外刊精读 公开课教学设计

Dec.3rdSavingthefirevictimswhocannotflee:Australia’skoalasThevictimswerecarriedinonebyone,theirpawsburnedandfursinged,sufferingfromdehydrationandfear.Theircaretakersbandagedtheirwounds,swaddledthemandlaidtheminbasketswiththeonlythingthatwasfamiliar--theleavesofaeucalyptustree.Ascatastrophicfireshaveburnedmorethan2millionacresinAustralia,dozensofkoalashavebeenrescuedfromsmolderingtreesandashenground.“Theyareterrified,”saidCheyneFlanagan,clinicaldirectoroftheKoalasHospitalinPortMacquarie,theonlyfacilityofitskindintheworld.Koalas,unlikekangaroos,birdsorsnakes,donotfleefromfiresbutinsteadscaletreestothecanopy,wheretheycancurlthemselvesintoaballforprotectionandwaitforthedangertopass.Butduringhigh-intensityfires,suchasthosethathaveburnedinrecentweeks,theanimals,conservationistssaid,arefarlesslikelytosurvive.Evenifthefireitselfdoesnotreachthetreecanopy,theanimalsmayoverheatandfalltotheground,wheretheycanbeburnedtodeath.Theplightofthekoala--anationalsymbolofAustralia--hasraisedquestionsamongconservationistsandscientistsaboutwhatitwilltaketopreservebiodiversityinacountryincreasinglypronetointensefire,extremeheatandwaterscarcity.Whilekoalashaveevolvedtoexistalongsidewildfires,theanimalsarefacingnewthreatsnotjustfromclimatechangebutalsofromhumandevelopment,ehichhasdislocatedlocalpopulations,impairingtheirabilitytosurvivefires.“Wehavetheseuniqueanimalsnotfoundanywhereelseonthisplanet,andwe’rekillingthem,”Flanagansaid.“Thisisabigwake-upcall.”Dec.5thGiant3Dprintersformakingboats,bridges,buildingsandrocketsBoatbuildingisalong-windedandtediousbusiness,evenwhenwhatisgoingdowntheslipwayisasmallcraftmadefrommodernmaterialssuchasfibreglass,ratherthansomethingnailedtogetheroutofplanksofwood.Constructamold.Builduplayersofresinandglassfibreinsidethatmold.Extractthatcompletedstructureandfinishit.Alltold,itcantakemonths.That,though,maysoonchange.ForresearchersattheUniversityofMainearenowintheprocessoftestingan8-metre(25-foot)patrolboatthattookjust72hourstomakefromscratch.Theirtrickwastobuildthevesselusingagiant3Dprinter.Broadlyspeaking,thebiggestobjectthatcanbeturnedoutbya3Dprinterisdeterminedbythesizeoftheprinteritself--andmostprintersarenotmuchlargerthanalargerdomesticrefrigerator.TheUniversityofMaine’sprinterovercomestheproblemofscalebysuspendingtheprinter’sbusinessend--thenozzlethatextrudestheink--fromagantry.Theinkismoltenthermoplasticresincontainingcarbonfibres.Underthecontrolofacomputerthenozzlemoveshorizontallytobuild(asistrueofany3D-printingprocess)thedesiredobjectuplayerbylayer.Aftereachlayeriscomplete,thenozzleisraisedslightlytodepositanotherontopofituntiltheobjectisfinished.Dec.4thThere’sascientificreasonyoucravejunkfoodwhenyoudon’tgetenoughsleepIt’s3a.m.Yougetupandstumbletothekitchenforsomewarmmilkmomswearswillputyoutosleep.Sowhyareyoueatingabowloficecreamwithasideofcookies?Youmayhaveheardabouttwohormonesthatcontroloururgetoeat:leptinandghrelin.“The“l”inleptinstandsforlose:Itsuppressesappetiteandthereforecontributestoweightloss,”saidsleepspecialistDr.RajDasgupta.“The“g”inghrelinstandsforgain:Thisfast-actinghormoneincreaseshungerandleadstoweightgain.”Whenyou’resleepdeprived,researchshows,ghrelinlevelsspikewhileleptintakesanosedive.Theresultisanincreaseinhunger.Butfoodisfood,sothatdoesn’texplainwhywecravecandyinsteadofcarrots.Toanswerthat,youhavetolookatanothersystemofthebody:Theendocannabinoidsystem.Inastudypublishedin2016,behavioralneuroscientistErinHanloncomparedthecirculatinglevelsof2-AG,oneofthemostabundantendocannabinoids,inpeoplewhogotfournightsofnormalsleep(morethaneighthours)topeoplewhoonlygot4.5hours.Peoplewhoweresleep-deprivedreportedgreaterincreasesinhungerandappetiteandhadhigherafternoonconcentrationsof2-AGthanthosewhosleptwell.Theyalsohadaroughtimecontrollingtheirurgesforhigh-carb,high-caloriesnacks.Allofthisresearchissonewthatsciencedoesn’tyetknowhowitallfitstogetherorwhatcanbedoneaboutit.There’snotgonnabeapillanytimesoonforthesleep-deprivedjunk-foodjunkiesthatweare.Instead,you’llhavetodowhatthedoctorsaystoreduceyourillicitcravinginthemiddleofthenight:Getmoresleep.Dec.6thNeitherhotnorcool,“FrozenII”servesuplukewarmleftoversfromthe2013hitOnceuponatime,DisneysentitssubparsequelstothekingdomofStraight-to-Video--amagicallandfilledwithsuchtitlesas“TheReturnofJafar,”“CinderellaII:DreamsComeTrue”and“TheLittleMermaidII:ReturntotheSea.”Itwasahappiertime,onethatisnowapparentlyover,as“FrozenII”hitstheaters.“FrozenII”startsoffonshakyround,largelybecauseitbacktracksonmuchofthecharacterdevelopmentAnnaandElsawentthroughinthefirstmovie.Attheendof“Frozen”,Elsahadlearnedthatherpowerswereagift,notaburden,andshehadbecomeconfidentandproudinusingthem.Atthebeginningof“FrozenII”,thatconfidenceisgone.Whatevertechnicaladvancementshavebeenmadeincomputeranimationoverthepastsixyearsaren’treadilyapparentin“FrozenII”,whichmostlyhasthesamefrostylookasthefirstfilm.AnimpressiveseabattlebetweenElsaandaglowingicehorse--justgowithit--isasgoodasthevisualsget.Thebiggestdisappointment?Themusic.In“Frozen”,eventhethrowawaysongshadwitReturningcomposersRobertLopezandKristenAndersonLopeztrytogiveElsatwoshowstoppingnumbers:“IntotheUnknown”and“ShowYourself.”Butneithersongreachesanyemotionalheights.(Nevermindthattherereallyisn’tashowtostop.)Yes,“FrozenII”isaletdownwhencomparedwiththeoriginal.It’shardtoseehowthesameteamwhomadesomethingsocoolin2013coulddeliversomethingso--there’snootherwordforit--lukewarm.Dec.7thFranceannouncesnewmeasurestotackledomesticviolenceTheFrenchgovernmentunveilednewmeasurestocombatdomesticviolenceMonday,amidgrowingawarenessofthesometimesdeadlytollithastakenonwomeninFrance.TensofthousandsofpeoplemarchedinParisandothercitiesSaturdaytoprotestagainstgender-basedviolenceinFrance.Accordingtogovernmentfigures,awomaniskilledinFrancebyapartnerorformerpartnereverythreedays,oneofthehighestratesinWesternEurope.EveryyearinFrance,anestimated219,000womenaged18-75arethetargetsofphysicalorsexualviolencebycurrentorformerpartners,butonly20%fileofficialcomplaints.PrimeMinisterEdouardPhilippesaidMonday--theInternationalDayfortheEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen--thatfortoolongtherehadbeena“collectivesilence”onthefailuretoaddresstheproblem.“Thissilencekills,andcontinuestodoso,”PhilippesaidatanewsconferenceinParistooutlinethenewmeasures.Hesaidthegovernmentwouldincreaseeffortsinschoolstoraiseawarenessofgender-basedviolence,openaround-the-clockdomesticviolencehotline,hiremorespecializedsocialworkersinpolicestations,andincreasetreatmentofviolentpartnerstoavoidrepeatoffenses.Advocacygroupshavewelcomedthesurgeinawarenessofdomesticviolence,butMondaythemsaidsomeofthegovernment’smeasuresdidnotgofatenough.NounsToutes,orAllofUs,oneofthegroupsthatorganizedthedemonstrationsSaturday,saidthatsomeofthemeasuresannouncedbyPhilippealreadyexistedbutlackedfundingorwereinsufficientlyapplied.“Thedisappointmentisashighasthehugeexpectationsthatroseupthesepastmonths,”thegroupsaidinastatement.“Wefundingthatshowedfachangeinscale.”Dec.8thDeathsofK-popstarsputfocusonmentalhealthtaboosinSouthKoreaSulli,25,tookherownlifeinOctoberafteryearsofonlineabuse.HerclosefriendGoo,28,hadjustcompletedasolotourofJapanwhenherbodywasfoundatherhomeinSeoullastweekend.Inthespaceofsicweeks,twoK-popstarswhosetalentshadbroughtthemfameacrossAsiadied.Theirdeaths,alongwitharecentsexualabusescandal,haveputtheindustryunderunprecedentedscrutinyoveritstreatmentofwomen.Theyalsoposeuncomfortablequestionsaboutthetoxicmixofmisogynyandtaboosovermentalillnessthatexpertssayisruininglivesbeyondthehighlypressuredconfinedofthemusicindustry.Therearesignsthatattitudesarechanging.Goo’sdeathsparkedapetitiontothewebsiteoftheSouthKoreanpresidents,MoonJae-in,callingforstrongerpunishmentsforabusiveonlinecomments.TheNationalAssemblywillsoonbegindebatingabillnicknamedSulli’slawtocombatonlineabuse.ButthatistreatingonlypartoftheSouthKoreanmentalhealthmalaisethathasbeenbroughtintosharpfocusbySulliandGoo’sdeaths.ItisnocoincidencethatadecadeinwhichseveralcelebritieshavetakentheirownlivescoincidedwithariseinmentalillnessandsuicidesthroughoutSouthKoreansociety.K-popstars,likemillionsofotherSouthKoreans,arediscouragedfromseekinghelpfordepression,whichisstillviewedasafailureofmoralcharacter.“TheblamelieswithSouthKoreansocietyingeneral,”saidRyuSang-ho,aneurologistatHaedonghospitalinBusan.“Manypeoplewithmentalhealthissuesarereluctanttotakemedicationforfearofbeingseenasweak-minded.Mentalhealthproblemsshouldbetreatedinthesamewayasacommoncold.SouthKoreansocietyneedstocatchup.”Dec.9thQueenpraisesheroeswhousedanarwhaltuskandfireextinguishertostopLondonBridgeattackerThequeenonSaturdayledtributestoindividualactsofbraveryonLondonBridge,whichincludedaPolishimmigranthelpingsubduetheBritish-bornterroristwithafive-footnarwhaltuskgrabbedfromawall.AsmoredetailsemergedaboutFriday’sdeadlyknifings--carriedout,policesaid,by28-year-oldUsmanKhan,previouslyconvictedandjailedforaterrorismplot--newprofilesincourageappearedintheBritishpress.Theywerebolsteredbyamateurvideoclips,witnessstatementsandpaeansbytheLondonmayorandtheBritishprimeminister.Britishmediareportsalsosaidthatoneofthepeoplewhointervenedintheattackisaconvictedmurderer.Theinterventionofseveralmembersofthepublicappearstohavestoppedtheattackfrombeingfarworse,witnessessaid,asKhanwasseenrunningontoLondonBridgewithalargeknifeinhishhands.Hewasthenconfrontedbyatleastthreeman.Onejabbedwiththedecorativenarwhaltusk.Anotherletlooseasprayfromafireextinguisher.Athirdusedhisfistsandfeet.Theattackerwaslatershotandkilledbypolice.QueenElizabethII,inastatement,praisedtheirbravery.“Iexpressmyenduringthankstothepoliceandemergencyservices,aswellasthebraveindividualswhoputtheirownlivesatrisktoselflesslyhelpandprotectothers,”shesaid.Dec.10thWhatmightadoctorlistentoduringsurgery?In“HARRY&PAUL”,aBritishsketch-comedyshow,twosurgeons,CharlesandSheridan,aretryingtodecidewhattolistentowhiletheyoperate.Suchasceneisnotthatunusualinanoperatingtheater.Surgeryrequiresattentiontodetail,teamcollaboration,physicalstaminaandfinemotorskills--andasoundtrackcanhelpwiththeendeavour.Theuseofmusicinsurgerywasfirstintroducedin1914,withaviewtosmoothingpatientsinaerabeforeanesthesia.Musicmaskedthebackgroundnoiseanddistractedpatientsfromtheexperienceofbeingcutopenandsewnbacktogether.Thoughmanypatientsarenowputundergeneralanesthesiaforintrusiveprocedures,themusiclingerson,usuallyforthebenefitofdoctors.Whatmightyoursurgeonbelisteningtowhileyou’reonthetable?Thesurgeonsconsultedforthisarticlesaidthenatureoftheoperationisabigfactorindeterminingtheirplaylists.Musicismostcrucialwhenpatientshavenotbeenputtosleep.“Morerelaxingmusicforalocal-anaestheticvasectomywithanawakepatientisusefultoallowhimtotoleratetheprocedure,”saysRajeshNair,aconsultanturologicalsurgeonatLondonBridgeHospital.Thoughitisnotpainful,thesensationandexperienceoftheoperationcanbequitealarming.Inthesecases,musicisintendedtobeabalm.Heavymentalwouldn’tcutit(unlessthepatientspecificallyrequestedit).Ifpatientsareasleep,however,itisuptothesurgeons.Individualpreferencesobviouslycomeintoit--whattheheadsurgeonortheteamseeasrelaxingoruplifting.Manyhavego-totunes.ForAlastairFry,aconsultantoralandmaxillofacialsurgeonatLBH,it’sGrooveArmada’s“Chicago”,whichhesays“alwayshelpsgetusinthezone”.Dec.11thSeoulchefEoYun-gwonsuesMichelinGuideforincludinghisrestaurantSomechefsdreamtheirwholelivesofwinningaMichelinstar.ButnotEoYun-gwon.TheSouthKoreanchefisreportedlysuingMichelinforincludinghisrestaurantRistoranteEointheir2019guidetoSeoul,sayingthatheaskedthemnotto.“IhavefiledapublicinsultcriminalcomplaintagainstMichelinGuide’sbehaviorofforciblylisting(restaurants)againsttheirwillandwithoutaclearcriteria,”hewroteonhisFacebookpage.Inparticular,EotakesissuewiththewaythatMichelin,whichislegendarilytight-lippedaboutitsprocess,judgesrestaurants.AccordingtoEo’sFacebookpage,heemailedMichelinaskingthemtoremovehisrestaurantfromtheguideinallcategoriesanddemandedthattheyexplaintheratingcriteria.Hesayshewroteintheemail:”Numerousrestaurantsandtheworkersarewastingawaytheirsoul(money,time,andeffort)topursuethemiragethatisMichelinstar.”MichelinreleaseditsfirstSeoulrestaurantguidein2016.TheirdescriptionofRistoranteEospecificallycitedthechef,statingthat“eachdishclearlydemonstrateshisinsightintotheintegrityandsimplicityofItaliancooking.”AlthoughEo’ssuithasalreadymadenewsinthefoodworld,SouthKoreancriminalattorneyShinHa-nasaysthatthechargesareunlikelytostick.“Thereneedstobeaninsultingstatementthatwouldcutdownone’ssocialstanding.”ShinexplainstoCNN.“Usually,thereneedstobecursewords.Sincetheguidedidn’tprintprofanity,Idon’tthinkthechargeswillstand.”Dec.12thWhatwecanlearnfromtheworld’sfirstcomputerbugTheworld’sfirstcomputerprogramwaswrittenbyAdaLovelace,anEnglishmathematician,in1843.ShewasfriendswithCharlesBabbage,whohadbeenseizedbytheideaofbuildingamechanicalcomputertoautomatetheprocessofcreatingthemathematicaltablesusedinnavigation.Babbagehopedhismachinecouldautomateawayhumanshortcomings.Topublicisehisdesignandhelphimraisethemoneytobuildit,Lovelacepublishedanacademicpaperexplainingitsworkings,inwhichsheincludedthefirstprogram.Shethusbecamethefirstprogrammerinhistory.Butsomethingunusualhappenedwhencomputerscientistsrecentlytranslatedherprogramtotunitonamoderncomputer:itturnedouttocontainabug.Itseemsmostlikelythatthebugwastypesetforprinting.Butit’sareminderthatsoftwareisahumancreationthatreflectstheerror-pronenatureofitscreators.Thatisworthrememberingtodaybecause,intheeraofartificialintelligenceandalgorithmicdecision-making,theideaofusingmachinestoautomateprocessesandovercomehumanfailingshasresurfaced.Softwarecompaniesclaimthatusingalgorithmstodocertainjobs,suchasfilteringjobcandidates,isfairerthanhavinghumansdoit,becausemachinescan’tbebiasedorprejudicedinthewaythathumanscan.Butsuchsystemsareoftenbasedonhistoricaldatasets,whichareintrinsicallybiased.Trainyourhiringalgorithmtofavourthekindsofemployeeswhohavedonewellinthepastanditwillfavoutwhitemen.ThelessonfromAdaLovelace’sfirstprogramisthatautomatingawayhumanshortcomingismuchharderthanitlooks,whetherin1843or2019.Dec.13thSaxonroyaljewelsarestolenfromaGermanmuseumThievesbrokeintoamuseumintheeasternGermancityofDresdenearlyMondayandmadeoffwiththreecollectionsofjewelryfromtheroyalhouseofSaxony,madeofgoldandpreciousstones,thatauthoritiessaidwereofimmeasurablehistoricalandculturalvalue.Thebreak-intookplaceintheJewelRoom,oneof10roomsintheRoyalPalaceknownastheGreenVault.Theroomsholdacollectionof3,000individualobjects,gatheredbyAugusttheStrong,an18thcenturyruleroftheGermanstateofSaxony,aswellasofPolandandLithuania.TheobjectsintheGreenVaultareoneoftheworld’smostintactcollectionsofBaroquejewels.Policesaidtheyreceivedacallat4:59a.m.fromsecurityguardsatthemuseumwhowitnessedtherobberyonalivevideofeedfromtheroomintheGreenVaultthathousedthedisplaycase.Ataboutthesametimeasthefirstcalltopolice,firefighterswerecalledtoanelectricalfireonthenearbyAugustBridge,saidClaudiaKubaofDrewag,theelectricitysupplierforDresden.Theensuingpowershutdowncausedthestreetlightsaroundthemuseumtogoout,policesaid,addingthatofficerswereinvestigatingwhetherthefireandpowerinterruptionwerelinkedtothebreak-in.Thestolenjewelryisfarmorevaluableasacollectionthanasindividualpieces,MarionAckermann,generaldirectoroftheStaatlicheKunstsammlungen,said,andsheappealedtothethievesnottobreakthemapartormeltthemdown.DirkSyndram,directoroftheGreenVault,saidthemuseumplannedtoputoutdetailedinformationinthecourseofthedayabouttheexactpiecesthatweretaken,inhopesofhelpingtorelocatethem.Dec.14thThe

ingredients

of

China’s

food

vloggers’

successAmodern

view

of

ancient

ChinaAnother

vlogger

Li

Ziqi,

29,

has

also

tapped

into

the

appeal

of

rural

settings.

She

has

more

than

18

million

followers

on

Sina

Weibo,

and

more

than

six

million

subscribers

on

YouTube.

These

numbers

make

Li

the

second

most

influential

vlogger

from

China

on

international

video-sharing

platforms.

She

started

shooting

short

videos

in

2016,

inspired

by

the

self-sufficient

lifestyle

of

ancient

Chinese

people.

A

young

woman

of

the

post-1990

generation,

Li

looks

elegant

with

long

braids

in

her

hair,

always

clad

in

exquisite

traditional

dresses.

In

her

short

videos,

she

has

picked

ripe

cherries

to

make

jam

and

harvested

peaches

to

make

sweet

wine.Most

viewers

found

that

the

lifestyle

depicted

and

the

picturesque

landscapes

displayed

in

Li’s

videos

help

them

find

inner

peace

and

give

them

a

psychological

break

from

their

stressful

and

busy

urban

routine.One

subscriber,

Liam

Lowentha,

comments:

“I

have

insurmountable

respect

and

admiration

for

this

woman.

Not

just

from

what

I

see

in

the

videos,

but

the

fact

she’s

bringing

back

to

life

an

archaic

way

of

doing

things.

Because

of

her

I’ve

learned

a

lot

about

culture,

process

and

reaction.

I’ve

also

gained

several

new

skills.”Apart

from

showcasing

how

to

cook,

Li

has

even

demonstrated

other

ancient

skills,

such

as

embroidery,

movable-type

printing,

dyeing

cloth

and

making

furniture.

She

has

impressed

her

viewers

with

her

manual

dexterity

and

the

charm

of

China’s

traditional

handicrafts

and

techniques.

She

has

spent

two

years

making

paper

from

tree

bark,

brushes

out

of

rabbit

hair,

and

other

stationery

with

natural

materials.Li

says:

“As

an

increasingly

influential

vlogger,

I

hope

I

can

show

the

world

the

wondrous

cultural

heritage

of

China.”Dec.15thSlowly,

HIV

is

being

beatenOn

the

principle

that

no

news

is

good

news,

the

fact

that

AIDS

has

dropped

out

of

the

headlines

is

surely

a

good

thing.

Nevertheless,

it

does

no

harm

for

the

world

to

be

reminded

from

time

to

time

that

the

illness

has

not

gone

away.

To

that

end,

UNAIDS

and

the

World

Health

Organisation

promote

December

1st

as

World

AIDS

Day.This

year

is

the

last

before

the

target

date

for

the

success

of

the

latest

of

the

agencies'

campaigns

to

roll

out

the

antiretroviral

drugs.

This

particular

campaign

is

called

90-90-90.

Its

aims

are

that,

by

2020,

90%

of

all

those

around

the

world

who

are

infected

will

know

they

are

infected;

90%

of

that

group

will

be

receiving

sustained

antiretroviral

therapy;

and

90%

of

those

receiving

therapy

will

have

had

the

virus

effectively

suppressed.As

the

chart

shows,

doing

this

by

2020

is

unlikely.

Whether

that

is

seen

as

a

failure,

though,

depends

on

your

point

of

view.

Had

the

target

been

reached

easily

it

would

surely

have

been

criticised

as

unambitious.Regardless

of

when

90-90-90

is

achieved

the

next

aim,

95-95-95,

is

already

pencilled

in

for

2030.

The

exact

meaning

of

that

phrase

is

unclear.

But

in

principle

eliminating

HIV

is

possible

with

existing

technology.

The

slogans

for

this

are

"zero

new

HIV

infections",

"zero

AIDS-related

deaths"

and

"zero

discrimination".However,

there

is

no

vaccine

against

HIV.

If

this

state

of

affairs

continues,

eliminating

the

virus

will

mean

giving

drugs

to

all

those

infected

until

they

have

died

of

other

causes.

It

will

also

mean

someone

paying

for

those

drugs.

Exterminating

HIV,

then,

will

be

a

huge

undertaking

and

an

expensive

one.

But

not,

with

luck,

an

impossible

one.Dec.16thWho

will

control

Alphabet

once

Sergey

Brin

and

Larry

Page

are

gone?Messrs

Brin

and

Page

are

retiring

from

a

giant

that

dominates

the

search

business.

Alphabet,

as

their

firm

is

now

known,

is

the

world’s

fourth-most-valuable

listed

company.

In

spite

of

its

conspicuous

success,

they

leave

it

facing

uncomfortable

questions

—

about

its

strategy

and

who

is

really

in

control.Silicon

Valley

has

always

featured

entrepreneurs

making

giant

leaps.

Even

by

those

standards

Google

jumped

far,

fast.

From

the

start

its

search

engine

enjoyed

a

virtuous

circle

—

the

more

people

use

it

and

the

more

data

it

collects,

the

more

useful

it

becomes.

The

business

model,

in

which

advertisers

pay

to

get

the

attention

of

users

around

the

world,

has

printed

money.

It

took

Google

just

eight

years

to

reach

$10bn

in

annual

sales.

By

comparison,

Uber

has

incinerated

$15bn

and

still

loses

money.

There

are

uncertainties,

however.

Take

strategy

first.

Other

tech

giants

have

diversified

away

from

their

core

business.

In

China

Tencent

has

shifted

from

video

games

to

a

huge

array

of

services.

Alphabet

has

not

stood

still:

it

bought

YouTube

in

2006

and

shifted

to

mobile

by

launching

Android,

an

operating

system,

in

2007.

But

it

still

makes

85%

of

its

sales

from

search-advertising.Another

question

is

who

will

be

in

control.

Of

today’s

digital

giants,

two

have

so

far

faced

succession

—

Microsoft

and

Apple.

They

have

prospered

partly

because

their

founders

or

their

families

did

not

retain

voting

control

after

they

left

the

scene.

Alphabet’s

founders

should

forfeit

their

special

voting

rights.

Their

firm

faces

deep

questions

—

best

to

give

someone

else

the

freedom

to

answer

them.Dec.17thTomakemoney,studymathsoreconomicsatatopuniversityForAmericanuniversitystudentsaimingtomaximisetheirearningspotential,therearetwostrategiesworthconsidering.Thefirstistogainadmissiontoahighlyselectiveschool,therebysignallingone’svaluetopotentialemployers.Thesecondistopursuealucrativefieldofstudeysuchascomputerscienceoreconomics,ratherthanEnglishofhistory.Studentswhocanachievebothfeatstendtowarnthemost;thosewhoachieveneither,theleast.Butwhichfactormattersmore?NewdatafromAmerica’sDepartmentofEducation,releasedonNovember20th,helpshelightonthisquestion.Theagency’slatest“collegescorecard”,whichcompilesdataonearningsbyinstitutionandfieldofstudy,yieldstwonotablefindings.First,itisonlygraduatesfromeliteuniversities--thosethatadmitlessthanoneinfourapplicants--whoenjoyhighearningsongyearaftergradation.Thosefrommerelygoodschoolsdonottypicallyearnmuchmorethanthosefromless-selectiveinstitutions.Second,graduatesoftop-rankeduniversitywhoopttostudymathematicsandcomputersciencesignificantlyout-earntheirpeerswhomajorinlifesciencesorliberalarts.Thesedatahavetheirlimitations.Thecollegescorecardincludesonlydataongraduateswhoappliedforfederalloans.Thismeansthatpupilsfromricherfamiliesareleftout.Itisalsoworthnotingthatgraduatesarerarelymotivatedbymoneyalone,especiallyiftheycomefromwealthyhouseholds.数学英式拼写要加sAtatopuniversity英式：maximise;美式：maximize优质高等学校ahighlyselectedschoolTherebySignalv.表达，表示；显示n.信号；标志Eg.Hairlosscanbeawarmingsignal.Thescandalsignalstheendofhispoliticalcareer.lucrativeadj.赚钱的，盈利的producingalargeamountofmoneyEg.AlucrativebusinessDepartmentofEducationShedlightonsth.为…提供解释；使…较容易理解toletlightfallsomewhere=throw/castlightonCollegescorecard美国高校记分卡使当时的奥巴马政府历时三年推出的一个选校工具，目前收录了美国近7000所高校的数据。用户可以利用“高校记分卡”快速查询到某所大学的具体费用、毕业率、毕业生薪酬，以及毕业生多久能还清贷款等统计数据。指标简明，查询方便，比较和筛选功能强大。但有人认为它并未将一些特殊情况纳入考虑范围内，故并不公平、全面，而且纯粹从金钱角度来衡量毕业生准备的是否够好，会衍生出很多其他问题。Yieldv.得出；产生；出产Treesthatyieldfruit会长水果的树Toyieldmillionsintaxes带来数百万的税收Toyieldtwonotablefindings得出两个值得注意的结论Compilev.湖边；编纂；编辑collectinformationfromdifferentplacesandarrangeitinabook,reportorlistEg.Tocompileadictionary辨析college,university,institution,instituteCollege的使用范围最小，指那些只授予本科学位的大学。除此之外，college还可以表示大学里的各个学院，或者职业技术学院、专科学校等。University指的是综合性大学，有本科也有硕士和博士。不过现在university和college常被混用，比如美国的ImperialCollegesLondon（帝国理工学院），TheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience(伦敦政治经济学院)，UniversityCollegeLondon(伦敦大学学院)。Institution是“机构”的意思，可以指所有行业领域的机构，大学就是一种教育机构。Institute也可以表示“大学”，比如MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(麻省理工学院)。但institute不专门指学校，更侧重研究所、研究院这类机构。Top-ranked近义词elite，selectiveOpttodosth。Liberalarts人文学科Federalloans联邦贷款Dec.18thWhat

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