托福点题冲刺班

托福阅读点题冲刺班托福考点概述技巧思维综述阅读新题难题托福考点概述基本句法结构（定语+状语)句间逻辑结构因果，转折，比较3.句间论证结构X(opinion),for

example

Y(fact).4.句间并列/递进结构5.观点概括归纳1显性因果Because,

since,

lead

to,

contribute

toReason,

consequently,

attribute

to,due

to,

in

that,

cause,

result

in/

from,2隐性Account

for,

suggesting,

for,

by,through,

engender,

according

to,

lie

in,hence,

therefore,

thus,

outcome,

effect,

be

ascribed

to,

be

based

on,

be

guidedby,

depend,

rely

on,

evolve

from,

comeinduce,

trigger,

bring

about,

give

rise

tofro

m,

in

the

sense

of比较similar,

like,

both,

comparable,consistent,

the

same

as,

as

much

as,

inthe

same

way,

parallels,

likewise,resembleunlike,

relatively,

different,,

more,

le转折although,

however,

nevertheless,

but,instead,

rather

than,

whereas,

yet,conversely,

on

the

contrary,

unless,only

if,

in

contrastAs

opposed

to,

on

the

other

hand1同级

2差量1相反2相对递进1较强

2较弱particularly,

additionally,

what’s

mor•ea,n

dalso,

beside,

then,

furthermoremore

over,

in

addition,

above

all,

inparticular,

even,

more

important

,in

thisconnection,

at

most,

apart

from并列not

only．．but

(a

Iso)，neither．．nor,

Type

your

phrases

and

sentences

hereboth…and…;

one…another…;some…others…

;论证for

example,

for

instance,

to

illustrate•,A

ccording

to

a(n)

experiment,

research,specifically,

such

as

study,

survey;

experimentally技巧思维综述阅读理解句子，句子理解核心。阅读考查结构，结构不可变态。阅读答案直接，直接对应文章。题干比较复杂，读题一定清晰。选项句式纠缠，错误定语状语。选项必须科学，极端态度不选。选项结构固定，添加结构不选。选项偶有陷阱，指代跳跃避免。阅读理解句子，句子理解核心。Since

the

laws

ofphysics,

not

somearbitrary

decision,have

determined

the

general

formof

applied-artobjects,

theyfollow

basicpatterns,

somuch

so

thatfunctional

formscan

vary

onlywithin

certainlimits.In

seeking

todescribe

theorigins

oftheater,

onemust

relyprimarily

onspeculation,since

there

islittle

concreteevidence

onwhich

to

draw.Desertificationis

accomplishedprimarilythrough

the

loss

ofstabilizingnaturalvegetation

andthe

subsequentacceleratederosion

of

thesoil

by

wind

and

water.主干逻辑态度例题1：OG-P81Q3Edison

was

more

interested

in

the

sale

ofKinetoscopes

(for

roughly

$1,000

apiece)to

these

parlors

than

in

the

films

thatwould

be

run

in

them

(which

costapproximately

$10

to

$15

each).

He

refused

to

develop

projection

technology,reasoning

that

if

he

made

and

soldprojectors,

then

exhibitors

would

purchasonly

one

machine

—

a

projector

—

from

him

instead

of

several.

(Excerpt

from

OG)Edison

was

more

interested

in

developing

a

variety

ofmachines

than

in

developing

a

technology

based

on

onlyone.Edison

refused

to

work

on

projection

technologybecause

he

did

not

think

exhibitors

would

replace

theirprojectors

with

newer

machines.Edison

did

not

want

to

develop

projection

technologybecause

it

limited

the

number

of

machines

he

could

sell.Edison

would

not

develop

projection

technology

unlesexhibitors

agreed

to

purchase

more

than

one

projectorfrom

him.例题2：TPO3：1-3In

order

for

the

structure

to

achieve

the

size

andstrength

necessary

to

meet

its

purpose,architecture

employs

methods

of

support

that,because

they

are

based

on

physical

laws,

havechanged

little

since

people

first

discovered

themeven

while

building

materials

have

changeddramatically.

The

world’s

architecturalstructures

have

also

been

devised

in

relation

tothe

objective

limitations

of

materials.Unchanging

physical

laws

have

limited

the

size

andstrength

of

buildings

that

can

be

made

with

materialsdiscovered

long

ago.Building

materials

have

changed

in

order

to

increasearchitectural

size

and

strength,

but

physical

laws

ofstructure

have

not

changed.When

people

first

started

to

build,

the

structuralmethods

used

to

provide

strength

and

size

wereinadequate

because

they

were

not

based

on

physicallaws.Unlike

building

materials,

the

methods

of

support

usein

architecture

have

not

changed

over

time

because

theyare

based

on

physical

laws.拓展1：TPO1:1-4拓展2：TPO14：3-8阅读答案直接，直接对应文章。细节类题目：答案选项与原文是同义改写关系。不作推理！例题1：TPO3：1-8Modern

architectural

forms

generally

have

threeseparate

components

comparable

to

elementsof

the

human

body;

a

supporting

skeleton

orframe,

an

outer

skin

enclosing

the

interiorspaces,

equipment,

similar

to

the

body’s

vitalorgans

and

systems.

The

equipment

includesplumbing,

electrical

wiring,

hot

water,

and

air-conditioning.

Of

course

in

early

architecture—such

as

igloos

and

adobe

structures—there

wasno

such

equipment,

and

the

skeleton

and

skinwere

often

one.Which

of

the

following

correctly

characterizes

therelationship

between

the

human

body

and

architecturethat

is

described

in

paragraph5?Complex

equipment

inside

buildings

is

the

one

elementin

modern

architecture

that

resembles

a

component

ofthe

human

body.The

components

in

early

buildings

were

similar

to

thrparticular

elements

of

the

human

body.Modern

buildings

have

components

that

are

as

likely

tchange

as

the

human

body

is.In

general,

modern

buildings

more

closely

resemble

thhuman

body

than

earlier

buildings

do.例题2：TPO3:3-3An

ecologist

who

studies

a

pond

todaymay

well

find

it

relatively

unchanged

in

ayear’s

time.

Individual

fish

may

bereplaced,

but

the

number

of

fish

will

tendto

be

the

same

from

one

year

to

the

next.We

can

say

that

the

properties

of

anecosystem

are

more

stable

than

theindividual

organisms

that

compose

theecosystem.According

to

paragraph

2,

which

of

thefollowing

principles

of

ecosystems

can

belearned

by

studying

a

pond?Ecosystem

properties

change

more

slowly

thanindividuals

in

the

system.The

stability

of

an

ecosystem

tends

to

changeas

individuals

are

replaced.Individual

organisms

are

stable

from

one

yearto

the

next.A

change

in

the

members

of

an

organism

doesnot

affect

an

ecosystem’s

properties题干比较复杂，读题一定清晰。题干举例1：TPO6:3-44.All

of

the

following

theories

about

theinability

to

recall

early

experiences

arerejected

in

paragraph

2

EXCEPT：题干举例2：TPO11:3-99.

In

paragraphs

4

and

5,

what

evidencesupports

the

claim

that

the

intensity

ofnestling

begging

calls

is

a

good

indicatorof

which

offspring

in

a

nest

would

mostbenefit

from

a

feeding?选项句式纠缠，错误定语状语。例题1：TPO3:1-6Even

development

in

architecture

has

been

the

result

ofmajor

technological

changes.

Materials

and

methods

ofconstruction

are

integral

parts

of

the

design

ofarchitecture

structures.

In

earlier

times

it

was

necessaryto

design

structural

systems

suitable

for

the

materialsthat

were

available,

such

as

wood,

stone,

brick.

Todaytechnology

has

progressed

to

the

point

where

it

is

possible

to

invent

new

building

materials

to

suit

the

typeof

structure

desired.

Enormous

changes

in

materials

andtechniques

of

construction

within

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

withmuch

greater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

ofmaterial.According

to

paragraph

4,

which

of

the

following

istrue

about

materials

used

in

the

construction

ofbuildings?Because

new

building

materials

are

hard

to

find,construction

techniques

have

changed

very

little

frompast

generations.The

availability

of

suitable

building

materials

no

lolimits

the

types

of

structures

that

may

be

built.The

primary

building

materials

that

are

available

todare

wood,

stone,

and

brick.Architects

in

earlier

times

did

not

have

enough

buildmaterials

to

enclose

large

spaces.例题2：Summary

Q1(OGT2)Fuller

believed

that

audiences

in

the

late

nineteentcentury

had

lost

interest

in

most

theatrical

dance.Fuller

transformed

dance

in

part

by

creating

danceinterpretations

of

works

by

poets

and

painters.Fuller’s

work

influenced

a

number

of

other

dancerswho

were

interested

in

experimental

dance.Fuller

introduced

many

technical

innovations

to

thestaging

of

theatrical

dance.Fuller

continued

to

develop

throughout

her

career,creating

more

complex

works

and

exploring

new

artisticmedia.By

the

1920’s,

Fuller’s

theater

at

the

ParisExhibition

had

become

the

world

center

for

innovativedance.Answer

ChoicesIce

cores

were

used

to

determine

that

green

icebergs

wereformed

from

the

compaction

ofmetallic

compounds,

includingcopper

and

iron.All

ice

shelves

can

produce

green

icebergs,

but

the

Amery

IceShelf

is

especially

well

suited

to

do

so.Green

icebergs

form

when

a

two

layer

block

of

ice

breaks

awayfrom

a

glacier

and

capsizes,

exposing

the

bottom

sea

ice

to

view.Ice

cores

and

samples

revealed

that

both

ice

shelves

and

greenicebergs

contain

a

layer

of

bubbly

glacial

ice

and

a

layer

of

bubble-free

sea

ice.Green

icebergs

are

white

until

they

come

into

contact

withseawater

containing

platelets

and

soluble

organic

green

pigments.In

a

green

iceberg,

the

sea

ice

contains

large

concentrations

oforganic

matter

from

the

seawater.例题3：Summary

Q1(TPO3-1)Answer

choicesArchitects

seek

to

create

buildings

that

are

both

visually

appealand

well

suited

for

human

use.Over

the

course

of

the

history

of

building,

innovations

in

materiaand

methods

of

construction

have

given

architects

ever

greaterfreedom

to

express

themselves.Throughout

history

buildings

have

been

constructed

like

humanbodies,

needing

distinct

“organ”

systems

in

order

to

function.Both

clients

and

architects

are

responsible

for

the

mediocredesigns

of

some

modern

buildings.Modern

buildings

tend

to

lack

the

beauty

of

ancient

stone

buildingsuch

as

those

of

Machu

Picchu.The

discovery

and

use

of

the

arch

typifies

the

way

in

whicharchitecture

advances

by

developing

more

efficient

types

ofstructures.选项必须科学，极端态度不选。选项结构固定，添加结构不选极端态度词：any,every,main,major,primary,always,best,must,most,superior,only,more/most

likely,probablprefer,surprisingly,strikingly,exclusiindicate,suggest.添加结构：比较结构；让步转折例题1：OG-P251Q1Most

people

consider

the

landscape

to

beunchanging,

but

Earth

is

a

dynamic

body,

and

itssurface

is

continually

altering—slowly

on

thehuman

time

scale,

but

relatively

rapidly

whencompared

to

the

great

age

of

Earth

(about

4,500billion

years).

There

are

two

principal

influencethat

shape

the

terrain:

constructive

processessuch

as

uplift,

which

create

new

landscapefeatures,

and

destructive

forces

such

as

erosion,which

gradually

wear

away

exposed

landforms.(Excerpt

from

OG)According

to

paragraph

1,

which

of

thefollowing

statements

is

true

of

changes

inEarth"s

landscape?They

occur

more

often

by

uplift

than

byerosion.They

occur

only

at

special

times.They

occur

less

frequently

now

thanthey

once

did.They

occur

quickly

in

geological

terms.例题1：OG-P115Q6Because

they

are

always

swimming,

tunassimply

have

to

open

their

mouths

and

water

isforced

in

and

over

their

gills.

Accordingly,

theyhave

lost

most

of

the

muscles

that

other

fishesuse

to

suck

in

water

and

push

it

past

the

gills.

Infact,

tunas

must

swim

to

breathe.

They

mustalso

keep

swimming

to

keep

from

sinking,

sincemost

have

largely

or

completely

lost

the

swimbladder,

the

gas-filled

sac

that

helps

most

otherfish

remain

buoyant.

(Excerpt

from

OG)According

to

the

passage,

which

of

thefollowing

is

one

of

the

reasons

that

tunasare

in

constant

motion?O

They

lack

a

swim

bladder.O

They

need

to

suck

in

more

water

thanother

fishes

do.O

They

have

large

muscles

for

breathing.O

They

cannot

open

their

mouths

unlessthey

are

in

motion.选项偶有陷阱，指代跳跃避免。例题1：TPO6:2-8As

he

collected

fossils

from

strata

throughout

England,Smith

began

to

see

that

the

fossils

told

a

different

storfrom

the

rocks

Particularly

in

the

younger

strata

therocks

were

often

so

similar

that

he

had

troubledistinguishing

the

strata,

but

he

never

had

trouble

tellthe

fossils

apart．While

rock

between

two

consistentstrata

might

in

one

place

be

shale

and

in

anothersandstone,

the

fossils

in

that

shale

or

sandstone

werealways

the

same．Some

fossils

endured

through

somany

millions

of

years

that

they

appear

In

many

strata，but

others

occur

only

in

a

few

strata,

and

a

few

specieshad

their

births

and

extinctions

within

one

particularstratum．According

to

paragraph

4，it

was

difficult

forSmith

to

distinguish

rock

strata

becausethe

rocks

from

different

strata

closelyresembled

each

otherhe

was

often

unable

to

find

fossils

in

theyounger

rock

stratatheir

similarity

to

each

other

made

it

difficulhim

to

distinguish

one

rock

type

from

anotherthe

type

of

rock

between

two

consistent

stratawas

always

the

same例题2：OG-P237Q9The

Whigs,

in

contrast,

viewed

government

powerpositively.

They

believed

that

it

should

be

used

to

protindividual

rights

and

public

liberty,

and

that

it

had

aspecial

role

where

individual

effort

was

ineffective.

Bregulating

the

economy

and

competition,

the

governmentcould

ensure

equal

opportunity.

Indeed,

for

Whigs

theconcept

of

government

promoting

the

general

welfarewent

beyond

the

economy.

In

particular,

Whigs

in

thenorthern

sections

of

the

United

States

also

believed

thagovernment

power

should

be

used

to

foster

the

moralwelfare

of

the

country.

They

were

much

more

likely

tofavor

social-reform

legislation

and

aid

to

education.Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

froparagraph

5

about

variations

in

politicalbeliefs

within

the

Whig

Party?O

They

were

focused

on

issues

of

publicliberty.O

They

caused

some

members

to

leavethe

Whig

party.O

They

were

unimportant

to

most

Whigs.O

They

reflected

regional

interests.阅读新题难题段落大意段落关系推理题目段落大意例题1：TPO1：1-11The

proportion

of

empty

space

in

a

rock

isknown

as

its

porosity.

But

note

thatporosity

is

not

the

same

as

permeability,which

measures

the

ease

with

which

watercan

flow

through

a

material;

this

dependson

the

sizes

of

the

individual

cavities

andthe

crevices

linking

them.What

is

the

main

purpose

of

paragraph

7?To

explain

why

water

can

flow

through

rockTo

emphasize

the

large

amount

of

emptyspace

in

all

rockTo

point

out

that

a

rock

cannot

be

both

porousand

permeableTo

distinguish

between

two

related

propertiesof

rock例题2：TPO1：2-9In

addition

to

exploring

the

possible

antecedents

of

theatescholars

have

also

theorized

about

the

motives

that

led

peopto

develop

theater.

Why

did

theater

develop,

and

why

was

itvalued

after

it

ceased

to

fulfill

the

function

of

ritual?

Mosanswers

fall

back

on

the

theories

about

the

human

mind

andbasic

human

needs.

One,

set

forth

by

Aristotle

in

the

fourthcentury

B.C.,

sees

humans

as

naturally

imitative—as

takingpleasure

in

imitating

persons,

things,

and

actions

and

in

sesuch

imitations.

Another,

advanced

in

the

twentieth

centurysuggests

that

humans

have

a

gift

for

fantasy,

through

whichthey

seek

to

reshape

reality

into

more

satisfying

forms

thanthose

encountered

in

daily

life.

Thus,

fantasy

or

fiction

(odrama

is

one

form)

permits

people

to

objectify

their

anxietiand

fears,

confront

them,

and

fulfill

their

hopes

in

fictionfact.

The

theater,

then,

is

one

tool

whereby

people

define

anunderstand

their

world

or

escape

from

unpleasant

realities.Which

of

the

following

best

describes

theorganization

of

paragraph

5?The

author

presents

two

theories

for

ahistorical

phenomenon.The

author

argues

against

theories

expressedearlier

in

the

passage.The

author

argues

for

replacing

older

theorieswith

a

new

one.The

author

points

out

problems

with

twopopular

theories.段落关系例题1：TPO6:1-2Paragraph1:In

Britain

one

of

the

most

dramatic

changesof

the

Industrial

Revolution

was

the

harnessing

of

powe．Until

the

reign

of

George

Ⅲ(1760-1820)，availablesources

of

power

for

work

and

travel

had

not

increasedsince

the

Middle

Ages.

There

were

three

sources

ofpower：animal

or

human

muscles；the

wind,

operatingon

sail

or

windmill;

and

running

water.

..Furthermore,even

the

most

reliable

waterpower

varied

with

theseasons

and

disappeared

in

a

drought,

the

new

age

ofmachinery,

in

short,

could

not

have

been

born

without

anew

source

of

both

movable

and

constant

power.Paragraph

2:

The

source

had

long

been

known

but

not

exploited.Early

in

the

century,

a

pump

had

come

into

use

in

which

expandingsteam

raised

a

piston

in

a

cylinder,

and

atmospheric

pressurebrought

it

down

again

when

the

steam

condensed

inside

thecylinder

to

form

a

vacuum．This

“atmospheric

engine,”

inventedby

Thomas

Savery

and

vastly

improved

by

his

partner．ThomasNewcomen,

embodied

revolutionary

principles,

but

it

was

so

slowand

wasteful

of

fuel

that

it

could

not

be

employed

outside

the

coalmines

for

which

it

had

been

designed.

In

the

1760s,

James

Wattperfected

a

separate

condenser

for

the

steam,

so

that

the

cylinderdid

not

have

to

be

cooled

at

every

stroke;

then

he

devised

a

way

tomake

the

piston

turn

a

wheel

and

thus

convert

reciprocating

(backand

forth)

motion

into

rotary

motion.Which

of

the

following

best

describes

therelation

of

paragraph

2

to

paragraph

1?Paragraph

2

shows

how

the

problem

discussedin

paragraph

1

arose.Paragraph

2

explains

how

the

problempresented

in

paragraph

1

came

to

be

solved．Paragraph

2

provides

a

more

technicaldiscussion

of

the

problem

introduced

inparagraph

1.Paragraph

2

shows

why

the

problem

discussedin

paragraph

1

was

especially

important

to

solve.推理题目TPO3：3-7Even

the

kind

of

stability

defined

as

simple

lack

ofchange

is

not

always

associated

with

maximum

diversity.At

least

in

temperate

zones,

maximum

diversity

is

oftenfound

in

mid-successional

stages,

not

in

the

climaxcommunity.

Once

a

redwood

forest

matures,

forexample,

the

kinds

of

species

and

the

number

ofindividuals

growing

on

the

forest

floor

are

reduced.

Ingeneral,

diversity,

by

itself,

does

not

ensure

stabilitMathematical

models

of

ecosystems

likewise

suggest

that

diversity

does

not

guarantee

ecosystem

stability—just

the

opposite,

in

fact.

A

more

complicated

system

isin

general,

more

likely

than

a

simple

system

to

breakdown.Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferredfrom

paragraph

5

about

redwood

forests?They

become

less

stable

as

they

mature.They

support

many

species

when

theyreach

climax.They

are

found

in

temperate

zones.They

have

reduced

diversity

during

mid-successional

stages.TPO4：1-2Nearly

any

kind

of

plant

of

the

forest

understory

can

bepart

of

a

deer"s

diet.

Where

the

forest

inhibits

the

growof

grass

and

other

meadow

plants,

the

black-tailed

deerbrowses

on

huckleberry,

salad,

dogwood,

and

almostany

other

shrub

or

herb.

But

this

is

fair-weather

feedinWhat

keeps

the

black-tailed

deer

alive

in

the

harsherseasons

of

plant

decay

and

dormancy?

Onecompensation

for

not

hibernating

is

the

built-in

urge

tomigrate.

Deer

may

move

from

high-elevation

browseareas

in

summer

down

to

the

lowland

areas

in

late

fall.Even

with

snow

on

the

ground,

the

high

bushyunderstory

is

exposed;

also

snow

and

wind

bring

downleafy

branches

of

cedar,

hemlock,

red

alder,

and

otherarboreal

fodder.It

can

be

inferred

from

the

discussion

iparagraph

2

that

winter

conditionsCause

some

deer

to

hibernateMake

food

unavailable

in

the

highlandsfor

deerMake

it

easier

for

deer

to

locateunderstory

plantsPrevent

deer

from

migrating

during

thewinter让步逻辑陷阱：According

to

paragraph

4,

the

fact

that

pastoralistcommunities

are

subject

to

“strict

rules

of

portabilit

encourages

such

communities

torelocate

less

frequently

than

they

would

otherwisehave

households

that

are

more

or

less

equal

in

wealthbecome

self-sufficient

in

the

manufacture

of

silk

andjewelryshare

large

material

surpluses

with

neighboringcommunitiesNomadism

also

subjects

pastoralist

communities

tostrict

rules

of

portability.

If

you

are

constantly

on

thmove,

you

cannot

afford

to

accumulate

large

materialsurpluses.

Such

rules

limit

variations

in

accumulatedmaterial

goods

between

pastoralist

households

(thoughthey

may

also

encourage

a

taste

for

portable

goods

ofhigh

value

such

as

silks

or

jewelry).

So,

by

and

large,nomadism

implies

a

high

degree

of

self-sufficiency

andinhibits

the

appearance

of

an

extensive

division

of

laboInequalities

of

wealth

and

rank

certainly

exist,

and

havprobably

existed

in

most

pastoralist

societies,

but

excin

periods

of

military

conquest,

they

are

normally

tooslight

to

generate

the

stable,

hereditary

hierarchies

tare

usually

implied

by

the

use

of

the

term

class.TPO7：1-4In

the

days

following,

samples

of

solid

gypsum

wererepeatedly

brought

on

deck

as

drilling

operationspenetrated

the

seafloor.

Furthermore,

the

gypsum

wasfound

to

possess

peculiarities

of

composition

andstructure

that

suggested

it

had

formed

on

desert

flats.Sediment

above

and

below

the

gypsum

layer

containedtiny

marine

fossils,

indicating

open-oc