北京外国语大学英语学院《812》英汉互译（笔译）历年考研真题及详解

目录2011年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解

2011年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解I.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)Passage1ItistheunanimousviewofourcommitteethatAmericatodayfacesaseriousandintensifyingchallengewithregardtoitsfuturecompetitivenessandstandardofliving.Furtherweappeartobeonalosingpath.Weareheretodayhopingbothtoelevatethenation’sawarenessofthisdevelopingsituationandtoproposeconstructivesolutions.Thethrustofourfindingsisstraightforward.ThestandardoflivingofAmericansintheyearsaheadwilldependtoaverylargedegreeonthequalityofthejobsthattheyareabletohold.Withoutqualityjobsourcitizenswillnothavethepurchasingpowertosupportthestandardoflivingwhichtheyseek,andtowhichmanyhavebecomeaccustomed;taxrevenueswillnotbegeneratedtoprovideforstrongnationalsecurityandhealthcare;andthelackofavibrantdomesticconsumermarketwillprovideadisincentiveforeitherU.S.orforeigncompaniestoinvestinjobsinAmerica.Whathasbroughtaboutthecurrentsituation?Theansweristhattheprosperityequationhasanewingredient,aningredientthatsomehavereferredtoas“TheDeathofDistance”.Inthelastcentury,breakthroughsinaviationcreatedtheopportunitytomovepeopleandgoodsrapidlyandefficientlyoververygreatdistances.BillGateshasreferredtoaviationasthe“WorldWideWebofthetwentiethcentury”.Intheearlypartofthepresentcentury,weareapproachingthepointwherethecommunication,storageandprocessingofinformationarenearlyfree.Thatis,wecannowmovenotonlyphysicalitemsefficientlyovergreatdistances,andwecanalsotransportinformationinlargevolumesandatlittlecost.(276words,RisingAbovetheGatheringStorms)【参考译文】我们委员会一致认为今天的美国，其未来的竞争力和生活水平面临着严

峻的挑战。未来我们似乎在往一条失败的道路上行进。所以我们今天在这里希望提高民族对这一发展形势的警惕，来寻求建设性的解决方案。根据我们的调查结果，结论简单明了。美国生活水平在今后的几年中将很大程度上依靠人们能获得的工作的质量。若工作质量不高，公民将无法拥有足够的购买力来维持他们所希望的生活水平，或之前已经习惯了的生活水平；也不能产生税收收入，为国家安全及卫生保健提供强大的支持；而国内消费市场不景气的话，就不能激励美国或国外公司在美国投资，进而不能产生新的工作。是什么导致了目前的形势？答案是因为繁荣方程式增加了一个新的因素，有些人把它叫做“距离消失”。在上个世纪，航海上的突破使远距离人和货物有效快速的移动成为了可能。比尔盖茨曾经把航海当做“二十世纪的万维网”。在本世纪早期，信息的沟通、存储和处理接近自由，现在，我们不仅能远距离有效的移动具体物件，还能实现低成本，大批量的信息运输。Passage2Germanyasawholeisunderemployed.Germansinworkputinanaverageof1,430hoursin2006,thethird-lowestrateintheOECD.Evenafterthelabour-marketreforms,long-termunemploymentremainswellabovetheOECDaverage.MorethanhalfamillionimmigrantscannotdothejobsforwhichtheytrainedbecauseGermanydoesnotrecognizetheirqualifications,acaseofcredentialismgonewild.Acountryindemographicdeclinecannotaffordsuchwaste.By2035Germany’sGDPperpersonwillfallby8-15%relativetothatinotherrichEuropeancountriesandinAmerica.Toheadoffsuchrelativedecline,Germanyneedstore-engineernotonlythewelfarestatebutitsattitudestowardsimmigrants,womenandpeopleover60.Againstitsconservativeinstinctsithasmadeastart.Inthepasttenyearsithaddonemoretointegrateminoritiesthanintheprevious40.When“guestworkers”fromTurkey,ItalyandGreecefloodedintoalleviatelaborshortagesinthe1950sand60s,Germansthoughttheywouldeventuallyleaveagain;duringthe1980sthegovernmenttriedtopaythemtogo.NowitacceptsthatGermanyisan“immigrationcountry”.Acitizenshiplawpassedin2000whichsaidthatpeoplenotbornGermancouldbecomesowasfollowedin2005byanimmigrationlawthatinchedopenthedoorsfor

skilledforeigners.Thegovernmenthasmaintainedacautiousmomentum,balancingwelcomewithademandthatimmigrantsadapttoGermanways.Undera“nationalintegrationplan”orchestratedbythegrandcoalition,languagetrainingforimmigrantsandtheirchildrenisbeingexpandedandbusinesseshavepromisedtocreateextratrainingplacesformigrants.Thecoalitionsetupastanding“IslamConference”tonegotiaterelationsbetweenthereligionandthestate.ItsmainsuccessesweretoestablishthatMuslimsseenocontradictionbetweentheirfaithandGermany’sconstitution,andtoagreeinprincipletoteachIslaminstateschools,asJudaismandChristianityalreadyare.(323words)【参考译文】整体上德国就业不充分。在2006年，德国平均工作时间为1430个小时，在经济合作与发展组织中工作时间倒数第三。甚至在劳动市场改革后，长时间的失业率仍遥遥超出经济合作与发展组织的平均水平。超过五十万的移民因德国不承认其资格而不能从事他们已经受训的工作，文凭主义极度疯狂。这在一个人口不断减少的国家是实在再浪费不起的。到2035年德国的人均GDP将比其他富裕的欧洲国家和美国下降8—15%。为了阻止这种相对下降，德国需要给其福利现状重新注入活力，改变对待移民妇女和60岁以上人群的态度。德国从其保守的本能起步，在过去的十年中，在融合少数群体上比前四十年做的还多。在19世纪五六十年代，当土耳其、意大利和希腊的客籍工人涌入德国，本可以缓解其劳动力缺乏的状况的时候，德国认为他们最终会离去。在19世纪八十年代，政府试图出钱让他们离开。现在，德国接受了其作为移民国家的事实。在2000年通过的公民法律中表明非德国本土出生的人可以成为德国公民，接连出台的2005年的移民法又规定大开对技术性国外工人的大门。政府维护了一种谨慎的动态，既表示了对移民者的欢迎，又与要求他们适应德国方式平衡起来。根据大联盟安排的“民族融合计划”，针对移民及其后代的语言训练正在扩大，而商业方面也保证将为移民提供更多的接受工作训练的场所。大联盟还成立了长期的“伊斯兰会议”来协调宗教与国家的关系，其取得的最大成绩就是让穆斯林消除其信仰对德国宪法的矛盾，像犹太教和基督教一样，大体上赞成在公立学校教授伊斯兰教。

II.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)Passage1美国公务员工资制度的建立，实质上还是由市场决定的，各种有关工资的法律制度是根据市场变化产生的。美国总统、州长、议员等公务员职务还有人去干，这说明他们接受那样的工资标准，因为没人强迫他们去当公务员，所以，现实中几乎听不到公务员抱怨自己的工资低。这好比体育比赛，运动员参加比赛就要遵守早已制定好的比赛规则，不能到了比赛场上，说规则对自己不利，要修改。美国公务员工资虽然比私企低，但公务员的好处私企职工是无法比拟的，如名声好听、可以建立起人脉关系、假期多、工作清闲、压力小、比较稳定、失业几率小等。(245字《美国公务员工资制度精要及启示》)【参考译文】WagessystemforAmericancivilservants,infact,dependsonmarket;allsortsoflawsaboutwagesarebasedonthechangesinmarket.SincesuchcivilservantpositionasAmericanpresident,governor,congressmenandsoonhavesomeonewhoiswillingtodothejob,thewagessystemisacceptablebythem,fornooneforcesthemtobeacivilservant.Thus,inreality,wecannothearthecivilservantscomplainingthelownessoftheirwages.Thisislikeasportsgame;oncethesportsmanhasattendedthegame,theyshouldobeyalltheregulatedrules,andtheycannotaskforchangingtherulesaftercomingtothegamebyjustsayingtherulesisnotgoodforthem.Althoughthecivilservantshavenosuchhighwagesthanintheprivatecompany,theycangetincomparablebenefitsthataworkerintheprivatecompanycannotobtain,suchasreputation,goodpersonalconnections,variousvacations,easeinwork,smallworkpressure,relativelystabilityandlowunemploymentrate.Passage2诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语。名物不同，传实不易。始者维祗难出自天竺，以黄武三年来适武昌。仆从

受此五百偈本，请其同道竺将炎为译。将炎虽善天竺语，未备晓汉。其所传言，或得胡语，或以义出音，近于质直。仆初嫌其词不雅。维祗难曰：“佛言，依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸日：“老氏称：‘美言不信，信言不美。’仲尼亦云：‘书不尽言，言不尽意。’明圣人意，深邃无极。今传胡义，实宜径达。”是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰。(245字)【参考译文】BuddhistscripturescomefromIndia.ThepronunciationofIndia’slanguageisdifferentfromChinese,thus,weregardthescripturesandthelanguagetheyuseasthebooksandthelanguageinheaven.Withdifferenteventsandnames,toexpresstheoriginalmeaningthroughtranslationisverydifficult.…ThebeginnerWeiZhinan,whowasfromIndia,inthethirdyearofHuangWuemperor,cametoWuChang.FromhimIreceivedfivehundredBuddhistscriptures,soIinvitedhiscompanionZhuJiangyantotranslatethesescriptureswithme.JiangyanisgoodatIndia’slanguage,buthisChineseisnotgoodenough.Whenheinterpretedthescriptures,sometimesheusedHulanguage(akindoflanguageusedbysomenorthminoritynationinChina)orsomesoundswhicharecreatedaccordingtothemeaning,whichmadehisinterpretationverystraightinmeaning.Atfirst,Icomplainedthathisuseofwordswasnotgraceful.WeiZhinansaid,“ThetranslationofBuddhistscripturesshouldexpresstheirrealmeaningwithoutmodification,andalsoshouldobservethephilosophyofBuddhismstrictly.Agoodtranslatorshouldensurethatthetranslationisnotonlyunderstoodbyothers,butalsoconformstotheoriginalmeaning.”Thenallthepeopleontheseatalsosaid,“LaoZieversaid,‘Beautifulwordsarenotbelievable,therealbelievablewordsarenotbeautiful.’WealsohaveConfuciussaying‘thebookcannotsayeverything;ifcan,itwillloseitsoriginalmeaning.’Thesewisescholars’wordsaredeepandprofoundinmeaning.NowWeiZhinanexpressestherealmeaninginHu.HeinfacthashadanaccesstotheBuddhistscriptures.”Fromthenon,whenIlistentotheinterpretationofBuddhistscripturesbyothers,Iwillobservetotheoriginalmeaningwithoutmodificationinwords.III.Essay-writing:(50points,25pointseach).

1．Englishwriting:Pleasereadthepassageandwriteallessay(nolessthan300words)basedonthefollowingquestions:1)Whatistheissuediscussedinthispassage?2)Giveonemoreexampletoillustratetheauthor’spointofview.3)Howtoresolvethelossintranslation?Why?Oncetheprincipleisacceptedthatsamenesscannotexistbetweentwolanguages,itbecomespossibletoapproachthequestionoflossandgaininthetranslationprocess.ItisagainanindicationofthelowstatusoftranslationthatsomuchtimeshouldhavebeenspentondiscussingwhatislostinthetransferofatextfromSLtoTLwhilstignoringwhatcanalsobegained,forthetranslatorcanattimesenrichorclarifytheSLtextasadirectresultofthetranslationprocess.Moreover,whatisoftenseenas‘lost’fromtheSLcontextmaybereplacedintheTLcontext,asinthecaseofWyattandSurrey’stranslationsofPetrarch.EugeneNidaisarichsourceofinformationabouttheproblemsoflossintranslation,inparticularaboutthedifficultiesencounteredbythetranslatorwhenfacedwithtermsorconceptsintheSLthatdonotexistintheTL.HecitesthecaseofGuaica,alanguageofsouthernVenezuela,wherethereislittletroubleinfindingsatisfactorytermsfortheEnglishmurder,stealing,lying,etc.,butwherethetermsforgood,bad,uglyandbeautifulcoveraverydifferentareaofmeaning.Asanexample,hepointsoutthatGuaicadoesnotfollowadichotomousclassificationofgoodandbad,butatrichotomousoneasfollows:(1)Goodincludesdesirablefood,killingenemies,chewingdopeinmoderation,puttingfiretoone’swifetoteachhertoobey,andstealingfromanyonenotbelongingtothesameband.(2)Badincludesrottenfruit,anyobjectwithablemish,murderingapersonofthesameband,stealingfromamemberoftheextendedfamilyandlyingtoanyone.(3)Violatingtabooincludesincest,beingtooclosetoone’smother-in-law,a

marriedwoman’seatingtapirbeforethebirthofthefirstchild,andachild’seatingrodents.NorisitnecessarytolooksofarbeyondEuropeforexamplesofthiskindofdifferentiation.ThelargenumberoftermsinFinnishforvariationsofsnow,inArabicforaspectsofcamelbehaviour,inEnglishforlightandwater,inFrenchfortypesofbread,allpresentthetranslatorwith,ononelevel,anuntranslatableproblem.Bibletranslatorshavedocumentedtheadditionaldifficultiesinvolvedin,forexample,theconceptoftheTrinityorthesocialsignificanceoftheparablesincertaincultures.Inadditiontothelexicalproblems,thereareofcourselanguagesthatdonothavetensesystemsorconceptsoftimethatinanywaycorrespondtoIndo-Europeansystems.Whorf’scomparison(whichmaynotbereliable,butiscitedhereasatheoreticalexample)betweena‘temporallanguage’(English)anda‘timelesslanguage’(Hopi)servestoillustratethisaspect.【答案】Inthispassage,theissueoflossandgaininthetranslationprocessisintroducedanddiscussed.Accordingtotheauthor,duetothefactthatsometermsorconceptsintheSLdonothavecorrespondingonesintheTL,orviceversa,itisinevitablethatsomesenseintheSLwillbelost.However,ontheotherhand,therewillbealsosomegainswhentherearemoreexpressionsofonetermorconceptintheTLthanthoseintheSL.TakethetermsofcookinginChineseandEnglishasanexample.InEnglish,thereisonlyonetermfor“fry”.However,inChinese,therearedifferenttermsforit:pan-frying,stir-frying,quick-fryinganddeep-frying.IfaChinesecookingbookistranslatedintoEnglish,somemeaningswillbeunavoidablylost.Ofcourse,whensomethingaboutEnglishcookingistranslatedintoChinese,thentheSTwillgiveamoredetailedinterpretation.Fromthiscase,wecanseethatlossofmeaningalwaysoccursinthetranslationprocess.Thenhowshouldweaddressthisproblem?Nidasaysthattranslatorshouldstriveforfunctionalaswellasformalequivalencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Therefore,thesolutiontoaddressingtheproblemoflossofmeaningisthatthetargettextshouldbeascloseasthesourcetestasmuchaspossible.Inmanycases,thesetwoequivalencescannotbeachievedatthesametime.However,aslongaswhatthesourcetextwantstoconveyisexpressed,thenthelossproducedinthe

translationprocesscanbeallowed.Forinstance,thereareplentyoffour-characteridiomsinChinesewhicharehardtotranslateperfectly.Whentranslatingthem,translatorshavetoabandonsomeformorsensewhileconveyingtheunderlyingmeaning.Inconclusion,translatorsshouldmakethetargettextclosetothesourcetexttothemaximumextent.Foragoodtranslationwork,theunavoidablelossofmeaningisallowedonthepremisethatallthetranslatableinformationisdelivered2．中文写作：写一篇300字左右的小论文(中文)，对以下现象进行评析，可添加自己的例子进行论述。Thislistidentifiesthreewordsusefulincomparativeculturestudieswhoseobviousorhabitualtranslationsineitherdirection(ChinesetoEnglishorviceversa)areseriouslymisleading.

【参考范文】在汉语和英语翻译中，我们常会碰到这样的问题：如果把汉语词汇字对字的翻译成英语，那么翻译过来的单词已经脱离了原文语义，造成误解。如“唯物主义”，若翻译成“materialism”，则把汉语中表示一种基本哲学概念的词偷换成了英语里令人鄙视的生活态度词汇。所以，看似翻译准确，实则不然。其实，在汉英或英汉翻译过程中这样的情况比比皆是。这种翻译属于望文生义，是由于译者并未对这两种语言的词汇含义真正理解所导致的误译。再举一例，如中国菜“四喜丸子”，如果翻译成“fourhappyballs”，则变成了“四个开心球”，完全不符原义，会贻笑大方。为避免这样的问题，需要译者熟知汉英语言文化，有丰富的语言背景知识，能准确判断语义，找到真正与原文相符的译法。同时也要求译者要有严谨的态度，善于发现问题，进行查证和研究。总之，切不可自以为是，武断地认为译语就是符合原文语义的。要带着谨慎和批判的眼光认真对待每一处模糊的、可能出现错误的地方。

2012年北京外国语大学英语学院812英汉互译（笔译）真题及详解I.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)Passage1TowerofPower:MiracleorMirage?InChina,onedoesn’thavetolookfartoseethecountry’scommitmenttorenewableenergy.IncitiessuchasBeijingandShanghai,rooftopsarenowcoveredwithsolarwaterheaters.OnthegrasslandsofInnerMongolia,toweringwhitewindturbinesarepoppingupwhereonlycattle,sheepandherdersonhorsebackonceroamed.Whilecoalconsumptionisexpectedtoclimbmorethan3%annuallyforthenexttwodecades,thegovernmenthasalsorequiredthatelectricalcompaniesaddasignificantamountofalternativeenergytotheirportfolios.Yet,someoverseasfirmsinsistthatChinaissimplyrepeatinganeconomicdevelopmentstrategythathaspropelledthecountry’srapidprogressinmanyothermanufacturingsectors.Thecountryhasbeenabletousethelureofhugepotentialmarketstoenticeforeigncompaniestohandovertechnologyandknow-howinexchangeforlucrativedeals,laterusingthatknowledgetoproducecompetitiveproductscheaperthanthoseofoverseasoriginators.ForeigncompaniesbuiltthegeneratorsforthefirststageofthemassiveThreeGorgeshydroelectricdam,butthegeneratorcontractsrequiredtheforeignmakerstotransfertechnologytoChinesepartners,whotooktheleadinlaterphasesofconstruction.Asimilarpatternappearstobeplayingoutinalternativeenergy.Foreignwind-turbinemanufacturersheldnearly60%oftheChinesemarketin2006.Bylastyearthatpositionwasreversed,withChinesefirmstaking74%ofnewinstallations,saysJunYing,chiefChinarepresentativefortheconsultingfirmNewEnergyFinance.Infact,thenumberofChineseturbinemanufacturershasexpandedsorapidlythatthegovernment,fearingaglut,warnedinthatapplicationsfornewfactoriesmightnotbeapproved.(275words)【参考译文】

能源之塔：奇迹还是幻想？在中国，不需远望就能看出这个国家发展再生能源的决心。在诸如北京、上海等城市，屋顶上遍布太阳能热水器。在中国内蒙古的草地上，高耸的白色风力涡轮机如雨后春笋般地出现在曾经只有牛、羊和骑马的牧人漫游的地方。虽然在接下来的二十年里，耗煤量每年会以超过3%的速度增长，但是政府已经要求电力公司大力发展再生能源。然而，一些海外公司坚持认为中国仅仅是重复使用一种经济发展策略，而这种经济发展策略已经促进了这个国家其他许多制造部门的快速发展。中国已经能够通过利用潜在的巨大市场来吸引外国公司，以此来获得科技和技术进而获利。之后，中国会用交换来的知识来制造出具有竞争力的产品，而这些产品比原来海外生产者所制造的产品更加的便宜。在建设巨大的三峡大坝的第一阶段，发电机的建造是由外国公司完成，但是建造发电机的合同同时要求外国制造者把技术转让给中国合伙人。在大坝后阶段的建设中，中国合伙人会起带头作用。在再生能源开发方面，中国采取了一种相似的模式。在2006年，外国涡轮机生产商在中国几乎占据60%的市场。截止到去年，这种形式已经发生了扭转，74%的新发电机安装是由中国公司完成的，中国新能源金融咨询公司首席代表君莹说道。实际上，中国涡轮机生产商的数量增长的如此之快以至于担心供过于求的政府发出警告说可能不会再批准新工厂的建造申请。Passage2WhatisLiberalEducation?Aseducationaimstoperfectgentlemanship,tohumanexcellence,liberaleducationconsistsinremindingoneselfofhumanexcellence,ofhumangreatness.Inwhatway,bywhatmeansdoesliberaleducationremindusofhumangreatness?Wecannotthinkhighlyenoughofwhatliberaleducationismeanttobe.WehaveheardPlato’ssuggestionthateducationinthehighestsenseisphilosophy.Philosophyisquestforwisdomorquestforknowledgeregardingthemostimportant,thehighest,orthemostcomprehensivethings.Suchknowledge,hesuggested,isvirtueandishappiness.Butwisdomisinaccessibletomanandhencevirtueandhappinesswillalwaysbeimperfect.Inspiteofthis,thephilosopher,who,assuch,isnotsimplywise,isdeclaredtobetheonlytrueking;heisdeclaredtopossessalltheexcellencesofwhichman’smindiscapabletothehighestdegree.Fromthiswemustdrawthe

conclusionthatwecannotbephilosophers—thatwecannotacquirethehighestformofeducation.Wemustnotbedeceivedbythefactthatwemeetmanypeoplewhosaythattheyarephilosophers.Forthosepeopleemployalooseexpressionwhichisperhapsnecessitatedbyadministrativeconvenience.Oftentheymeanmerelythattheyaremembersofphilosophydepartments.Anditisasabsurdtoexpectmembersofphilosophydepartmentstobephilosophersasitistoexpectmembersofartdepartmentstobeartists.Wecannotbephilosophersbutwecanlovephilosophy;wecantrytophilosophize.(250words)【参考译文】什么是自由教育？作为对完美的贵族气质和对人的优异的培育，自由教育在于唤醒一个人自身的优异与卓越。而自由教育通过何种道路和方式唤醒我们身上的卓越？在此我们无法再更进一步地思考自由教育的含义了。我们听过柏拉图关于最高意义上的教育是哲学的提法。哲学是对智慧或对关于最重要的、最高的或最全的事物的知识的追求；这种知识，按他的说法，是德性和幸福。但由于智慧不属于人，因此人的德性和幸福总是不完善的。尽管如此，哲学家，作为不完全智慧的人，还是被宣称为唯一真正的国王；他被宣称为拥有所有人类心灵能够达到的优异，因而是最高水平上的人。从这里我们必须得出我们不是哲学家的结论因为我们无法获得这种最高形式的教育。我们一定不能被自己经常遇到一些自称哲学家的人所欺骗。因为他们采用的是一个对管理的方便来说有必要的广义的表述。他们通常不过是说他们是哲学系的。而认为哲学系的就是哲学家，和认为艺术系的就是艺术家一样荒谬。我们不能成为哲学家，但我们可以热爱哲学；我们可以努力进行哲学化的思考。II.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)Passagel起哄东方社会有东方的起哄法，西方有西方的起哄法。

而且两边比较起来，还是东方社会里的人更爱起哄。假如此说是正确的，那么真正的幸福就是让人在社会的法理、公德约束下，自觉自愿的去生活；需要什么，就去争取什么；需要满足之后，就让大家都得会儿消停。这当然需要所有的人都有点文化修养，有点独立思考的能力，并且对自己的生活负起责任来，同时对别人的事少起点哄。这当然不容易，但这是唯一的希望。看到人们在为物质自激，就放出人际关系的自激去干扰；看到人在人际关系里自激，就放出物质方面的自激去干扰；这样激来扰去，听上去就不是个道理。(264字)【参考译文】CreatingdisturbanceCreatingdisturbanceoccursinboththeEasternsocietyandtheWesternsociety.Butpeopleindifferentsocietiesdoitdifferently.ComparedwiththepeopleintheWesternsociety,peopleintheEasternsocietyaremorelikelytocreatedisturbance.Ifthisistrue,therealhappinessistobeobtainedbyallowingpeopletolivetheirlivesaccordingtotheirownideasundertheconstraintofthelegalprincipleandsocialethnicsinthesociety;whatevertheyneed,theywillstriveforit;aftertheirneedsaresatisfied,stopmakingafuss.Ofcoursetorealizethis,everybodyisexpectedtobeinpossessionofsomeculturalcultivationandcertainabilitytothinkindependently.Inaddition,theyneedtoberesponsiblefortheirownlifeandnolongerinterfereinotherpeople’sbusiness.Itisnoteasytodoaswhatissaid,buttheonlyhopeliesinit.Itissimplyunjustifiabletodistractotherswithinterpersonalrelationshipwhiletheyendeavortoattainmaterialfulfillment.Itisthesamethingwhenit

comestodivertingothers’attentiontomaterialsatisfactionwhiletheyaredealingwithinterpersonalrelationship.Passage2初雪雪花快飘，白如石膏；高地宰鹅，这里飞毛！所以今天早上我初次望见这个不常见的银白世界时，我不禁衷心希望这里的雪能多下几场，这样英国的冬天才能更增添几分冬天的味道。于是，我羡慕起那些居住在美国东部和加拿大的友人来了，他们那里年年都能指望上一个像样的冬天，都能说得出降雪的准确日期，并能保证，直至大地春回之前，那里的雪绝无退化为黑色泥浆的可能。但我马上觉得这样还是不行。不消一周人们就会对它感到厌烦。甚至一两天后魔力就会消失，剩下的惟有白昼那种永无变化的耀眼阳光与刺骨严寒和凄凉的夜晚。看来真正迷人的地方并不在雪的本身，不在这个冰雪覆盖的景象，而在它的初降，在这突然而静悄的变化。(287字)【参考译文】FirstsnowSnow,snowfaster:Whitealabaster!KillinggeeseinScotland,Sendingfeathershere!Thismorning,whenIfirstcaughtsightoftheunfamiliarwhitenedworld,Icouldnothelpwishingthatwehadsnowoftener,thatEnglishwinterswere

morewintry.IbegantoenvymyfriendsinsuchplacesastheEasternStatesofAmericaandCanada,whocancountuponasolidwintereveryyearandknowthatthesnowwillarrivebyacertaindateandwillremain,withoutdegeneratingintoblackslush,untilSpringiscloseathand.AndthenIsawthatitwouldneverdoforus.Weshouldbesickofitinaweek.Afterthefirstdaythemagicwouldbegoneandtherewouldbenothingleftbuttheunchangingglareofthedayandthebittercruelnights.Itisnotthesnowitself,thesightoftheblanketedworld,thatissoenchanting,butthefirstcomingofthesnow,thesuddenandsilentchange.III.Essay-writing:(50points,25pointseach).1．Answerthequestionsafterreadingthefollowingpassage.(25分)Back-translationasaTestToseewhetheranequivalentisnaturalordirectional,thesimplesttestisback-translation.Thismeanstakingthetranslationandrenderingitbackintotilesourcelanguage,thencomparingthetwosource-languageversions.Whennaturalequivalenceprevails,wecangofromFridaytoViernesthenbacktoFriday,anditmakesnodifferencewhichtermisthesourceandwhichtiletranslation.Thisisbecausethecorrespondenceexistedinsomewaypriortotheactoftranslation.Moretothepoint,thetransferoftheJudeo-Christianseven-dayweekoccurredseveralmillenniabeforeouractoftranslation,sotheoriginaldirectionalityhasnowcometoappearnatural.Thatnaturalnessiscertainlyanillusion(inhistoricalterms,allequivalentsareprobablytheresultofasmuchforceandauthorityasisassumedinKade’sone-to-onetechnicalterms).Yettheillusionhashadastrongideologicalpullonmanytranslationtheories.Onthelevelofbadluck,wecanindeedgofrom“Fridaythe13th”to“martes13”andbackagain,andwecanmakepeoplebelievethattheequivalenceissomehowwrittenintothenatureofourculturalsystems.ThesamekindoftestmightworkforLejustprix,andevenforDerPreisistheiss,ifwedefinecarefullythelevelsweareoperatingon.Buttheback-testingcannotbeextendedalltheway;themysteriesofthe“one-to-several”quicklyappear.Forexample,whydoestheFrenchapparentlynothave“Leprixjuste”(withtheadjectiveafterthenoun,asisfrequentinthelanguage)?Andwhataboutthe“lifelines”thatbecome“jokers”and“wild-cards”butcouldbecomemanyotherthingsaswell?Can

theyalsobejustifiedasbeinginanywaynatural?Forthatmatter,whatshouldwesayaboutthe“Fridaythe13th”thatisrecognizedinTaiwan(wearetold)notbecauseitwasalwaysintheculturebutbecauseittraveledthereinthetitleofahorrorfilm?Somekindsofequivalencerefertowhatisdoneinalanguagepriortotheinterventionofthetranslator(hencetheillusionofthenatural);othersrefertowhattranslatorscandointhelanguage(hencethedirectionalityoftheresult).Butonecouldalsoargue,historically,thatallequivalenceisinsomewaydirectional.“Directional”and“natural”arethetermsweareusingheretodescribethedifferentconceptselaboratedbytheoriesoftranslation;theyarenotwordsusedbythetheoriesthemselves.Theyneverthelesshelpmakesomesenseofaconfusingterrain.Aswehaveseen,mostofthequestionscomingfromstructuralistlinguisticsconcernstrictlynaturalequivalence,orthesearchforit.WhenwementionedSaussure’ssheepandmoutonexample,wetalkedaboutthewords“translatingeachother.”ThesamewouldholdforPolishmilkanduniversalbad-luckdays.Forthatlinguisticparadigm,itshouldmakenodifferencewhichofthetermsisthesourceandwhichisthetarget.Fortheabovedefinitionsoftranslation,ontheotherhand,equivalenceissomethingthatresultsfromadirectionalmovement.Referencetodirectionalitywasperhapsthemostprofoundwayinwhichtheproblemofstructuralistlinguisticswassolved.Answerthefollowingquestions(inEnglish).1．InwhatwayisbacktranslationatestoftheequivalencetotheST?2．Giveonemoreexampletoillustratetheauthor’spointofview.3．Whatdoesthetermmean;(1)“directional”;and(2)“natural”?【答案】1．Backtranslationrequiresanindependenttranslatortorenderthecompletedtranslationbacktothesourcelanguageandthencomparethetwoversionsinsourcelanguage,soastofindouthowmuchthetwoversionarecorrespondedwitheachother,indictionorinsense,soitcanbeatestof

equivalence.2．Theauthorbelievesnaturalequivalencecomesfromdirectionalityandallequivalenceisinsomewaydirectional.Forexample,theEnglishword“slow”,ifindirectionalequivalence,iscorrespondedwith“lentement”inFrench.Bothofthewordsareadverbsanddepictthesimilarstate.However,asaroadsign,“Slow”means“Driveslowandcarefully”andinFrenchroadsign,“lentement”israrelyused.Instead,theFrenchword“Ralentir”isused,whichisaverbforthesimilarmeaning.Soinbilingualortranslatedroadsigns,“Slow”wouldbecorrespondedwith“Ralentir”.Andinthisway,thesightof“Slow”inroadsignswillbenaturallyequivalentwith“Ralentir”inFrenchandthispairwillhabituallybecomenaturalequivalence.3．(1)Ithink“directional”meansconditionalcorrespondenceintranslationwhenawordorsituationhasseveralexplanationsandthetranslatorhastochoosebetweenthe“several”tocorrespondwiththe“one”,sothiskindofequivalenceisone-wayandcan’tbetranslatedback.(2)While“natural”meansconventionalcorrespondencewhentheequivalencebetweentwowordsorsituationshavebecomeaconventionandroutineandthemeaningofthiswordorsituationcanbeintuitivelylinkedtotheother.Itisakindoftwo-waymovementandthiskindofequivalenceisdonelongpriortotheinterventionofatranslator.However,theoccurrenceofnaturalequivalenceisinseparablewithdirectionalityandtheinfluenceoftranslatorsandotherinfluentialfactors.2．写一个300字左右的小论文(中文），对以下现象进行评析，可添加自己的例子进行论述。(25分)“Difficulttofindthepolice”某地一块警方信息服务牌，将“有困难，找警察”翻译成“Difficulttofindthepolice”，成了“很难找到警察”的意思，成为众多网友的笑柄。据悉，翻译错误的原因是使用了翻译软件。那么，这一错误说明了什么？【参考范文】近年来，机器翻译得到了迅猛发展，翻译软件相继推出，给人们的生

活、工作、学习带来了便利。然而，由于机器翻译研究水平有限，相关学科理论不完善，导致机器翻译不能完全满足人们的翻译需求。很多语言经过翻译软件翻译后往往词不达意，不知所云。据《环球时报》报道，随着中国赴法国人数增多，法国人开始借助机器翻译，但翻出的效果并不令人满意。例如，把货币兑换处的“手续费”译成