幸福课-哈佛公开课-中英文对照-第一课-校对版

第一课Hi,goodmorning.It’swonderfultobebackhere.各位，早上好。很高兴能回到这里。Wonderfultoseeyouhere.高兴见到你们。IamteachingthisclassbecauseIwishaclasslikethishadbeentaughtwhenIwassittinginyourseatasanundergraduatehere.我教授这门课是因为在我读本科阶段时非常希望能学习这样一门课程。Thisdoesnotmeanitisaclassyouwishtobetaughtnordoesitmeanthatitistherightclassforyou.可能这门课并不是你希望的那样也可能并不适合你。ButIhopetodoingthenextcoupleoflecturesisgivingyouanideawhatthisclassisaboutsothatyoucandecidewhetherornotitisforyou.但希望几堂课后，你能有个大概印象让你决定这门课程是否适合你。Icameherein1992andstudiedthecomputerscienceandconcentrator.我1992年来到哈佛求学，一开始主修计算机科学。AndwhenIhadIminiepiphanyhalfwaythroughmysophomoreyear.大二期间，突然顿悟了。IrealizedthatIwasinawonderfulplacewithwonderfulstudentsaroundme,wonderfulteachers.我意识到我身处让人神往大学校园周围都是出色的同学，优秀的导师。Iwasdoingwellacademically.Iwasdoingwellinathletics.Iwasplayingsquashatthattime.Iwasdoingwellsocially.我成绩优异。擅长体育运动。那时壁垒打的不错。社交也游刃有余。EverythingwasgoingwellexceptforthefactthatIwasunhappy.AndIdidn’tunderstandwhy.一切都很顺利除了一点我不快乐。而且我不明白为什么。ItwastheninamatterofmomentsthatIdecidedthatIhadtofindoutwhyandbecomehappier.也就是在那时我决定要找出原因变得快乐。AndthatwaswhenIswitchedmyconcentrationfromcomputersciencetophilosophyandpsychology.于是我将研究方向从计算机科学转向了哲学及心理学。Withasinglequestion:HowcanIbecomehappier.目标只有一个:怎么让自己开心起来。OvertimeIdidbecomehappierwhatcontributedmosttomyhappinesswaswhenIencounteredanewemergingfieldthattimedidn’thavethenamethatithastoday.渐渐的，我的确变得更快乐了主要是因为我接触了一个新的领域，那时并未正式命名。Butessentiallyresearchthatfallsunderorwithinthefieldofpositivepsychology.但本质上属于积极心理学范畴。Positivepsychology,studyingitandapplyingtheideastomylifehasmademesignificantlyhappier.研究积极心理学把其理念应用到生活中让我无比快乐。Itcontinuestomakemehappier.而且这种快乐继续着。AnditwaswhenIrealizedtheimpactthatithadonmethatIdecidedtoshareitwithothers.于是我决定将其与更多的人分享。That’swhenIdecidedthatIwantedtobeateacherandteachinthisfield.选择教授这门学科。Sothisispositivepsychology,psychology1504.这就是积极心理学，1504号心理学课程。Andwe’llbeexploringthisnew,relativelynewandfascinatingfield.我们将一起探索这一全新相对新兴令人倾倒的领域。Andhopefully,wewillbeexploringmorethanthefieldourselves.希望同时还能探索我们自己。WhenIfirsttaughtthisclassthatwasbackin2002.我第一次开设这门课程是在2002年。Itaughtitataseminarandhadeightstudents.Twodroppedoutthatleftmewithsix.Theyearafter,theclassbecameslightlylarger.Ihadoverthreehundredstudents.是以讨论会的形式，只有8名学生。两名退出了只剩我和其他六个人。一年后学生稍微多了点。有300多人参加。AndthenthirdyearwhenItaughtitwhichwasthelasttime.到了第三年，也就是上一次开课。Ihad850studentsintheclass,makingitatthatpointthelargestcourseatHarvard.有850名参加是当时哈佛大学人数最多的课程。Andthat’swhenthemediabecameinterested.Becausetheywantedtounderstandwhy.这引起了媒体的注意。因为他们想知道为什么。Theywantedtounderstandthisphenomenonthathereyouhaveaclassthat’slargerthanIntroductiontoEconomics.Howcouldthatbe？他们对这一奇特现象非常好奇竟然有比经济学导论更热门的课程。怎么可能呢？SoIwasinvitedbythemediaforinterviewswhetheritwasnewspapers,radio,television.于是我被请去参加各类媒体采访，报纸，广播，电视。AndIstartedtonoticeapatternduringthoseinterviews.在这些采访中，我发现了一种有趣的模式。SoIwouldwalkintotheinterview.Wewouldhavetheinterview.我前去参加采访。进行采访。Andafterwards,theproducerortheinterviewerwouldwalkmeout.Andsaysomethingtotheeffectsofwell,thankyouTalfortheinterview.结束后，制片人或主持人会送我出来。说些诸如Tal多谢你抽空参加采访。ButyouknowIexpectedyoutobedifferent.不过你跟我想象的不太一样的话。AndIwouldask,asnonchalantasIcouldofcourse.我漫不经心的问。Ididn’treallycarebuthadtoaskanyway“Howdifferent”.我无所谓，不过总得回应“有何不同？”Andtheywouldsay:Well,youknow,weexpectedyoutobemoreoutgoing”.他们会说“这个嘛，我们会以为你很外向”。Nextinterview,theendoftheinterview,samething:Thankyoufordoingtheinterview”.下一次采访结束时仍是如此“多谢接受采访”。“ButyouknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobedifferent”.不过Tal，你跟我想象得不太一样。Andonceagain,nonchalantofcoursesohowdifferent.又一次，我漫不经心地问有何不同。Andshewouldsay:“Wellyouknow,weexpectedyoutobeless,lessintroversit”.“这个嘛，我们没想到你会这么内向”。Nextinterview,samething“Howdifferent?”下一次采访，仍是如此“有何不同？”。“Well,youknow,moreextroverted,moreoutgoing.”“这个嘛，更开朗，更外向”。Nextinterview,“Well,youknow,lessshy”.下一次采访，“这个嘛，太害羞了”。CozIgetverynervousininterviews.因为采访中我容易紧张。lInterviewafterinterview,literallydozens.差不多有几十个采访。Moreoutgoing,morecheerful,lessintroverted,moreextroverted.Andonandon.每次都是好交际，更开朗，不含蓄，更外向诸如此类。Butherethebestone.最绝的一次。SothisisoneofthelocalchannelsherearoundBoston.Iwasgoingtotheinterview.是波士顿一家地方台。我去参加采访。WehadaquitelonginterviewwhichIthoughtwasactuallyprettygood.Andattheendoftheinterview.聊了很多，我觉得进行得很不错。采访结束。Theinterviewerisaveryjollyguy.Hewalksmeoutandputshishandsonmyshoulder.主持人是个开朗热情的男生。他送我出门，拍着我的肩说。Andsays,”Thankyouverymuchfordoingtheinterview.”Andthentheusualcomes.“多谢接受我们采访。”然后又是那句。“ButyouknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobedifferent.”“不过Tal，你跟我想象不太一样”。AndIsaid,”Howdifferent”.Justsoyouunderstandbythistime,myself-esteemisshort.我问，“有何不同”你要知道那时候，我已经完全被打击了。ButstillwithsomeresemblanceofnonchalanceIasked“Howdifferent”.不过我还是漫不经心地问有何不同。Andhelooksatmeandsays:”WellIdon’tknowTal,Iexpectedyoutobetaller.”.Taller?What?他看着我说：“我也说不上，Tal，我以为你会更高些”。更高些？什么？Fiveseven,wellokfivesixandahalfisnotenoughtoteachhappiness?1米70……是1米69就不够格传授快乐吗？AndIthoughtaboutit,Ithoughtaboutitalot.Thewholepatternfromthebeginning.我考虑了很久，仔细思量了。整件事从头到尾。AndIthinkIunderstandwhytheyexpectedsomeonedifferent.我似乎明白为什么他们期望不同了。Youseetheyhadtoexplaintothemselvesaswellastheaudience.因为他们要说服自己说服观众。HowcomethislectureislargerthantheIntroductiontoEconomics?这门课怎么会比经济学导论更热门？Andthewaytoexplainitmustbethattheteacherisveryoutgoing,extremelycharismatic,verycheerfulandextrovertedandofcourse,tall.唯一的解释就是导师非常外向、充满领袖气质、乐观开朗，当然了，还很高。Well,thereisoneLmissingthere,But…….Yeah,ifonly.可惜我的名字少了一个L，但是……。嗯……真可惜。Sotheproblemthoughisthattheywerelookinginthewrongplacefortheexplanation.所以问题是他们找答案找错了地方。Inotherwords,theywerelookingatthemessenger,whattheyneededtolookatwasthemessage.NowhowdoIknowthat?也就是说，他们不该关注信息传达者而应该关注信息本身。我怎么知道的呢？YouseebecauseIseeotherpositivepsychologyclassesonothercampusesaroundthecountryandaroundtheworld.因为我参与过其他大学积极心理学课遍及全国乃至全球。Thereareover200campuseshereinUnitedStatesthatteachpositivepsychology.美国有超过200所大学开设了本课程。Andalmosteverycampuswherethisclassistaughtit’seitheroneoftheorthelargestclass.It’saboutthemessage.而且几乎其中所有院校，这门课都是参与人数最多的或者最多的之一。信息是关键。Iseemoreandmoreorganizationstakinguppositivepsychologyintheirasconsultantcompanies.越来越多的机构组织开设这门课，还有咨询公司。Someofthemtheleadingbigconsultantcompaniesaretakingiton.其中一些甚至是全球知名咨询公司。Moreandmorehighschoolsareintroducingpositivepsychologyclass.……Elementaryschoolsareintroducingit.越来越多的中学开始引入积极心理学……。小学也是。Thegovernmentsaroundtheworldareexpressinginterestinthisnewemergingfield.Why?Becauseitworks,becauseitreallyworks.各国政府都对这一新领域表现出兴趣。为什么？因为它有效，因为它真正有效。Youseethiswholerealmoflifeflourishingonhappiness,onwell-beinghasbeenuntilrecentlydominatedbytheself-healthmovements.殷盛人生，快乐，幸福感这一整个领域在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治。Whatdowehaveintheself-healthmovement?Wehavebooksthatareveryinterestingthatareveryaccessible.心理自助运动带来了什么？生动有趣通俗易懂的书。Wehavespeakerswhoareveryoutgoingverycharismaticandtallattractingthemassesintotheseworkshops,seminarsandlectures.But,thereisaverybig“but”here.热情外向的宣讲者颇具领袖气质且身材高大吸引大众参与他们的专题讨论讲座。但是，有一个大大的转折。Manyofthesebooks,manyoftheseworkshopsandseminarslacksubstance.Veryoften,overpromisingandunder-delivering.其中很多书籍讨论都缺少实质内容。通常都言过其实无法兑现。Sotherearefivethingsyouneedtoknowtobehappy.Thethreethingstobethegreatleader.比如，快乐的五个关键。成功领袖的三个要素。Theonesecretofsuccess,happinessandaperfectlovelife.Overpromising,under-delivering.成功快乐完美爱情的唯一秘诀。夸大其词，效果甚微。Ontheotherhand,wehaveacademia.Whatdowehaveintheacademia?Wehavealotofrigor,alotofsubstance.再来说说学术界。学术界给我们带来了什么？大量精确的实质内容。Wehavedatasanalyzed,reanalyzedandmeta-analyzed.Thingsthatactuallywork,goodstuff.数据被一而再再而三得反复分析。行之有效的好方法。But,thereisalsoaverybigbuthere.Veryfewpeoplereadrefereedacademicjournals.但是又有一个大大的转折。很少有人会阅读专业学术期刊。Imeanthinkaboutit:howmanypeopleoutsidethisroomofcoursehavereadthelasttwelveissuesoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology?想想看，这间教室之外有多少人读过最近12期《个性与社会心理学》杂志？Mostpeopledon’tevenknowwhatthatmeans.大多数人甚至不知道那是什么东西。TheheadofmyPHDprogramsactuallyestimatedtheaverageacademicjournalarticleisreadbysevenpeople.我博士班的主任估算过学术期刊上的一篇论文平均只有7人阅读。Youknow……Andthatincludestheauthor’smother.SoyouknowIsayhalfinjestbutit’sactuallyreallysad.这话……其中还包括作者的母亲。这话虽然是半开玩笑但其实很可悲。Because…Certainlysadforme,asanacademic.Becausethesethingsaregood.因为……作为学者我觉得很可悲。因为这些论文都非常精彩。Theyareimportant,thesethingsmakeadifference,canevenmakemoreofadifference.Butnotaccessibletomostpeople.非常重要，能大有作为甚至不仅仅是作为。但是对大众来说晦涩难懂。Andthisiswherepositivepsychologycomesin.Andthisisalsowherethisclasscomesin.所以我们需要积极心理学。需要这门课程。TheexplicitmandateofpositivepsychologyaswellasofthisclassistocreateabridgebetweenIvorytowerandMainStreet.积极心理学及本课程的宗旨非常明确就是在象牙塔及大众间构建桥梁。Inotherwords,itistobringtherigor,thesubstance,theempiricalfoundation,thesciencefromacademiaandmergeitwithaccessibilityoftheself-helporNewAgemovement.Inawaythebestofbothworlds.换句话说就是要把严谨、实质、经验基础学术科学与自助或者新纪元运动的通俗易懂相结合。充分发挥两者所长。Andthisexplainsthepopularityofthefieldofpositivepsychology:Sciencethatworks.这也是积极心理学大受欢迎的原因：有用的科学。Thisclasswillbetaughtintwolevels.Thefirstlevelitwillbetaughtasanyotherclassinpsychologyoranyoftheclassesyou’vetakenhere.本课程将分为两个部分。第一部分会和其他心理学或者其他任何课程一样。You’llbeintroducedheretostudies,toresearch,torigorousacademicwork.You’llbewritingpaper,academicpaper.You’llbetakingexamsjustlikeeveryotherclass.我将向你们介绍相关知识，调查研究，严谨的学术作品。需要你们撰写报告，学术论文。跟其他课程一样参加考试。Butthenitwillalsobetaughtatthesecondlevelwhichisforeverypaperthatyou’llreadeverypaperthatyou’llwrite,you’llalwaysbethinking.而教学内容的另一部分，你们读每一篇论文，写每一篇论文时都需要思考。OK,sohowcanItaketheseideasandapplythemtomylife?HowcanIapplythemtomyrelationship?HowcanIapplythemtomycommunity?Twolevels:Theacademic,Applied如何把这些理念运用到生活中去？运用到恋爱中去？运用到社交圈里去？就是这两个部分：学术与应用。Ididnotjustintroducewhetherit’sinthereadingsorinthelecturesideasjustbecausetheyareinterestingforthesakeoftheidea.无聊是论文还是讲座我不会因为某个理论有趣而去介绍它。Itisalwaysanideathatisbothrigorousandcanbeapplied.Justafewwordsabouthousekeeping.而是因为这个理论严谨且能被应用。再唠叨几句题外话。SomeofthequestionsthatIhavealreadyreceivedfromyoubeforetheclassstarted.有几个问题课前就有人问我了。SothisunfortunatelyisthelasttimethatIamteachingpositivepsychologyoranyotherclassforthatmatteratHarvard.不幸的是这学期将是我最后一次在哈佛开设积极心理学或其他课程。Hopefullywithintwoyears,probablynotnextyearbutwithintwoyearstherewillbepositivepsychologyclassofferedbutIcertainlycannotguaranteeit.Aboutfeedbackandquestions.但愿两年内，明年可能性不大，但是两年内学校会再次开设积极心理学课程，但我无法保证。关于反馈与提问。Ifyouhaveanyquestions,anythingthat’snotclear,ifyouagreeordisagreewithsomething.EmailmeorEmailyourTF(TeachingFellowatHarvard,justlikeTAatotherschools.)andwe’llalwaysrespond.如果你有任何问题或者不明白的地方，如果你同意或者反对什么观点，请给我或助教写邮件，我们一定会回复的。Sometimesifthequestionisaskedbyenoughpeople,we’llrespondtoitpublicly,alwaysanonymouslyunlessyouspecifiedspecificallythatyournamecanbementioned.如果某个问题问的人数较多，我们会公开回答，当然一定是匿名的除非你特别注明可以提及你的名字。Butsometimesyoumaybelisteningtoalectureandthenhalfwaythroughitthereisanemergency,thereissomethingthatyoureallyhavetoask,somethingthatcannotwait.有时候讲座过程中突然有紧急情况，有什么非问不可的问题，无法等待。Inthatcase,pleasejustputyourhandupbecauseit’sjustlikewhenyouhavetogotothebathroom,justcan’tstop,andcan’twait.Andwhenyougottago,yougottago.如果那样的话，请直接举手，因为就跟你要去厕所一样，无法忍耐，无法等待，要去就去。Sowe’lltakeapositivepsychologybreakforthat.AndjuststopmehalfwaythroughandI’llansweranyquestion.我们会为此进行积极心理休息。所以大可以打断我，我会回答任何问题。Allthepowerpoints,aswellasthevideosoftheclasseswillbeonline;willbeavailablewithincoupleofdays.所有幻灯片以及课程视频都会放在网上，课后几天就能下载。Well,thepowerpointswillbeavailablebeforesayforthelectureitwillbebeforesothatyoucanusetheminclass.幻灯片其实课前就能下载，这样你们上课时就能用到。Thevideos,unfortunately,cannotbemadeavailablebefore,wetried,couldnotfigureitout.Soitwillbeavailablewithinadayortwoafter.Andthereasonwhytheyareupthere.可惜视频不能提前提供，我们试过了但效果不好。所以会在课后一两天内放到网上。这样做的原因。Firstofall,Idopreferthatyouattendlecture,Idopreferthatyouarephysicallyhere.Yougetthingsintheenergyoftheroomwithsomanystudentssoyouwouldn’tjustgetfromyourcomputer.首先，我当然更希望你们出席课程，能出现在课堂上。和大家一起，在课堂的气氛中学习而不仅仅是对着电脑。ThereasonwhyIdoputthemupissothatyouhavetheopportunityifyouwanttoseeitagainorifyouhavetomissaclass.That’sperfectlyfine.我之所以把资料放在网上是为了让你们可以重温或者学习错过的课程，这很正常。Andalsobecauseandthisisalsothereasonwhythepowerpointsarealwaysavailable,Iwantyoutobeengagedinthematerial.另一个原因之所以提前提供幻灯片是因为我希望你们能充分理解材料。Iwantyoutobeengagedinwhateveritisthatwearediscussinginclass,notnecessarilythinkingaboutgettingdowneverywordthatIsayonpaper,rememberingeverything,memorizingeverything.充分参与课堂讨论而不是忙于记录我说的每一个字，记住每一个词，背诵每一句话。Iwantyoutotakeratherthanpassivenotesofwritingdownwhat’sonthepowerpointoreverywordthatIsay,I’dlikeyoutotakeactivenotes.Andthatmeansbeingengagedwiththematerial.我不希望你们被动地记录幻灯片上的内容或者我说的话而是要主动记录。也就是要充分理解材料。Forexample,ifyouheardsomethingandideaandyousay:”Oh,that’sinteresting”.Starit,writeitdown.Or“OK,IthinkI’llstartapplyingthis”.Writeitdown.OrIwanttotellmymomaboutthislater.OrIwanttotalktomyroommatesormyteamaboutthisidea.Writeitdown.比如如果你们听到某个理论觉得“挺有趣的”，标上星号，写下来，或者觉得“也许我可以应用这点”，那就写下来。或者跟我妈妈讲讲。或者跟我室友队友讲讲。那就写下来。lActivenotetakingisopposedtopassivenotetakingfortworeasons.主动笔记与被动笔记有两方面不同。Firstofall,asIsaid,thisclassisaclassaboutmakingadifferenceinpeople’lives.首先，正如我刚才说的这门课是关于如何改变生活。Iwouldnotbeteachingtheclassjustforitsacademicbeautyalthoughthereisalotofacademicbeautyinthisfield.我不会仅为了学术之美而教授此课虽然这一领域的确有许多美术之美。Sowritedownifyouhaveanideathatyouthinkyoucanapply.所以发现可以实际运用的就写下来。Thesecondreasonwhyweshouldthatisbecauseyou’llremembermore.Betterattention,betterunderstandingofthematerialifyouareactivelyengagedasopposedtojusttakingdownpassivenotes.第二个原因是你会记住的更多。主动参与，集中注意，更好的理解材料而不是被动做笔记。Throughouttheclassstartingnextweekwe’lltakewhatIcalled“time-ins”asopposedto“time-outs”.It’slikeatime-out在这整个课程中从下周开始我们将进行我所说的“练习时间”而不是“休息时间”。其实类似休息时间。It’sthetimewherewestoptheclassandyoulookinward.这段时间我们会停止课程进行内省。Andthisisliterallyatimeofsilenceinaclass.Iwillstopforaminuteortwo.也就是在课堂上的安静片刻。我会停一两分钟。Andyouwillhaveachanceeithertojuststareatmeoranyoneelseorthinkaboutwhatwe’vejustdiscussedorhaveaguidingquestionthatIwillprovideyouthatyou’lladdressduringtheclass.你们可以盯着我或者周围人发呆或者思考一下之前讨论的内容或者解答我提出的提示问题。ThereasonwhyIhavetime-ins,thisissomethingthatIamintroducingthisyearforthefirsttime;wedidn’thaveitlasttime.之所以进行练习时间，这是我今年新提出的，上学期没有。It’sbecauseoverthelasttwoyearssinceIlasttaughtit,I’vedonealotworkintheareaofsilence.因为上次课程结束后到现在的两年我做了大量关于安静的研究。I’vereadalotofresearchinthisareaabouttheimportanceofquiettimeswhetherit’sinaclass,inalecture,whetheritisathome,whetheritisforaleaderinthebusiness,forrelationship,forchildrenstartingfrompre-schools.关于安静时刻的重要性，无论是课堂里，讲座里，还是家中，无论是公司领导，爱情关系甚至学龄前的儿童。Nowmanyofyou,asyouaregoingthroughthesetime-insifyoudecidetotakethisclassmaythink:”Well,isthiswhatI’mpaying40000dollarsayearfor?””Tositaclassandbequiet?”.你们中很多人在经历练习时间时可能会疑惑：“我一年付四万美金就是为了这个？“”坐在教室里发呆？“。Firstofall,itwillonlybeaminuteortwoatatimemaybeonceortwicealecture.Butsecond,itismaybethemostimportantthingyou’lltakefromthisclass.Thenotionofembracingstillness.首先，每个人只有一两分钟，一堂课最多不超次两次。第二，这可能是你从本课程中学到的最重要的东西。即享受安静这一理念。LetmereadtoyouanexcerptfromastudythatwasrunbytwoMITprofessors.我来读一段麻省理工两位教授的研究。Youdon’tneedtorememberorwritedown;thisisjustforyouredification.SoDavidFosterandMatthewWilson,bothofthemfromMIT.DavidFoster和MatthewWilson不必背诵或记录，只是为了启发你们。教授都来自麻省理工大学。IndeedthefollowingstudythatIthinkconfirmstheimportanceoftime-in,timetolookinside.他们研究证实了练习时间的重要性，开始内省的时间。Whattheydidistheyscannedthebrainsofratswhiletheywereinamazeandaftertheywentthroughthemaze.Andhere’swhattheyfound.他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后分别对它们进行了脑扫描。以下是他们的发现。Whattheresultssuggestisthatwhiletherecertainlyissomerecordofyourexperienceasitisoccurringinotherwordswhentheydoingthemaze.实验结果表明，当某种经历正在进行时，即老鼠进行迷宫时。Theactuallearningwhenyoutrytofigureout:”whatwasimportant?”,”whatshouldIkeepandthrowaway?”.Thathappensafterthefactduringperiodsofquietwakefulintrospection.真正的学习阶段是当你尝试分辨：“什么才是重要的？“，”什么舍弃什么保留。“。这些发生在经历之后进行安静的自省时。Whattheyshowwasratswhowentthroughthemazeandwentthroughthemazeagainandagainlearnedfarlessthanratswhotooktimeasidechilledoutalittlebitafteramazehadmoremargarita.他们的实验表明接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠比进行一次迷宫后稍事放松，来点小酒的老鼠学到的少得多。Experience,embracestillness.Thishasimplicationsandtheyshowedimplicationstohumanbeingsaswell.Notonlythoseoftheratrace,allhumanbeings.经历，享受安静。这很能说明问题，对人类也一样。不仅仅是实验小白鼠，所有人类都是。Sowhattheysayisthat”Replaymightconstituteageneralmechanismoflearningandmemory”.Bothlearning,understandingaswellasmemory,retention.他们认为：“重现可能形成一种学习记忆机制“。包括学习，理解，记忆，保留。Whenwereflect,whenwereplaythematerial,wearemuchmorelikelytoretain,torememberwhatwehavejustbeenthrough.当我们思考时，我们重放素材时更容易保留，记住之前的经历。Sotheimportanceoftimeasidecannotbeover-emphasized.所以休息时间的重要性不能被忽视。Inhiswonderfulbookofteaching,ParkerPalmer—it’scalledTheCouragetoTeachsaysthefollowing.ParkerPalmer在他的教学著作《教学的勇气》一书中提到了以下一段话。Wordsarenotthesolemediumofexchangeinteachingandlearning,weeducatewithsilenceaswell.语言不是教学的唯一媒介，安静同样可以进行教育。Silencegivesusachancetoreflectonwhatwehavesaidandheard.安静让我们有机会反省我们所说所闻。Inauthenticeducation,silenceistreatedasatrustworthymatrixfortheinnerworkstudentsmustdo,amediumforlearningofthedeepestsort.Silenceissomethingthatismissingfromourculture.在真正的教育中，安静为学生进行内省提供可靠环境，是一种最深层次的学习媒介。而安静恰恰是我们文化所缺失的。IknowthatmanyofyouhaveprobablyreadZenandtheArtofMotorcycleMaintenance,RobertMPirsig.Hehadasecondbookout,lesswell-known,calledLila(Lila:anInquiryintoMorals).很多人可能读过《万里任禅游》，作者RobertMPirsig。还写过另一本书，没那么知名，叫《寻找莱拉》。AndLilaisananthropologicalstudyofNativeAmericans.这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究。WhathedoesthereiscomparetheirculturetoAmericans’fromEuropeanancestry.将他们的文化与美国传承的欧洲文化进行对比。Andoneofthedistinguishingcharacteristicsbetweenthesetwoculturesistheirapproachweresilence.WhathefoundwaswhenhewentandsataroundwithNativeAmericans.Theywouldsitaroundthefireandhangoutfortwothreehourswithoutsayingaword.两种文化最突出的特点之一是印第安人崇尚安静。他发现与印第安人坐在一起。他们围坐在篝火边两三个小时一句话也没说。ustsitaround,lookatanother,smile,haveagoodtime,introspect,justbethereforhours.只是坐在那儿，互相看着，微笑，享受美好时光，内省，就这样几个小时。Whilehepointsoutthatinourculturewefeelveryuncomfortablewiththeabsenceofwordswiththeabsenceofsoundornoise.他指出，在我们文化中沉默让人不适。Wehavetofillupallthegaps.Thisisanimportantculturaldifference.Andwepayapriceforthislackofstillness.我们试图打破沉默。这是一项重要的文化差异。我们为缺乏安静付出了代价。Apricethatwe’lltalkaboutalot,whenItalkaboutrelationships,whenItalkaboutvirtueandmorality,andwhenwetalkabouthappinessandwellbeingingeneral.我们会重点讨论这一代价，涉及到恋爱，美德与道德以及快乐与幸福感。Letmegivealittlebitbackgroundonpositivepsychology.下面介绍一下积极心理学的背景。Howwecameaboutandhowthisclasscameabout.它是如何诞生的，这门课是如何诞生的。Inmanyways,positivepsychologyisthebrainchild,theproductandthegrandchildofhumanisticpsychology.从很多方面说，积极心理学是人本主义心理学的产物和衍生。Whatwehaveinhumanisticpsychologyisessentiallyareactiontobeexistingpsychologyofthetime.人本主义心理学本质上是对当时各种心理学派系的不同见解。Thefounders,consideredthefoundersofhumanisticpsychologyinfactcalledit“thethirdforce”.Whythethirdforce?人本主义心理学的创始人称之为心理学上的“第三势力“。为什么是第三势力呢？Becausethefirstforcewasbehaviorism,theworkofSkinner(B.F.Skinner),theworkofWaston(JohnB.Waston),theworkofThorndik(EdwardThorndik).Thiswasthefirstforce.因为第一势力是行为主义，代表人物有斯金纳、华生、桑代克。这是第一势力。hesecondforcewaspsychoanalysis.TheworkofFrued(SigmundFrued),Jung(CarlJung),Adler(AlfredAdler)tosomeextent.Thiswasthesecondforce.第二势力是精神分析学。创建者包括弗洛伊德，荣格以及阿德勒。这是第二势力。Andthethirdforce,humanisticpsychologycameasareactiontoit.FirstItisareactiontobehaviorism.第三势力人本主义心理学作为对其的异议出现。首先是对行为主义的异议。Behaviorismlooksatthehumanentityatthepersonasbasicallyacollectionofbehaviorsasabox,likeabilliardballknockedaroundbyreinforcements,bypunishment,byreward.行为主义认为人的主体性，认为人是一个行为集体就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球，被增强，被惩罚驱动。Andwhathumanisticpsychologysaidwasthatwearemuchmorethanabilliardballbeingknockedaround.但是人本主义心理学说我们不只是被击打的台球。Wehavespirit,wehaveasoul,wehavecognitionsandthoughtsthatmatter.我们有精神，有灵魂，我们有重要的认知与思想。It’snotjustbehaviorthatisimportantforunderstandingaswellasimprovinglife.不能只靠行为观察，改善人生。Andthenpsychoanalysis,thesecondforce.然后是第二势力精神分析学。Thepsychoanalysisisaboutbasicallyunderstandingmostlythroughthesubconsciousthat’showyouunderstandit,that’showyouimprovethequalityoflife.Therearedefensemechanisms.精神分析学主要通过潜意识分析，它决定你的理解，决定如何改善生活。还有防卫机制。Therearebiologicalinstincts,neurosis,andifyouunderstandtheseveryoftendarkforces,werebetterabletodealwithlife,understandaswellasimprovethequalityoflife.人类本能论，神经症，如果你理解这些黑暗势力就能更好地处理生活，了解并改善生活。Humanisticpsychologysayshumanbeingsaremuchmorethanthat.人本主义心理学认为人类不止如此。Muchmorethanbiologicalinstincts,muchmorethanneurosis.不仅仅是生理本能，不仅是神经症。MuchmorethanthepersonwhoexistsinaNewtonianrealitylikeabilliardball.不仅仅是牛顿学说世界里的台球。Weneedtovaluemuchmorethehumanbeing.Weneedtogivemuchmoredignityandfreedomtotheperson.Therewasaproblem.我们要重视人的本质。给予更多的自尊和自由。但有一个问题。Theproblemwashumanisticpsychologyissaidlackedtherigorousmethodology.人本主义心理学缺少严谨的方法论。Whileitbroughtinmanywonderfulideas,talkedaboutthestudyofwell-being,talkedaboutthestudyofoptimism,ofkindness,ofmorality,ofvirtue,oflove,ofrelationships,ofpeakexperiences,ofself-actualization,ofempathy.但它引入了许多精彩的理念，对于幸福感的研究，乐观主义的研究，善良，道德，美德，爱，两性关系，巅峰体验，自我实现，移情。Allthesewonderfulconceptsthatwe’lltalkaboutthroughoutthesemester.这些精彩的概念都会在本学期讨论。Itwasn’tasrigorousaboutitsepistemology,abouthowweformideasandhowwelearn.它的认识论并不严谨，如何形成理念，如何学习。Andthat’swhy,inmanyways,largelynotcompletelybutlargelymoreofintotheself-healthmovements.所以在很多方面，大部分成为了自助运动。Interestingideas,goodideas,importantideas,certainlygoodintentions.Buttosomeextentwithouttheacademicrigor.有趣，有益，重要的理念，意图当然是好的。但就某种程度上缺乏学术严谨性。Andthat’swhyitlackedtheimpactonacademic.That’swhywedon’thavepartlyanyhumanisticpsychologyclassesofferedinuniversitiestoday.Thereareveryfewstillaround.所以它在学术上影响很小。所以很少有大学开设人本主义心理学。几乎没有。AndthisiswhyalsoalotofitbecametheNewAgeessentially.所以本质上成为了新纪元运动。Butstill,it’shumanisticpsychologythathasinmanywaysfatheredandmotheredaswe’llseepositivepsychology.但是我们很快就会了解到，人本主义心理学孕育了积极心理学。Solet’smeetthegrandparents.PeoplelikeRolloMay,PeoplelikeCarlRogers.我们先见见祖父祖母。比如RolloMay和CarlRogers。Andmorethananyone,AbrahamMaslow,wastheAmericansPsychologicalAssociationPresident,wasprofessorjustdowntheroadhereatBrandeis(BrandeisUniversity).还有最著名的AbrahamMaslow，曾是美国心理学会主席，布兰迪斯大学教授。Andheintroducedthishumanisticpsychologyin1954.他于1954年提出了人本主义心理学。Hewroteachapter,calledTowardthePositivePsychology.他写了一章，《为了积极心理学》。1954,Inithesaidweneedtoalsoresearchkindness,goodness,andhappinessandoptimism.Inmanywaysitwaswayaheadofhistime.1954年，他在其中写到，我们需要研究善良，美德，快乐与乐观。可以说这是超前于他时代的。ThenifMaslowisthegrandfather,thenKarenHorneyisthegrandmother.Initiallyapsychoanalyst,trainedthroughtheworksofFrued.如果说Maslow是祖父，那KarenHorney就是祖母了。她最初是精神分析学者学习弗洛伊德的理论。Sherealizedthefocuseshadbeentoomuchonthenegative,onneurosis,onpsychosisandsaidwealsonotonlybutalsohavetofocusonwhatisworkingonhumanorganism.意识到其过于注重消极面，神经症，精神病，她认为还必须关注影响人类生命体的东西。Wehavetoworkandlookatthefinequalitiesandcultivatethose.Becausepartofbeinghumanisbeingthosethingsaswell.我们需要研究培养那些好的品质。因为它们也是我们的一部分。Inmanyways,broughtaboutthemovementtowardhumanisticpsychologyandthroughthat—positivepsychology.反而向人本主义靠近了，并由此产生了积极心理学。AaronAntonovsky,thethirdpersonIwouldconsiderthegrandfather,broughtintheideaoffocusingonhealth.还有AaronAntonovsky，第三位祖父级人物提出了关注健康的理念。Hehasanewconcept.Orheintroducedanewconcept.I’amstillhere,don’tworry.他提出了一个新概念。或者说他引进了一个新概念。我还在，别担心。Heintroducedanewconcept,whichhecalled,hisownneologism:salutogenesis.他引进了一个新概念，他称之为，他个人创造的新词：健康本源学。Salutogenesis:salutewhichishealth;genesiswhichisorigin.健康本源学由两部分组成，saluto健康，genesis起源。Theoriginofhealth,andthiswasanalternativemodel,tobeconventionalwaysmodelofpathologies.健康的起源这是病理学常规模型的替代模型。Soinsteadofjuststudyingpathologieswhetherit’sinphysicalhealthorpsychologicalhealth,weshouldalsostudytheoriginofhealth.也就是说除了研究病理学无论是生理健康还是心理健康还需要研究健康的起源。Inmanywaysthatiswhatpreventedmedicineisabout.这也是预防医学所关注的。Sothiswasnotanovelideabackin1970swhenheintroducedit.这在1970年是一个全新的理念。AndwewilltalkalotaboutAaronAntonovsy.我们会仔细讨论AaronAntonovsy。Nowtheparents.现在转