应用心理学专业 分析简.奥斯汀的女权主义在傲慢与偏见中的体现

论文题目：JaneAusten’sViewonFeminism-AnalysisofPrideandPrejudice摘要随着经济的发展，18世纪末至19世纪初，英国文学界创造了“女性文学纪元”并且出现了一大批女性作家。她们重新从女性的角度审视了女性命运，与此同时，她们还宣扬女性拥有和男人一样的权利和身份。简.奥斯汀就是英国文学界中女性主义的代表人物，在《傲慢与偏见》中充分表达了其独特的女性主义见解。本文旨在通过深刻解读和分析简.奥斯汀的女性主义思想在她的著作--《傲慢与偏见》中的体现。通过分析，本文认为简.奥斯汀的女性主义思想只是停留在萌芽阶段，还存在着很多不足。AbstractFromthelateeighteenthcenturytotheearlynineteenthcentury,theBritishliteraryworldcreatedthe"eraofwomen'sliterature",andanumberoffamouswomenwritersemerged.Theyexaminedthefateofwomenfromtheperspectiveofwomenandadvocatedthatwomenshouldhaveequalrightsandstatusasmen.PrideandPrejudiceisthemasterpieceoffeminismwrittenbyJaneAusten.Thefeministideologyofthenoveloriginatedfromtheauthor'sstrongfeministconceptandthebackgroundoftheerawhenmaleculturewasparamount.ThispaperwilldeeplyinterpretandanalyzeJaneAusten'sfeministconsciousnessandreflectoffeminisminherPrideandPrejudice.Keywords:PrideandPrejudice;feminism;JaneAusten

目录1. Introduction 41.1 PrideandPrejudice 51.2JaneAusten 51.3Feminism 62.ThesocialbackgroundofAusten'sfemaleconsciousness. 72.1Lowsocialstatus 82.1.1Economicstatus. 92.1.2Education. 92.2Thelackoffemaleconsciousness. 102.3Theemergenceoffemaleconsciousnessandfeminismliterature. 113.Austen’sfemaleconsciousnessinPrideandPrejudice. 123.1Theconsciousnessoffreedom. 133.1.1Independentconsciousness. 133.1.2Equalconsciousness. 143.1.3Intelligentconsciousness. 153.2Rebelliousconsciousness. 153.3Marriageconsciousness. 164.MaleImages. 174.2Mr.Benet 184.3Mr.Collins 195.Conclusion 20References 20Acknowledgements 21IntroductionThispaperwoulddeeplyanalyzethefemaleconsciousnessinPrideandPrejudiceandprovethatfeminismappearsbeforetheFrenchRevolution.JaneAustenisconsideredtobeapioneerofFeminism.Shehasstruggledinpatriarchalculturetocreateaskyforwomen'swriting,whichdeservesourgreatattention.Atthesametime,Austen,onthebasisofanalyzingtheessenceofbourgeoismarriage,deeplydescribesthestatusofwomenandtheindependenceofwomen'spersonality.Certainly,theyearningforidealmarriageisstillofgreatsignificancetothepresentsociety.Ontheonehand,thefeministideologyandconsciousnessofthenovelismanifestedinthefemale-centereddiscoursenarrativeperspective;ontheotherhand,theprotagonistofthenovelcalledElizabeth,isadifferentfemalefromtraditionalwhoisintelligentwithstrongideasofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,independenceofloveandmarriage,rebellionandchallengetothepatriarchyofsecularrituals,andrichpersonality.Thefeministconsciousnessexpressedinthenovelhassomelimitationsanddeficienciestosomeextent,butitstillhasastrongpracticalenlightenment.1.1 PrideandPrejudiceThenoveltellslovestoriesaboutMr.Bennet’sdaughters.Mr.Bennetlivedincountrysidewithhisfivedaughtersandwife.Theylivedawell-offlevel,butnoneofthegirlscaninherithispropertyunlesswhomarrytheinheritorbecauseitisentailedinlaw.Besides,womendidnothavetheirownfortuneincludingMrs.Bennet,soitisnecessaryforgirlstohaveagoodmarriage.TheprotagonistisElizabeth,hisseconddaughter.ShemetDarcyataball,butsheheardthathewasarrogantandhadbeenrejectinghimforlongtime.Afteralotofexperience,ElizabethrelievedherprejudiceagainstDarcy,andDarcyputasidehisarrogance,thentheyweremarried.Thenovelrevolvesaroundtheneedtomarryforlove,notjustforfinancialreasons,despitesocialpressurestomarryagood,wealthypartner.Differentfromtraditionalview,JaneAustenpaidmoreattentiontowomeninPrideandPrejudice.1.2JaneAustenJaneAusten,whowasbornin1775anddiedin1817,isafamousBritishfemalenovelistinthenineteenthcentury.Herworksmainlyfocusontheloveandmarriageofwomeninthegentry’sfamily.Shehasexploredtheprocessofself-discoveryofyoungwomenfromlovetomarriagemanytimes.Sheshowsherfeministideologyandfeministconsciousnessinherworks.TakingPrideandPrejudiceforexample,itdepictstheEnglishsocietyfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturytothebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,andreproducesthesocialoutlookandhumanfeelingsunderthesocialbackgroundatthattime.1.3FeminismTheterm"feminism"originatedinFranceattheendofthenineteenthcentury,whichmeanswomen'sliberationandequalitybetweenmenandwomen.康正果.女权主义与文学[M].北京康正果.女权主义与文学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994:113-1172.ThesocialbackgroundofAusten'sfemaleconsciousness.Itisauniversallyacknowledgedtruththatasinglemanwithalargefortunemustneedawife.简.奥斯汀简.奥斯汀.傲慢与偏见.北京：中央编译出版社,2008.7 Attheendofthe18thcentury,marriagewasthetoppriorityforBritishwomenbecausewomenhadnopropertyrightsunderthelawsofthattime.Marriageisrelativelypassiveforwomenbecausetheyhavelittlechoice,andiftheydon'tgetmarried,theywillberidiculedanddiscriminatedagainst.DivorceisalsotroublesomeanditmustbeapprovedbytheBritishParliament.Marriageisdifficultforwomeninwartime,becausemenareneededinbattlefield.Itisdifficultforwomentofindasuitablemantomarrywhenmenleave.2.1LowsocialstatusAtthattimeBritainwasunderthecontrolofthepatriarchy,thusitisgenerallyagreedthatgirlsgaintheirrespectbyhavingagoodmarriage.EverythingcouldleadtothisphenomenoninthatmomentincludingtheBritishsocietyandthestatusofwomen.It’sabout19thcentury,womencouldn’tenjoymanyrightscomparedtowomeninnowthattheycouldnotgainenoughrespect.Inthetraditionalmoney-worshipingBritain,manymiddle-classyoungwomenhavethreechoices:gettingmarried,stayingathomeasanoldmaidorbeingagoverness.Althoughfemaletutorsaremoreindependentthantheothertwochoices,fewpeoplechoosethisprofessionbecauseoftheirlowincomeandstatus.Itisverydifficultforthemtochangeorexchangethisstatus.Noonewantstobeanoldmaidforever.Therefore,foryoungwomen,especiallythosewhodonothaveenoughproperty,marriageisthebestchoicetogainrespect,stabilityandsocialstatus. Evenworse,womenareinherentlyconsideredinferiortomen,bothintellectuallyandcompetently.Womenservemenlikeservants.Women'scenteristheirhusbandsandfathers.Everythinginthefamilymustbedecidedbymen.Womencanonlystayathomeeveryday.Theonlythingtheycandoistodohousework,takecareofchildren,orsewup.ThosewithbetterfamilyconditionscangoouttosocialpartiesandservetheirhusbandsliketraditionalChinesewomen.Asthesayinggoes,women'sincompetenceisvirtue.Atthattime,peoplethoughtthatwomenweregoodhousewivesaslongastheyobeyedandrespected.Frombirth,theyformedakindofthinking-womenareinferiortomen,womenjustneedtobequiet,gentleandappropriate.Therefore,theyhavebeensuppressingtheirability.Theyareaccustomedtosuchalife,suchthoughts,theydonotknowtheresistance,andfewpeoplearedissatisfiedwiththeirowndestiny.2.1.1Economicstatus.Inthe19thcentury,Britainwasanageofpursuitofpowerandmoney.Undertheinfluenceofpatriarchy,womenhadnoindependenteconomicstatus.Theydependedontheirhusbandsandfamilies.ThepropertyproblemsoftheBennetfamilyillustratethatwomenhadnoeconomicstatusatthattime.Eveniftheywereborninawell-offfamily,womenmayhavenoproperty.Bennet'sdaughterswon'tgetanyproperty.Herdaughtersgoouttoplaybythemselves,andherfatherwon'tworrybecauseheknowsthatmarriageisbasedonmaterialthingsandnoonewantstomarryapennilessgirl.2.1.2Education.Mr.Bennetknewthathisdaughterscouldnotinherithisproperty,butheneverstrengthenedtheirtraining,butletthemgo.FromBennet'scontemptfortheeducationoffivedaughters,wecaneasilyseethatinBritainatthattime,womencouldhardlyreceiveagoodeducation.Inthosedays,BritishwomenreceivededucationsimilartothatinancientChina.Womenshouldteachtheirhusbandsandchildren,learnsewing,houseworkorsometalents.Alleducationwastopleasemen.Findingagoodhusbandisthebestfutureforwomen.Inprideandprejudice,severalsisterswillsaythatitisgoodtobethemistressofthemanor.Thisstatementfullyreflectshowwomenlearntobeagoodhousewifefromtheirchildhood.2.2Thelackoffemaleconsciousness.Itwasapatriarchalera,andpeoplewereusedtotheideathatmenweresuperiortowomen.JaneAusten'sCharlottewasamodeloftraditionalBritishwomen.She,27,wasjokedaboutbeingunmarriedandregardedasaburdenonherparents.Collinsaskedhertomarryhim,andwithoutmuchconsideration,sheimmediatelyagreedandhappilytoldherbestfriendElizabeth.ElizabethadvisedhernottomarryCollins.ShetoldElizabethtoblessherandnotcondemnher.SheknewverywellthatCollinswasanunpleasant,evenalittleannoyingperson.Consideringherfamilyandage,shechosetoagree.Charlottewillnotfightforhersituation,nordaresherefusetomarrypeopleshedislikeslikeElizabeth.Allshecandoistoconformtofamilyarrangementsandsacrificeherfeelingsinordertomaintainherstablelife.2.3Theemergenceoffemaleconsciousnessandfeminismliterature.JaneAustenwasthefirstwomantowakeup.Shestudieshumannaturefromtheperspectiveof"human"ratherthan"gender".Herworksareintendedtoshowthecharmofwomenas"human"withfullequalityofmen.Sheadvocatedequalitybetweenmenandwomen,believingthatwomenwereasintelligentasmen,andthatwomenevenhadmorekeenobservationandjudgmentthanmen.Herheroinesnolongerappearasvases,butasmaleprotagonistsintraditionalliterature,theyaretheembodimentofreason,virtueandwisdom.Theyrepresentthesensitiveandthoughtfulyounggenerationofwomenasindependentindividuals,whohavegonethroughaprocessfromimperfectiontoperfection.ElizabethinPrideandPrejudiceisthemostdazzlingfemaleimagecreatedbyAustin.Herappearance,temperamentandmannersarenotthebest,butthearrogantDarcyhasaspecialloveforher,becauseshehasanirresistiblepersonalitycharm.Thiskindofpersonalitycharmcomesfromhermaintenanceofherdignity,Judgingfromherrealtalent,andfromherwisdomandgenerosity.Thisimagebreaksthestereotypethatwomenareinherentlymentallyinferior. Austinregardswomenwhohavebeenmarginalizedforalongtimeasarestrictivenarrativeanglefromtheomniscientperspective,whichawakenswomen'ssubjectiveconsciousnesswhichhasbeensleepingforalongtime.Thus,AustinmakesthesubjectiveconsciousnessofBritishwomen'sliteraturemanifestedhalfacenturyaheadoftime. IfJaneAusten'sworkspushwomentothecenteroftheliteraryworld,thesubsequentworksoftheBrontesistershavebecomemilestonesinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TheBrontesistersfirstraisedtheissueofwomen'sindependentpersonality,andpointedoutthatindependentpersonalityisbasedoneconomicindependence.Theirworkspenetrateintowomen'sinnerworldandhighlightthebeautifulpersonalityofwomen'sself-esteemandself-respect.Therefore,theirworksannouncetherealawakeningofwomen'sconsciousness.3.Austen’sfemaleconsciousnessinPrideandPrejudice.Mr.Bennetearns2,000poundsayear,Bentleyhas5,000poundsayear,andDarcyexaggeratesthatheowns10,000poundsayear.HissisterGeorgianaalsohasadowryof30,000pounds...Nevertheless,Janeherselfisnotveryoptimisticaboutthosemarriageswhichonlydependonmoney.Intheauthor'sview,loveisthecornerstoneofbuildingahappyandstablemarriagerelationship.ShepinnedherfeministideasondescribingElizabethasanearlyperfectpersoninordertopromotethecharmofwomenandadvocatetheindependentchoiceofmarriage.3.1Theconsciousnessoffreedom.JaneAustenadvocatesfreedomofmarriage.Womenalsohavetherighttochooseindependently.Womencanchoosethelovetheywantfromtheirhearts.WhenCollinsproposedtoElizabeth,Elizabethrefusedforthefirsttime.Collinsthoughtshewaspretendingtobereserved.Whensherefusedforthesecondtime,Collinsclearlytoldhertheprosandcons.ElizabethstillchosetorefusebecausesheknewshewouldbeunhappytomarryCollins.Shethoughtshehadtherighttorefuse.Austin'ssupportforElizabeth'spursuitoffreedomrestsonhercharacters.Herfatheralwayssupportedherchoice.ElizabethrefusedCollins.Hesupportedher.WhenshedecidedtomarryMr.Darcy,whomeveryonedidn'tlikeverymuch,hethoughthewouldsupportheraslongasshewastheoneshereallyliked.3.1.1Independentconsciousness.Austinherselfisunmarriedforlife,andsheisagoodexampleofindependence.Sheimmersedherselfinhercreativeworld,didnotcomeoutoftheworld,anddidnotcatertoothersformarriage.Charlotte's27-year-oldunmarriedwasmocked.ShewaseagertomarryherselfoutandhastilyagreedtoCollins'sproposal.WhenshetoldElizabeth,Elizabethwaspuzzled.Inhermind,shewouldnotcatertoothersbecauseoftheeconomy.Whenshelearnedthatherdaughtercouldnotinheritproperty,peoplewasthinkingabouthowtomarrytherich.Elizabeth'smotherwasevenmoreanxiousforhersisters.Shebelievedthatonlyherdaughtermarriedtherichwouldhaveafuture.ElizabethwasindependentofthoughtanddidnotpleaseMr.Darcy.WhenMr.Darcyproposedtoher,sherefused.Atthattime,peoplethoughtitwasanamazingthing,becauseeveryonewouldliketomarryaveryrichperson,butshewasdifferent.Whenthemisunderstandingwasresolved,ElizabethtoldherfatherthatshewassureshewasgoingtomarryMr.Darcyandthatshewantedtobeabletodecideherownmarriageindependently.3.1.2Equalconsciousness.Thekeytoequalitybetweenparentsandchildrenismutualrespect.InPrideandPrejudice,whenElizabethrejectsCollins'sproposal,Mrs.Bennetswears.Inheropinion,Elizabethrefusesherleisureandsuperiorlifeinthefuture,doesnotconsiderthelifesecurityofhersisters,nordoessheconsiderforherparents. WhenElizabethranoutofthefence,Mrs.Bennetchasedheraway,tryingtochangehermindandmarryCollins.ThenhepulledMr.BennetintoitandvowednevertoletthissonmarryCollinsifsherefusedtoacceptherproposal.Mr.Bennetwasmuchwiserthanhiswife.HeknewhisdaughterdidnotloveCollinsanddidnotwanttoforceher.OnlybyrespectingElizabeth'sideas,couldhekeepMr.Bennet'spositioninElizabeth'sheartloftyandnoble.ButMrs.Bennet'sthoughtsandmentalityofthesmallcitizenscanonlymakeherdaughterdissatisfied.3.1.3Intelligentconsciousness.AlthoughJaneAustenwasnotformallyeducated,herfamilyconditionsmadeherbrilliantsincechildhood.Shelearnedalotfromherfather.Shebegantowriteatanearlyage.Herownthirstforknowledgeisobvious.Inprideandprejudice,peoplewholovereadingandhavetheirownideasareoftenliked.Elizabethwassmart,read-loving,andhadherownideas.Unlikeotherwomenatthattime,shepracticedhertalentforactingandwaskeentobuyfashionableclothesinordertomeetthedemandsofmenforladies,butdidnotpayattentiontoherinnerrichness.3.2Rebelliousconsciousness.Austinisalsoawomanwhoyearnsforlove.Inhereyes,loveisaforcethatcangivepeoplecouragetofightagainsttheworld.Inprideandprejudice,JaneandMr.Bingleyareso,soisElizabethandMr.Darcy'slove.Janehasenduredtheoutsideworld'sviewofhersillydreams,breakingthroughherownreserve.Mr.BingleyinsistedonhisownvoiceandbravelyexpressedtoMr.Darcy.ElizabethputasideherprejudiceagainstMr.Darcy,andMr.Darcydisregardedtheoppositionofhisfamilyandtheworld.FromJaneAusten'sattitudetowardlove,wecanseethatAustenencourageswomentoresistfortheirloveinsteadofobeyingblindly.3.3Marriageconsciousness.Nomatterwhatage,nomatterwhen,weallagreethatloveshouldbebuiltonmaterialbasis,butnoteveryoneregardsself-esteemandmutualrespectasthebasisofconstructinglove.InPrideandPrejudice,whetherElizabethandDarcyorJaneandBingley,inallmarriages,amanmustbetheonewhohasproperty.Onlythisloveandcombinationcanwinthefinalhappyending.Itisnotsaidthatonlylovebutnobreadmarriagecanmakepeopleenvyandyearn.Itseemsthatlovecannotbehappywithoutmaterialfoundation.Infact,JaneAustenisveryrational,Elizabethisherincarnation,butsheisrationalandhasadream,shewillnotcompromisemarriage,inotherwords,allwomenwillhaveexpectationsoftheirmarriage,realisticorunrealistic,andultimatelymostpeoplehaveadoptedacompromiseorpartialcompromiseattitudetomarriage,becausetheyseetherealityisendless.Sureenough,butinordertosurvive,theychosetomarrysomeonetheydidn'tlove,whichisthedifferencebetweenJaneAustenandCharlotte.WhetherinBritainorinChina,thetraditionalpatriarchalideologyisnodifferent.Thelawallowsmentomarrytwoormorewivesunconditionallyundercertainconditions.Inthefamilysystem,theprincipleofinheritancebetweenfatherandsonunderthepatriarchalsystemhasneverwavered.Itisonlythedifferenceinthedistributionofinheritancestatusandpropertybetweendescendantsandothersons.4.MaleImages.Male-centeredsocialvaluestendtothinkthatmenarebetterthanwomen,whichhasalsobecomeareasonformentoimprisonwomen,suppresswomen,andcombatwomen'sself-confidence.However,inPrideandPrejudice,itiswomenwhoshinebrilliantly.Menarenotbrilliant,andmostofthemarepoor-quality,foolishandcowardly,andhavenosenseofresponsibilityfortheirfamilies.4.1Mr.DarcyDarcy,heisnotonlysoexclusiveandslightlywooden,butalsoshowssuchacharacterofhisprotagonistshowssucharrogance,thuspeopleincountrysidedislikehimeventhoughheisrichenough.Becauseoftheirdifferentnature,extrovertedpeoplearemorenaturalinfrontofstrangers.Theywillusesomewordsandmakefriendswiththeminashorttime.Butsomeintrovertsalwaysdislikeandarenotusedtotalkingtostrangers,takingMr.Darcyforexample.Heisamanofgreatwealthandpower.Hehasexcellentdancingskills.Butinfrontofmanyfemaleguests,hepreferstositaroundratherthandance,whichshowshisarrogance.AfterhecouldnotcontrolhimselfforlovingElizabeth,hedidnotfollowtheusuallogictoexpress,helistenedtoElizabethandotherpeople'sconversation,clearlycannothelpbutwanttodancewiththeheroine,andmustarrogantlysay,“Doyounotwanttoseizethisopportunitytodancewithme?Everyonefeelsuncomfortablebecausehe'stooconfident,"hesaid，insteadofinvitingpeopletodance.Itisclearthatdancingwiththemselveshasbecomethehonorofothers.Itismoreobviousthatheisarrogantandproud.Whenheclearlyfallsinlovewiththeheroine,heshouldhavecreatedopportunitiestoexpresshimself.Buthestayedalonewiththeheroineforhalfanhour.Darcyreadalone,evennotlookingattheheroine.Whenhefirstproposed,heconfidentlybelievedthatshemustbeexpectinghisproposaltoher,andwasextremelyfirmthatshewouldnotrefuseherself.Heevenadmittedthatshewasmodestandthatitwasdegradingtomarryhim.Howarrogantitis.InhisattitudetowardsWickham,eventhoughheknewhismanyshortcomings,hewasreluctanttosaythathefeltthatpeoplewouldnaturallydiscoverthemovertime.WhenElizabethtookafancytoWickham,hewasstillsoarrogantthathealmostdestroyedhishappiness.4.2Mr.BenetOneofthegreatpleasuresofMr.Bennett'slifeistomakefunofhiswifetoshowhisintelligence.WhenMr.BentleymovednearBennett'shouse,Mrs.Bennettwantedherhusbandtovisithernewneighborforthesakeoftheirmarriage.Heknowshiswife'sintentionsclearly,buthedeliberatelytalksaboutthemandmakeshiswifeanxious.Afterthequietvisit,hedidnottellthestorydirectly,butsaidalotofwordstoteasehiswife.Mr.Bennett'steasingofhiswifeembodieshissuperiorityasaman.Byridiculingandteasingthelesseducatedwomen,heshowshissuperiorityinintelligenceandinsight.Althoughtheimpliedauthorisbothfemale,heagreeswithMr.Bennett'sbehaviorverymuch,acquiescingtheabsoluteauthorityofmeninsocietyandfamily,appreciatingthelogicofmen'sthinking,identifyingwithmen'sguidanceandeducationtowomen,ignoringwomen'spsychologyandwomen'sconsciousness.4.3Mr.CollinsCollinswasafoolishandarrogantman,whoadvocatedthesecularconceptofmarriage.HebelievedthathewouldeventuallyinheritMr.Bennet'sfamilyandhisproposaltoElizabethwasagift,charityandcareforthefamily.WhenElizabethrefusedhim,hequicklyturnedhisproposaltoCharlotte,Elizabeth'sbestfriend,thedaughterofadesolatenobleman.InCollins'sopinion,evenCharlotteLucasisaverageinappearanceandherfamilyfortunehasdeclined,butshehashonorablestatus.Ifhecouldmarryanoblecanhelphimwhocomesfromthecommonfamilytoentertheupperclasssociety.Becauseofthelong-termruleofthefeudalclass,Britainformedasostricthierarchythatmoneyandstatusbecameanimportantfactorinmarriagepiecebypiece.CharlottewasnotfoolishthatsheexactlyknewtherealreasonwhyCollinsprop