高考英语阅读理解讲义

阅读理解考试大纲解读能读懂书、报、杂志中难度中等的一般性话题的简短文段以及信函、技术说明书、合同等简短的实用文字材料。对所读材料能够（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度；（7）快速查找相关信息。考试题型解读一、细节理解题（1）常见提问方式：Accordingtothepassage,where/when/why/how/who/what/which...？Wecanseethatchildrenunder17intheUK...ThestudyatZhejiangUniversityfoundthat...Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?Accordingtoparagraphone,whichstatementisnottrue?分类：直接细节题：①5w+1h、是非题②原因结果类Theauthorarguesthat...because_______.Why...?标志词：because(of),why,because,thanksto,contributeto,leadto,cause,resultin,accountfor,sothat,so...③数字计算提问：when,inwhichyear,howmuch/many间接细节题：同义替换：近义词复现正话反说同源词替换简化复杂表达词汇猜测题提问方式：Theword“...”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto“”Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“...”inParagraph1mean?Thesentence“...”（Para.3）canbereplacedby“”Theunderlinedword“...”mostprobablymeans______.Theunderlinedword“it”inthepassagerefersto______.分类：定义法标志词：mean,referto,beconsideredas/tobe,represent近义复述法方法：根据上下文复述中获取某一单词、短语或句子相关信息对比转折法标志词：whether...or...,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,though,insteadof,ratherthan,onthecontrary,otherwise举例法：标志词：forexample,forinstance,like,suchas,thatistosay,namely,e.g.并列猜词：标志词：and，or，aswellas,togetherwith指代对应：常见：it,that,he,itself,these,those,they,them推理判断题提问方式：Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat______.Whatdoestheimagethattheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?Thestatementsuggeststhat______.Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat...Wecanlearn/knowfromthepassagethat...Whatmightbediscussedfollowingthepassage?方式：忠于原文，只推一步干扰项特征：①原文重述②出现绝对词：only,never,all,absolutely相对保守词：often,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably③常识判断正确观点态度题提问方式：Whatisthetone/moodofthepassage?Theauthor’sattitudetowards...mightbesummarizedas/seemstobe______.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthortowards...?Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?分类：主观或客观、肯定或否定、积极或消极常见词汇：赞成：supportive赞成的favorable喜欢的positive积极的optimistic乐观的hopeful有希望的appreciative欣赏的confident自信的sympathetic同情的respective尊重的cooperative合作的中性：（必错词汇）ambiguous模棱两可的uncertain不确定的cautious小心的indifferent莫不关心的，冷漠的uncaring不在乎的objective客观的neutral中立的反对：doubtful怀疑的disapproving不赞同的skeptical怀疑的critical批判的negative消极的（必错词汇）puzzled困惑的subjective主观的biased有偏见的主旨大意题提问方式：Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassageis.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？Thebesttitleofthepassagewouldbe.如何寻找主题句常考三种结构：总——分：主题句在段首分——总：主题句在段尾分——总——分：主题句在中间高频词：围绕某个主题展开的反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词反复强调的是重点，重点是考点技巧：段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词语。段落发展题（1）提问方式：Thesecondparagraph/Paragraph2isdevelopedby...Thesecondparagraph/Paragraph2isdeveloped...（2）解题方法：观察定位段是否出现了提示词。举例。常见提示语有forexample,forinstance等提供数据或研究结果。常见提示语有accordingto...,statistics,research,study等按照时间顺序。除了明确地表示时间的单词和短语外，常见提示语还有later,then,afterwards,atthattime等按照空间顺序。常见提示语有inthedistance,fromthetop,ontheleft/right等按照逻辑顺序。常见提示语有because,therefore,asaresult,besides,inaddition,inaword,inshort等对比。常见提示语有like,unlike,but,however,inparison,bycontrast,...while...等阅读理解课后练习练习1：GreeceIfyouareofferedacakeonNewYear’sDayinGreece,youmayneedtoughteeth,becauseyoumaygetthepiecewithacoin.AsJanuary1stisalsoSaintBasil’sDayinGreece,youwillhaveafullluckyyear.WhatmightGreeksfindinSt.Basil’sCakeonNewYear’sDay?A.AgrapeB.AringC.AcoinD.Atooth练习2：SpainPeopleinSpainhaveauniquewaytocelebrateNewYear'sDay.Itisacustomtoeat12grapesatmidnightonNewYear'sEve,intheingyear.Ifyouareabletogetallofthemintoyourmouth,allofyourwisheswilletrue!EatinggrapesonNewYear'sEveisacustomin______.练习3：Inthetraditionalmarriage,themanworkedatajobtoearnmoneyforthefamily.Mostmenworkedinanoffice,afactory,orsomeotherplaceawayfromthehome.Sincethemanearnedthemoney,theypaidthebills.Themoneywasusedforfood,clothes,thehouse,andotherfamilyneeds,themanmademostofthedecisions.Hewastheboss.Inthetraditionalmarriage,thewomanseldomworkedawayfromthehouse.Shestayedathometocareforthechildrenandherhusband.Shecookedmeals,cleanedthehouse,washedtheclothes,anddidotherhousework.Herjobathomewasveryimportant.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinthetraditionalmarriage?A.MenworkedatajobtoearnmoneyforthefamilyB.ThewomanmademostofthedecisionsC.ThewomanstayedathometocareforthechildrenD.Themanpaidthebills练习4：Therearetwoimportantdifferencesinmaleandfemalerolesnow.(Oneisthatbothmenandwomenhavemanymorechoices.Theymaychoosetomarryortostaysingle.Theymaychoosetoworkorstayathome.Bothmenandwomenmaychooserolesthatarefortableforthem.Menandwomenmaynowchooseallthefollowingexceptto_______marryortostaysingleB.workorstayathomeC.leavetheirjobjustbecausetheyhavechildrenD.havetheirrolesthatarefortableforthem练习5：Wideheeledshoesfeelfortable,sowomenwearthemalldaylong,”Kerrigansaid.“Theyarebetterforyourfeetthanstilettoheels(细高跟),butjustashadforyourknees.”...Weknowthatwomenchoosewideheelsbecause_____.A.theywanttowalkfortablyB.wideheeledshoesarecheaperthanstilettoheelsC.wideheelsdolessharmtokneesD.wideheelsarenotpainfulatall练习6：TherobotBuddycanprotectthehomeandcallaperson’sphoneifthereisafire.Manyoftherobotshavecamerassoyouknowthatsomeoneisslidingintoyourhome.Duetoitsconvenienceandsafety,Buddywillbeusedinmanyhousesinthefuture.Whatdoweknowabout“Buddy”?A.Buddygointodifferentfamilies.B.Buddyisequippedwithspecialeyestoprotectitself.C.Buddycansafeguardthehomeandsoundthefirealarm.D.Buddyhasanadvantageoversmartproducts.练习7：Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostmonsymptoms.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTrue?A.Foodwhenpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.B.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.C.Foodpoisoningesinvarieties.D.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.练习8：ScientistshavedevelopedDNAtestingtohelptokeeptrackofanimalsthatarehardtospot,includingendangeredanimals.WhatcouldthenewmethodhelpscientistsaccordingtoParagraph1？

A.Torecordanimaltypes.B.Toidentifyrareanimalspecies.C.Tocountanimalnumbers.D.Totracethehardtospotanimals.练习9：Almosteverysocietynowhasamoneyeconomybasedoncoinsandbillsofonekindoranother.However,thishasnotalwaysbeentrue.Inprimitivesocietiesasystemofbarterwasused.Barterwasasystemofdirectexchangeofgoods.Barterheremeans________.A．exchanginggoodsformoneyB．exchangingasheepforanythinginthemarketC．exchanginggoodsforgoodsD．exchangingmoneyforgoods练习10：Youmaynothaveheardthewords"freshmanfifteen"before,buttheyareveryimportantforstudentswhoareenteringuniversity.Afreshmanisafirstyearcollegestudent."Fifteen"referstofifteenpounds—thefifteenpoundsaddedtoastudent'sweightinhisorherfirstyear.The"freshmanfifteen"is______.A.weightthathighschoolstudentsgainB.weightthatfirstyearuniversitystudentsmaygainC.fifteenpoundsoffoodthatfirstyearstudentseatD.fifteenstudentswhoeatunhealthyfood练习11：Jackisnowaflorist,whokeepsashopforsellingflowersinourdistrict.“Florist”heremeans________.A.apersonsellingflowersB.apersonkeepingtheshopC.apersonbuyingflowersD.apersontalkingaboutflowers练习12：Manypeoplemaythinkachild’sbirthdaypartyishassle;however,itcanbeaveryinterestingevent,accordingtoBethAnacleria,amotheroftwochildren,aged4yearsoldand18monthsoldrespectively.“Havingapartyathimeusuallyrequiresalotofrunningaroundonthepartoftheparentsandoftenthebirthdayboyorgirlgetslostinwildexcitement.Butitreallydoesn’thavetobethatway,”saidAaclerio.Theunderlinedword“hassle”mostlikelymeans“”A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests练习13：Drivingacarorusingelectricityisnotwrong.Wejusthavetobesmartaboutit.Somepeopleuselessenergybycarpooling.Forexample,fourpeoplecanridetogetherinonecarinsteadofdrivingfourcarstowork.Wheneverweuseelectricity,weputgreenhousegasesintotheair.Byturningofflights,thetelevisionandtheputerwhentheyaren’tneeded,youcanhelpalot.Theunderlinedword“carpooling”inparagraph2mostprobablymeans.A.sharingacarB.pullingacarC.sellingacarD.improvingacar练习14：AISscientistsworkacrossanumberofsports,applyingskillslearnedinonesuchasbuildingmusclestrengthingolferstoothers,suchasswimmingandsquash.Theword“squash“isclosestinmeaningto“”A.tostopsomeonefromcontinuingB.topushsomeoneintoaspaceC.topresssomethingsothatitbeessoftD.agamefortwoplayerstoplayinacourtsurroundedbyfourwalls练习15：Sheila,aged59,says,"Ijoinedtoseewhatmygrandchildrenaredoing,asmydaughterpostsvideosandphotosofthem.It'samuchbetterwaytoseewhatthey'redoingthanwaitingforlettersandphotosinthepost.That'showwediditwhenIwasachild,butIthinkI'mluckyIgettoseesomuchmoreoftheirlivesthanmygrandparentsdid."Whatdoestheunderlinedword“That”referto?A.Beingluckytovisitgrandparents.B.Postingvideosandphotos.C.Waitingforlettersandphotosinthepast.D.Hearingfromtheirgrandparents.练习16：ButCatherineWinter,managingdirectoroffinancialcapabilityatTheLondonInstituteofBankingandFinance,warnsthatwhiledigitaltoolscanhelp,thereneedstobeamorestructuredapproachtofinancialeducation.Theareashould'haveregularclassroomtimeandshouldbetaughtasaseparatesubject,”shesays.WhatdoesCatherineWintersuggestregardingfinancialeducation?A.Itshouldbewellorganized.B.Itshouldbedoneincyberspace.C.Itshouldbeprovidedbyparents.D.Itshouldbeaselftaughtsubject.练习17：Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark……Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults…Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark…Thegovernmentspent…Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone....TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.练习18：Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes…It'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour…However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,DrNorbergsays…Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.练习19：Imaginewalkingthroughsomeone'sapartment.Theroomsarealmostempty,andtheonlypieceoffurnitureisasimpletableandfoldedsofa.Therearenodecorativeobjectslyingaround—justtheessentials.Youopentheclosettofindyoucancountthenumberofclothingitemsinsideononehand.Thespaceseemsmorelikeaprisoncellthanahomeandyoumaythinktheresidentcannotaffordtobuymorethingstofilltheapartmentwith.Itturnsoutthattheapartment'sownerisaminimalistwhochoosestolimithisnumberofbelongings.Minimalismgoesagainstconsumersocietybydramaticallyreducingpossessions.Minimalistsfollowthisphilosophytovaryingdegrees,buttheygenerallyclaimthatcuttingbackonexcessstuffleadstoamorefulfillinglife.Theparagraphmainlydiscussesthat.A.minimalistslovedecorativeobjectsB.minimalistscannotaffordthe