiththem.他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。[知识拓展](1)soeq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(＋adj.或adv.,＋adj.＋a（n）＋单数可数名词,＋many/few＋复数可数名词,＋much/little（少的）＋不可数名词))＋that...(2)sucheq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(a（n）＋adj.＋单数可数名词,adj.＋不可数名词,adj.＋复数名词))＋that...[即学即练]完成句子/句型转换①ItissogoodafilmthatI'dliketoseeitasecondtime.这部电影如此好，以至于我想再看一遍。②Sheworkssohardthatweallrespecther.她工作这么努力，我们都很敬佩她。③Sheissolovelyagirlthatwealllikeher.→Sheissuchalovelygirlthatwealllikeher.④ItissuchaheavyboxthatIcan'tliftit.→ItissoheavyaboxthatIcan'tliftit.[名师点津](1)little表示“少”时用so修饰，但表示“小”时用such修饰。Therewassolittletimeleftthatwemusthurry.时间不多了，我们要快一点。Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycan'tunderstandit.他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。(2)在“so...that...”和“such...that...”结构中，当“so/such...”置于句首时，其所在的句子要用全部倒装。Sohotadaywasitthattheyallwentswimming.＝Suchahotdaywasitthattheyallwentswimming.天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。1．Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld，untilaBritishdoctor，JohnSnow，showedhowitcouldbeovercome.[分析]本句为复合句，until引导时间状语从句，其中howitcouldbeovercome为how引导的宾语从句。[译文]霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何战胜它。2．Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.[分析]本句为复合句，动词discovered后是that引导的宾语从句，其中so...that...引导结果状语从句。[译文]他发现，在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。教材高考1.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40)．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat­sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.2.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Ifyoudo,youwon'tbeabletohandleitandthewholethingdevelopsintoanunpleasantsceneandthatruinseveryone'sday.3.Moreover，SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(2019·天津卷)Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.4.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(2020·天津卷)ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritishinvention,youcangetridofthesoundwithoutupsettingtheboyorhisparents.5.Moreover，inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．AdeandBrooksexchangedblowsyesterdayandtheywereseverely(severe)punishedtoday.2．Manycompanieshavesubscribed(subscribe)generouslytothefootballclubsofar.3．Onlyathirdofthesehouseholds(household)thoughtitreasonabletometerwater.4．Ithinkhesuspectedusofsomeimproperpurposes.5．Thisinformationconfirmsmeinthebeliefthatheistoblame(blame)．6．Therearethirtymicroscopes(microscope)inourchemicallaboratory.7．Theyhavegatheredthebeststatistics(statistic)theycanfindandrunthemthroughtheirowncomputers.8．ThenewsissoimportantthatImusttellittomyfriends.9．Ache