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讲:

瑛(博士,教授)(四川大学化学学院)Tel:

第7版倪

编人民

生出

社,

2

0

0

7

,

京2020/8/16

LIYING习

题有

题四

组2020/8/16

LIYING主

书1.

,《

3

,高教社,

2006,2.L.G.WadeJr,Organic

Chemstry(5thEd),Pearson

Education

Inc,20033.胡宏纹主编,

《有机化学》第2版,上下册,高教社,20064.R.T.莫

、R.N.

德,

》第

2

19922020/8/16

LIYINGProfessorWestont.BordenThe

only

way

to

learn

organic

chemistryis

to

do

problems;and

the

more

problems

that

you

do,the

more

material

you

will

master.Each

chapter

of

Carey

has

problemsinterspersed

throughout

the

text,and

youshould

do

all

of

these

problems

in

each

chapter,

because

doing

these

problems

will

allow

you

to

testwhetheryouhave

understood

what

youjust

read.2020/8/16LIYINGTableofContents第

1

论>

1.1

象●1.1.1有

义●1.1.2有

点●1.1.3

史2020/8/16

LIYING1.2

念●1.2.1

共价键理论●1.2.2

共价键参数●1.2.3

诱导效应●1.2.4共价键的断裂及有机反应分类>

1.3

研究有机物的步骤>

1.4

有机物的分类●1.4.1

按碳架分类●1.4.2

按官能团分类>1

.5

达>

1.6

念2020/8/16LIYING第

1

论Introduction1.1

象1.1.1

义2020/8/16

LIYINGWhatis

Organic

Chemistry?The

Chemistry

of

CarbonCompounds(excludesinorganic

metal

saltssuch

as

carbonates

and

cyanidesandexcludes

carbon

dioxide)2020/8/16LIYING1.2

点分子组成复杂

VB₁₂:C₆3Hg₀

N₁₄

PCo◆

熔沸点低◆

易燃◆

难溶◆

反应速度慢、副反应多2020/8/16LIYING·Formula:C₂H₆O2020/8/16LIYINGH—

C

H日H同

象H1

.

3

史从

物(1773

-1805)由

举(1806-1848)(

1

8

4

9

)进

代2020/8/16LIYING学

设(1)

物(2)

法(3)

论学

就Nobei

化学奖(1901

-

2011,101届,

8

0

)二

(

4

6

8

)2020/8/16LIYING1931年,Hucke1

芳香结构理论1

9

3

3

Ingold

代1962年,

福井谦一,前线轨道

1965年,Woodward

—Hoffmann分

理1

9

6

7

,Corey逆

理1972年,0lah碳正离子的系统概念

1978年,

Lehn超分子化学1.2

念·Typesof

Bonding2020/8/16

LIYING共

论&Bonding1.2.1Structure2020/8/

LIYINC离子键

lonic

BondingNa

·2020/8/16

LIYINGForsimplemolecules,thetwolimitingcasesof

bonding

areionic,where

full

electron

transfer

occurs,and

covalent,wh

erethebondingelectronsaresharedbetweenthe

two

atoms.Covalentbondingiscommonlyobservedinorganiccompounds.2020/8/16LIYINGC1::C1:C:Cl:C1:CovalentIonicandCovalent

Bonding④Na

:(C1:IonicGCovalentBond

Theories1.VB2.

3.MOVB

1)价

叠or

对2

)

性3

)

性2020/8/16

LIYINGSIMPLE

COVALENT

BONDof

electrons

is

shared

betweenbondedatoms.ApairtwoH·

·H2020/8/16

LIYINGAtheA

SIMPLE

COVALENTBONDBonded

pairH—HHI.H2020/8/16LIYINGA-

+

B-bondzero-point

energyBond

Enerqvlbeonng

hEnar

wenergy2(LIOThe

Geometry

of

Carbon

CompoundsBondinginansp³hybridizedmoleculesuch

as

methane

(CH₄)isbestdescribedbyexaminationof

the

series

ofeight

molecular

orbitals

which

are

formed

from

thecombination

oftheeightatomic

orbitals.Molecular

Orbital

cut

away

to202

showCH₄LIY1ivLTheLowestEnergyOccupiedof

2s²2px¹2py¹.Inordertoformfourbonds,anelectronmustbepromotedfromthe2s

orbitalto

the2pzorbital.2020/8/16LIYING杂

p72020/8/16

LIYINGTheGeometryofCarbonCompoundsorbital

hassymmetry.The

2sspherical2020/8/16

LIYINGThe

Geometry

ofCarbonCompounds…while

the

2p

orbitalsarealignedalongthex,y

andz

axes.门X

K

K2LIYINGPZyZZThefourvalences

ofcarbonmust

be

constructed

from

theseorbitals,orfromalowenergycombination

of

these

orbitals.TheGeometry

of

Carbon

CompoundsLIYING2

SquarePlanarPyramidalTetrahedralL]Tetravalent

compounds

canassume

three

standardgeometries..Geometry

of

Tetravalent

aIφSquare

planar

geometrywouldyieldtwo

structures...Pos

sible

Structures

ofDichloromethanewouldyieldfourstructures…Tetrahedralwouldgeometry

yield

onePyramidalgeometryIdentical

structures…structure..LIYINGThe

Geometry

ofCarbonCompoundstetrahedralfromthe

four

orbitalsgeometrycombinationto

form

alowenergysp³hybrid.Thearisesof

the∠U∠U/O/IDLIYINGOthermodesofatomicorbital

hybridizationin

carbon

compoundsThe

orbitals

on

carboncompoundscan

alsohybridize

in

two

additionalmodes;

sp²and

sp.a“triple

bond”;

sphybridizationa“double

bond”;sp²hybridization2020/8/16

LIYINGOnesandtwop-orbitalsfrom

each

carbon

are

usedto

construct

a

sigmabonding

network

withtrigonal

geometry..LIYINGHybridizationtoFormansp²CenterTheremainingtwop-orbitalsareorthogonal(atright

angles)to

the

sigma

network

and

are

used

toconstruct

a

pi

(π)bonding

network

above

andbelow

the

plane

of

the

sigma

bonds.2020/8/16LIYINGHybridizationtoFormansp²CenterThis"π-bond"isrepresented

as

thesecond

bond

in

a"double

bond".

Theπ-bond

is

weaker

than

thesigma-bond

in

the

molecule,but

stillprovides

significant

bonding

energy.HybridizationtoFormansp²Centerπ-molecularorbitalcut

opentoshowtheatoms.One

consequence

of

the

π-overlapistherequirementthat

the

twop-orbitalsremainparallel

sothatbonding

overlap

can

occur.2020/8/16LIYINGRotationaboutan

sp²Centerbondmakestheorbitalsperpendicular,disallowing

overlaprotationaroundthe

sigmaThereisrapidfree

rotationaroundsp³

carbon-carbonsinglebonds.2(LIYING

Rotation

about

an

sp²CenterHowever.the

π-bondsprevent

free

rotationaroundsp²carbon-carbon

double

bondstrans-

on

opposite

sides

cis-

on

the

same

sideIsomerswhichdifferonlyinthewayinwhichtheyarearranged

in

space

are

called

stereoisomers

.2020/8/16LIYINGThefactthatthereishinderedrotationarounddoublebondsmeansthatcompoundscanexistwhich

differ

only

in

the

geometry

around

the

double

bond

.180°One

s

and

one

p-orbital

fromeach

carbon

are

used

toconstruct

a

sigma

bondingnetwork

with

lineargeometry...Hybridization

to

Form

an

sp

CenterVZLIYINGXThe

remaining

p-orbitals

are

usedtoconstruct

a

pi(π)bondingnetwork

with

electron

densitysurrounding

the

plane

of

thesigma

bonds.HybridizationtoFormansp

Center202U/8/16LIYINGThese"π-bonds"arerepresented

as

the

second

andthird

bonds

in

a"triple

bond".LIYINGHybridizationtoFormansp

CenterHybridizationofothercarbonspeciesThree

other

types

ofcarbonatomswhich

willbecommonly

encounteredand

carbon

radicals.arecarbocations

,carbanionsa

Carbon

Radicala

CarbocationaCarbanion2(LIYINGHybridizationinaCarbocationA

carbocationistrivalent,planar,and

carries

aunitpositivecharge.Thehybridizationissp²with

emptyp-

orbitalsaboveand

below

the

plane

ofsigmabonds.Aschematicrepresentationwhich

is

often

utilized

torepresenttheemptyp-orbitalin

CH₃HybridizationinaCarbocationAcarbocationistrivalent,planar,andcarriesa

unitpositivecharge.Thehybridizationissp²

withemptyp-

orbitalsaboveandbelowtheplaneofsigmabonds.Thegeometryof

the

emptyorbitalisbestrepresentedbythecalculatedLowestUnoccupiedMolecularOrbital(LUMO)surfaceofCH₃+LIYINGHybridizationinaCarbanionAcarbanionistrivalent,tetrahedral,andcarriesaunit

negativecharge.Thehybridizationissp³

withtheunsharedpairofelectronsinoneof

thetetrahedrallobes.Aschematicrepresentationwhichisoftenutilized

torepresenttheelectrondensityinCH₃—V-V

VLIYINGHybridizationin

a

CarbanionA

carbanionistrivalent,tetrahedral,andcarriesaunitnegativecharge.Thehybridizationissp³withtheunshared

pair

of

electrons

in

one

of

the

tetrahedralThegeometry

of

a

carbanionisbestrepresentedbythecalculatedHighest

OccupiedMolecular

Orbital

(HOMO

)surface

ofCH₃2020/8/16LIYINGlobes.Hyb

ridization

in

a

Carbon

RadicalA

carbon

radicalistrivalent,planar,andcarriesnocharge.Thehybridizationissp²withtheunpairedelectroninap-orbitalaboveand

below

the

plane

ofsigma

bonds.Aschematic

representationwhich

is

often

utilized

torepresent

the

localization

ofthe

unpaired

electron

in

thep-orbital

in

CH₃'20:LIY。Hybridization

in

a

Carbon

RadicalAcarbonradicalistrivalent,planar,andcarriesno

charge.Thehybridizationissp²withtheunpaired

electron

in

a

p-orbital

above

and

below

the

plane

of

sigmabonds.The

geometryofthe

carbonradical

is

best

represented

bythecalculated

HighestOccupied

Molecular

Orbital(HOMO)surfaceofCH₃*2020/8/16LIYINGSummary

sp³:tetrahedralgeometry,109.5°bondangles,freerotation·

pd²

eo

angles,·

s“pt

i

elaer

bonds

e

ometry,180°bond

angles,r:lationbondt°ro20e,1o

freetry,nm”osebonnalubtri“s2LIYINGcarbocations:sp²(trigonal)geometry,planar,positive

chargecarbanions:sp³(tetrahedral)geometry,

strong

base,negative

chargeradicals:sp²(trigonal)geometry,generally

planar,unchargeda

CarbocationLIYINGa

Carbon

RadicalSummaryaCarbanion分

p10(MolecularOrbitalTheory,MO)1932,PaulingThe

regionof

spacearoundanatominwhich

an

electron

is

likely

to

be

found

isan

orbital.The

shape

and

size

of

the

orbital

aredetermined

by

a

mathematical

equationcalledawavefunction.2020/8/16LIYINGBonding

and

Antibonding

MolecularOrbitals

o*antibondingmalecular

orbitalThe

combination

of

twomolecularorbitals.

Inhydrogen,the

twobonding

electronsoccupy

the

sigmabondingorbital

lsatomicand

there

are

twoorbitalunoccupied,high

energyls

atomicorbitalg

bondingmolecular

orbitalatoimic

orbitalsmustgenerate

twoorbitalstermedorbitals.2020/8/16which

arreantibondingLIYING(Bondinamolecularorbital)π-Bonding2020/8/16LIYINGπ*-AntibondingOrbital2020/8/16

LIYING1

.

2

.

2

数键

性2020/8/16

LIYING键键

长A键键A键键

长AH-CHH-NH-OC-CC-N2020/8/161.091.000.961.541.47C-OC-FC-CIC-BrC-I1.431.381.761.942.14C=CC=NC=OC=CC=N1.351.301.221.201.16(

1

)

长LIYING

(

2

)

角Methane

isTetrahedral

with

Dihedralangelsof109.50109.5°“BallandStick"Model“SpaceFilling”Model(3)

能H₂→2H

△H=+435.56

kJ/mol△H----焓

变2020/8/16

LIYINGAH=

反应物键能总和-产物键能总和△H---正值,反应吸热

负值,反应放热CH₄→4H+C(

)

△H=+1660.3k.J/mol断

裂第

个C—H

,D=434.7kJ/mol第

个C—H

,D=443.1

kJ/mol第

个C—H键

,D=338.6

kJ/mol2020/8/16LIYING键键能键键

能键键

能键键

能O-HN-HS-HC-HH-H464.0388.7346.9413.8434.7C-CC-OC-NC-SO-ON-N346.9359.5305.1271.7146.3163.0C-FC-CIC-BrC-ICl-CIBr-BrI-I484.9338.6284.2217.4242.4192.7150.9C=CC=CC=NC=NC=O610.3836614.5890.37

3

5

.

7

(

)7

4

8

.

2

(

)室

,分子热运动的能量为62

.

7~83

.

6

kJ/mo

l2020/8/16LIYING共

(kJ/mol)(4)共价键的极性偶

(

)μ------德拜(D),1D=3.336

×10-30

C.m电

F>O>CI>N>Br>C3.9,

3.5,

3.1,

3.0,

2.9,

2.62020/8/16LIYINGq------静

d

------厘

米μ=qXd+9△d一O1BInchloromethane

(CH₃CI),thepolarizationgenerated

bythemoreelectronegativechlorinecreatesadipolemomentinthe

molecule.CU∠U/UIULIYINGC1:3.0electronegativitiesof

C,H

andClpartialnegativeH:

2.C:

2.5partialpositiveHH

HPolarizationofCovalentBonds7】δ

=Electrostaticpotentialmapofchloromethane(CH₃CI)showing

the

partial

negative

charge

associated

with

themoreelectronegativechlorine.LIYINGThispolarizationismostclearlyshownusing

anelectrostaticpotential

map,which

maps

the

charge

density

associated

withamolecular

surface.partial

negativepartial

positive键十

—键

矩键十

—键

矩键十

—键

矩H—NH-O1.311.5C—CIC—BrC—I2.32.22.0C—NC-OC=01.151.52.3共

矩(D)2020/8/16

LIYING百F1.46多

矩FI1.842020/8/16

LIYING1.75μHFI分

理性

质(1)

分内

高2020/8/16

LIYING(

2

)

状支

低分

高2020/8/16

LIYING烷

烃沸

℃熔

℃密度d₄20甲

正成笼-161.7—88.6—42.1—0.536.168.798.4125.7150.8174.0195.8216.3235.4-182.5-183.3-187.7-138.3-129.8—95.3—90.6—56.8—53.5—29.7—25.6—9.6—5.50.42400.54620.58240.57870.62640.66030.68370.70260.71770.72990.74020.74870.7564正

烷正

烷正

烷正

烷癸

烷十一烷正十二烷2020/8/正十三烷烷烃的物理常数(1)烷

烷正正LIYHNG烷烃的物理常数(2)沸点℃熔点℃密

d₄²

°正十四烷253.75.90.7628正十五烷正二十烷正三十烷异

烷异

烷新

烷2

-

烷3

-

烷2,2

-

二甲基丁烷2020-二中基T烷LIYING270.6343449.7—11.729.99.460.363.349.758.010.036.865.8—159.4—159.9—16.8—153.6—118.0—100.0—128.40.76850.78860.80970.55720.61960.59040.65320.66440.64920.6616.CH₃

H₃C.x0.9℃0Db.p.3.7℃CH₃μ2UZU/8/1bLIYINGH₃C.0.33DHHHHμ=1.85Db.p.60℃m.p.—80℃∠u

∠UrOIlULIYINGClHμ=0Db.p.48℃m.p.—50℃H(

4

)

键CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OHCH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃(

5

)

度b.p.117.7℃b.p.34.6℃相

溶2020/8/16

LIYING8

&δC十IInductive诱

应,&H₂-Br:

δC)δ-N—

HC—HI=0effectiveδ-I2020/8/16

LIYING1.2.4Inductive

effective诱

应定义:原子电负性不同而引起的极性效应

沿

键强度:与电负性有关

(

一l,+l),随距离逐步减弱(三个化学键内)2020/8/16LIYING1.2.5

Breaking

of

covalent

bondTypesoforganicreaction共

类均

-

-

-

基异

-

-

-

子heterolytic

cleavage

Brhomolyticcleava

geA.

B.kAB-LIYINGBONDFISSIONPROCESSESGeneration

of

carbon

reactive

intermediates键断裂过程2

Y自由基2020/8/16LIYING

Y

CARBOCATIOINCARBANION碳负离子碳正离子HOMOLYSISRADICALSTERSISTypesofOrganic

Reaction有机反应亲电反应

亲核反应20zU/8/10LIYING自由基反应

离子型反应协同反应1.3

骤●

纯●

定●

分子式的确定●结构式的确定:

X

一衍射,光谱分

象2020/8/16

LIYING1.

4

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