动词时态和语态学案

动词时态语态考点透析·突破高考知识清单1.熟知八种基本时态的构成；2.八种基本时态的使用方法及重点；3.普通过去时态与现在时态使用方法上的侧重点；4.被动语态的基本形式；5.被动语态中特殊状况；6.与时态有关的固定句式构造。学情分析考生在动词时态和语态的学习过程中存在着下列几点问题：1.考生对于时态的基本类型不能纯熟掌握；2.不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式不清晰；3.句子中的主被动意识淡；4.被动语态的基本形式，不能精确使用被动语态；5.在使用时态时，全凭所谓的语感去判断，写出来的句子中时态混乱，没有时态观念，没有章法可言。考点一普通现在时态(do/does)1表达客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象。Asisknowntous,thesun____(rise)intheeastand___(set)inthewest.2表达习惯性、经常性的动作或经常存在的状态,时间状语有always,often,usually,sometimes,everyday/year,onSundays,onceaweek。Somesenior3students___(got)upat5：20everydayincludingSunday.3在时间、条件状语从句中用普通现在时态表将来。Ifcitynoises_________(not,keep)fromincreasing,peoplewillhavetoshouttobeheard.4表达准时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作，常见的动词有：come,go,leave,begin,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。Theplane_____(take)offat2：30everyWednesdayandFriday.[典例1][·四川成都一诊]It'sprobablethattherocket________(date)fromabout2,000yearsagoinChina.[典例2][·北京东城区期末]_____________________________________，wewillcarryouttheplannextweek.(完毕句子)除非你有不同意见，否则我们下周就执行该计划了。考点二普通过去时态(did)1表达过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表达过去的时间状语连用时间比较具体yesterday(morning),twoyearsago,lastnight/year,in1990,inthepast,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday)或上下文语境有暗示，或由于地点的转变而造成同一种动作用过去时态。I______(teach)EnglishinXi'anforhalfayear.I_____(feel)verytired.WhenI_____(get)home,I_____(go)straighttobed.2描述过去时间中发生的一系列事件。He_____(go)tothemarket,______(bring)someeggsand__________(return)home.3原来没故意料到，没有想到的事。Excuseme.I____________(not,realize)Iwasblockingyourway.4固定句式(1)It'shightimethatsb.didsth.是某人该做某事的时候了。It'shightimewe____(do)somethingaboutenvironmentalprotection.(2)wouldrather＋主＋did＋...表达与现在或将来事实相反的状况。Iwouldratheryou_____(come)heretomorrowmorning.注意：普通过去时态中的动作在过去某时间已经停止，只是强调过去的动作或状态，与现在没有任何关系。[典例3][·四川成都二诊]－Haveyouworkedoutthescheduleforourgraduationtrip?－Yes.I________(work)onitfor3hours.[典例4][·四川成都一诊]Allfootballfans________(witness)theGermans'finalvictoryintheWorldCupthisAugust.考点三完毕时态(have/has/haddone)1现在完毕时(1)表达发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完毕或结束，但对现在仍然有影响。现在完毕时常与uptonow,sofar,recently,ever,never,already,yet,lately,in/during/overthepast/last+时间段，since+时间点,for+时间段等表达时间的词,或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用普通过去时态)连用。Hisfirstnovel_____________(receive)goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表达将来要完毕的动作或一种动作先于另一种动作。—Whenshallwerestartourbusiness?—Notuntilwe____________(finish)ourplan.(3)在“It(This)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third...time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完毕时。Thisisthefirsttimethatwe__________(see)afilminthecinematogetherasafamily.(4)在“It(This)isthebest(worst，most＋adj.等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完毕时。ItisthemostinstructivelecturethatI________________(attend)sinceIcametothisschool.2过去完毕时(1)某些动词用于过去完毕时表达过去未曾实现的想法，意为“原来盼望/认为/打算……”。这类动词重要有：expect,hope,plan,suppose,think,intend,mean,want等。①I_____________(intend)tocallonyouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.②I________(mean)tohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthemoment.(2)过去完毕时是一种相对的时态，考生做题时核心看该动作与否发生在题干中所给的过去的动作或过去的时间之前，如果是就用过去完毕时。①Lastmonth,theJapanesegovernmentexpressedtheirthanksfortheaidthey___________(receive)fromChina.②—Whatamistake!—Yes，I____________(suggest)hisdoingitanotherway，butwithoutsuccess.(3)by,bytheend,bythetime,until,before后接表达过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完毕时。BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hisson______________(graduate)fromcollege.(4)在hardly(scarcely)．..when...，nosooner...than...句型构造中，主句用过去完毕时，从句用普通过去时。意思为“一……就……”。Hardly(Nosooner)_____I_____(get)homewhen(than)therainpoureddown.(5)用在虚拟语调如if,wish,wouldrather与过去事实相反的从句中。Ifhe_______________(work)harder,hewouldhave3将来完毕时将来完毕时用来表达在将来某一时间以前已经完毕或始终持续的动作。经常与“before＋将来时间”或“by＋将来时间”连用，也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的从句连用。Onhernextbirthday，Ann__________________(marry)fortwentyyears.[典例5][·浙江温州一模]IsuddenlyrealizedthatIwaskeptsobusythatI________(spend)littletimewithmyfamilybefore.[典例6][·北京东城区一模]－Mum！Whereismypackedlunch?－Inthekitchen.I___________(make)youtwosandwiches.[典例7][·重庆南开中学二模]Hurryup,orbythetimewearriveatthecinema,thefilm______________________(begin)．考点四进行时(bedoing)1现在进行时高考题对现在进行时的考察往往是在具体的语境中进行的，不给出具体的时间状语，规定考生能够通过语境判断出该动作正在进行。现在进行时惯用来表达：(1)说话时正在发生着的一种动作,常与时间状语now,atpresent连用。Hurryup!MarkandCarol____________(wait)forus.(2)现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一种动作。①Thewatersupplyhasbeencutofftemporarilybecausetheworkers____________(repair)oneofthemainpipes.②Teenagers_____________(damage)theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.(3)近期特定的安排或计划,惯用于位置移动的动词如：go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。I'vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida.I__________(take)myMum.2过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作常与atthistimeyesterday,ateightyesterdayevening,alldayyesterday连用或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。①Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassistant__________(give)inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.②－Idon'tunderstandwhyyoudidn'tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.－I'msosorry.ButI__________(do)myhomework.(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一种在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用普通过去时。ThereportersaidthattheUFO___________(travel)easttowestwhenhesawit.3现在完毕进行时(1)表达从过去某时开始始终持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。①Tom_______________(work)inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.②IhavetoseethedoctorbecauseI______________(cause)alotlately.(2)表达从过去某时开始始终持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Wherehaveyoubeen？We_______________(look)foryoueverywhere.4将来进行时将来进行时可用于表达将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与某些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：atthistimetomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,from1：30to4：30tomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow等。①Daniel'sfamily______________(enjoy)theirholidayinHuangshanthistimenextweek.②—Guesswhat,we'vegotourvisasforashort­termvisittotheUKthissummer.—Hownice!You_______(experience)adifferentculturethen.5固定句式bedoing...when...表达“当一件事情发生时，另外一件事情发生了”。I______________(wander)inthestreetwhenIcameacrossafriendofmine.类似构造使用方法尚有：beabouttodo...when...表达“当一件事情立刻要发生时，忽然另外一件事情发生了”；haddone...when...表达“一件事情刚刚发生，忽然另外一件事情发生了”。I_____just______(come)backwhenthedoorbellrangagain.[典例8][·重庆巴蜀中学期末]－Joe,whataboutgoingtoBelgiumforourcomingholiday?－Sorry,honey,I____________(work)onthenewlydiscovereddinosaursiteinArgentina.[典例9][·重庆一诊]Leavemealone.I________________(write)anarticlealltheafternoonandhaven'tfinishedyet.[典例10][·苏锡四市调研]－Hi,Peter.Whydidn'tyougotothecinemalastnight?－I__________________(watch)thepopularshowDad,wherearewegoing?考点五将来时态除了“will/shall＋动词原形”能够表达将来时，下列几个形式也可表达将来意义,常与tomorrow,soon,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,inthefuture连用。1.begoingtodobegoingto构造在口语中惯用来表达已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表达自然现象。①I___________________somematerialaboutPicasso.我打算收集某些有关毕加索的材料。②It______________________forsurfingtomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气。2.现在进行时有这种使用方法的重要是某些表达位置转移的动词，如go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。这种将来意义往往指安排好要做的事情，极少变更。①I_________(fly)toBeijingtomorrow.②She________(leave)earlytomorrowmorning.3.betodo这种构造表达按计划中商定的或按职责、义务、规定必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。①Theengineeris________(visit)ourfactorynextweek.②Themeetingis________(take)placeearlytomorrow.4.beabouttodo这一构造用于表达客观上立刻就要发生的事，普通不与具体的时间状语连用。①Don'tgoout.We________________(have)dinner.②Thenewschoolyear________________(begin).注意：begoingto与will都表将来，两者重要区别以下：(1)will表达说话人认为、相信、但愿或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体时间，能够指遥远的将来，而begoingto指有迹象表明即将发生或必定会发生的事。There____________(be)aquarrelbetweenthem,Ithink.(2)begoingto和will均可表达“意图”；但事先考虑过的意图用begoingto，不是事先考虑的意图用will，即临时决定。－Sorry,Iforgottobuythebookyouneed.－Itdoesn'tmatterI________(go)myself.[典例11][·江苏四市一模]Howlongdoyouexpectit________(be)beforetheAfricancankeepthediseaseundercontrol?[典例12][·陕西五校一模]－Theconstantnoisearoundhere________(drive)mecrazy!－Calmdown.It'snousecomplaining.考点六动词语态在英语中不强调动作发出者时，使用被动语态，在考察动词方面，也是重点考察内容之一，因此，考生碰到动词考察时，要先判断时态，然后要考虑语态，即：主语与该动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。1多个基本时态的被动语态构成“be＋过去分词”为基本构成，只要变换be的形式就能够得到不同时态的被动语态，除“be＋过去分词”外，尚有get/become＋过去分词。以下表：被动语态的构成(以write为例)时间普通时态进行时态完毕时态现在过去将来注意：英语中只有及物动词(短语)有被动语态，不及物动(短语)无被动语态。(1)Greatchanges__________(take)placeinmyhometownsincethereformandopening.改革开放以来，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。此处takeplace无被动语态。(2)Alltheapplicants_____________(interview)beforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.全部的申请人在官方做最后决定前都要面试。此处applicants与interview之间是被动关系，因此用普通现在时态的被动语态。2主动形式表被动(1)“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表构造。如：①Thesteel_____(feel)cold.②Hisplan_______(prove)(tobe)practical.(2)表达主语的某种属性特性的动词，如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等。这类动词普通不单独使用，常有一种修饰语,且常与副词well,easily,smoothly等连用。如：③Thiscoat____easily.这件外套容易干。④Nylon______(clean)easily.尼龙容易洗干净。⑤Foodcan_____(keep)freshinafridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。⑥Youressay______(read)well.你的文章读起来不错。⑦Thismaterial_________(wear)thin.这些材料已经磨薄了。⑧Thematch___________(not,catch).这根火柴擦不着。⑨Theengine___________(not,start).这个引擎发动不起来。（3）“want,need,require,deserve，beworth+doing”表达被动意义。在这种状况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是doing的宾语。Yourhairneeds_______(cut).你的头发需要剪了。Hisshoeswant________(mend).他的鞋子需要修补。（4）某些作表语的形容词，如：easy,hard,difficult,fit,heavy,nice,comfortable等背面，用不定式的主动表被动。Thatquestioniseasyto_______(answer).那个问题难以回答。Hisclothesaredifficultto______(wash).他的衣服难洗。(5)不及物动词或动词短语,如last,occur,happen,begin,end,stop,open,shut,close,breakout,giveout,runout,goout,belongto,takeplace等不用于被动语态。GulfWar_________(breakout)onJanuary17,1991.1991年1月17日，海湾战争暴发。(6)表达状态或特性的及物动词,如contain,hold,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等不用于被动语态。Mybraincan’t_______(hold)somuchinformationatonetime.我的大脑一下子不能容纳这样多信息。(7)当谓语动词的宾语是反身代词、互相代词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）时无被动语态形式。Thisgirlcan’t_______(dress)herselfyet.这个女孩还不能自己穿衣服。Tomenjoys________(listen)torockmusic.汤姆喜欢听摇滚乐。(8)由“动词+介词/副词”构成的动词短语,这类动词短语是一种不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。Wecan’tlaughathim.(变被动句）_______________________________________Time_______________________.一定要充足运用时间。Hecan’tbelaughedatbyus.→(9)由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，叫get型被动语态,常与marry,break,hurt,wound,injure,dress等动词的过分连用。Thepatient__________(treat)onceaweek.那位病人一周治疗一次。Pleasehurryupand_____________(dress).请赶快穿好衣服。被动语态中的过去分词是谓语动词，表达动作；系表构造中的过去分词相称于形容词，表达状态。Ifoundthewholeyardwascoveredwithsnow.()Thehighwaywascoveredbythesnowandhadtobeclosed.()[典例13][·福州毕业班质检]HighwaysacrossChina_______________(report)tobefreeofchargefor20daysduringholidaysin.[典例14][·北京丰台区一模]－Canwesitatthetablebythewindow?－I'msorry,butit_____________(take)already.[典例15][·四川德阳二诊]—Excuseme,isthebookGoneWiththeWindbyMargaretMitchellavailablenow?—Sorry,butit______(sell)sowellthatwedon'thaveanyinstore.Practice1.Mymother_________(play)thepianoeverySunday.2.Ourmathteacher_______(grade)ourschoolworknow.3.Bytheendoflastyear,we________(produce)20,000cars.4.Mybrother__________(go)toLondonlastsummer.5.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____________(leave)officesoon.6.Inthepasttenyears,China____(witness)greatchanges.7.Anewteacher_____________(come)tomorrow.8.We_________(have)amathclassatthistimeyesterday.Practice1.(·北京卷)—Hi,let'sgoskating.—Sorry,I'mbusy