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LessononeLegalsystem2021/9/20

Every

law

has

noatomofstrength,asWendellphillips,American

leaderagainstslavery假设是没

有公

众言

论的支

持,

法律是

毫没

量的

。美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯

Wfaras

no

publicopinionsupportsit.2021/9/20

2■BackgroundTwo

periods

of

legal

history:

y

7

e

C

nestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyThe

Period

of

the

English

ColoniestoyIslandompawniatoinJaVded160l1rsaoreMplnexORevolutionary

War

in

America(1775-1783)PeriodoftheUnited

StatesThe2021/9/20The3MassachusettsRhode

IslandConnectictNew

Jeey

rwyal

dVirginiaNorthCaroinaSouth

Caroia-GeorganeanaehOriginalThirteenColonies2021/9/20

4New

York

PeansytaninNew

HampshireCharacteristics■

Common

law

legal

system■普

系DecentralizationStare

decisis遵

例2021/9/20

5Case

law—PartOneStates

is

atoncenew

nationold

nation既

家TextThe

Uniteda

verya

very6Comparedwithmanyothercountries

比it

isconstantly

being

renewed

by■

加theadditionofnew

elements

ofpopulationandofnew

StatesIt

is

a

new

nation2021/9/20

7It

isthe

oldest

of

the"new"nations

一.thefirstonetobemadeoutofanOldWorldcolony.■

国家m

theoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfederalsystemtheoldestpracticeofself-government2021/9/20

8It

is

oldThewholeofits

history

belongs

no

i

.

inventio■

。ressethepcngsine

printperiodhethftni2021/9/209Thewholeofits

history

is

recordedfor

events

such

as

those

that

are

lostin

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

orFrance

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States那

有文

。2021/9/20And

the

American

recordComprehensive复

杂Immense繁

多2021/9/20

11■

Record

of

the

Nation

since

1776■国家从1776年开始的记载mRecord

ofthe

present

fifty

States■当前50个州的记载The

intricate

network

of

relationshipsbetween

States

andNation各

记载2021/9/20ofthe

colonial代

载Record■

时era12Thereportsofthe

UnitedState

sSupremeCourtfill350

volumeSThereportsofsomeStates

arealmostequallyvoluminous.联

编2021/9/20

13州

编mThe

reader

who

wants

to

tracethe

history

of

law

in

America

is

confrontedwithover

5,000stoutvolumesof

legal

cases.想

5

0

0

0多巨

册的

。2021/9/20

14Noonedocument,no

handfulof

documents,canproperlybesaid

to

reveal

the

character

of

apeopleoroftheirgovernment

.没

以准

。2021/9/20When

hundreds

and

thousands

ofdocuments

strike

aconsistentnote,over

more

than

a

hundredyears,wehave

a

rightto

say

that

isthekeynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时,我们可以说这就是基调

。2021/9/2016Part

TwoThe

American

legal

system,likethe

English,is

methodologicall

ymainlya

case

law

system.■

法2021/9/20

17形成于美国,包括加拿大,

西

度、

巴基斯坦,马来西亚和新

加坡,

香港地区也采用美美法法国和德国为代表,

瑞士、

意大利、

臭地利、

比利时、

卢森堡、

荷兰、

西班牙、

葡萄牙、

日本等Civil

law

legalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Common

law

legalsystem普

系Statutory

law2021/9/20

18(Casela

)Most

fields

of

privatelawstill

consist

primarily

of

case

law

an

d

the

extensive

and

steadilygrowing

statutory

continues

toibnetesrupbrj

t

nb

uggh

case

law

.私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法,

广

的成

法,

。rodinooatee2021/9/20

19for

anunderstandingof

American

lawandlegalmethodologY20central

importanceKnowledge'TechniqueThe

common

law

is

historically

thecommon

general

law——withsupremacyover

local

law

—whichwasdecreedbythe

itineran

tjudgesofthe

Englishroyalcourt.法

法国地

。2021/9/20通,公通巡回史

上m

enforcement强

;m

claim

;■actio

n

;■w

rit

状;■classicalRomanlaw古

法22Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposed

theexistenceofaspecialformofaction,a

writ,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresenteda

system

of‘action'

similartothatofclassical

Romanlaw.某

状这

,而这就

使

马法

。2021/9/20

23■

Ifawritexisted

(in

1227)a

claim

could

be

enforced;■

;mtherewasnorecourseforaclaimwithouta

writ,the

claim

did

not

exist.没有法院令状为前提的诉讼恳求,就没有

。2021/9/20Thissystembecameinflexiblewhenthe'Provisions

of

Oxford'(1258)prohibited

thecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthe'writ

upon

the

case''allowed

andwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentofcontractandtortlaw.这

〔1

2

5

8

。2021/9/20

25mThenarrow

limitsoftheformsofactio

n

andthe

limited

recoursethey

provided

ledtothedevelopmentofequity

la■

制及

的有

了衡

法和

法的

。w

and

equity

case

law

.2021/9/20

26官,序

中终律法时程

集最法

大件和

而,的

的案状

,失法

院诉令

题得通法

法申视

问据普平

法的重

性理于衡

平门分

术的别是

衡专过

技情有就

国理止的案出

英处防面虑展准由在为方考开标衡平法27■!

wasfirstgrantedbytheKing,andlaterbyhisChancellor

as"keeper

of

theKing'

s

conscience",to

afford

relief

inhardship

cases.首先由国王,

后由

“国

王良

人”

法官

作出,

便

难以

决的

救济

。2021/9/20

28■

“Equity”——doing

equity■公平——行为公平decidingexaequoet

bono■

〕Inthefifteenthcentury,however,

equity

lawandequitycase

lawl

n

nj

ipa

rt1

5

独立的

法庭

,

。2021/9/20

29ount(Cdeynudicindedaaosystemoped

intlegaldeve

i

t

sthtiurwodceweaplmmonh

comcohcwy)rynaeriche

ordfchanto普

1

1世

。而

在1

4

的修

。普

法衡

法2021/9/2030Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefixedand,toadegree,

inflexible

as

inany

legal

system.■

度的固

定性。equity

law2021/9/20

31Specialcharacteristicsofequity

law:relief

intheformofspecificperformance■

m

theinjunction■

〕mthedevelopmentofsocalled

maxims

of

equitylaw■

铭2021/9/20

32However,

equitablereliefregularly

will

lie

onlywhen

the

commonlaw

reliefis

inadequate.■

过,

当普

济不

才适

用衡

济。2021/9/20

33■

Forinstance,specificperformance

for

thepurchase

of

real

property

will

be

grantedbecausecommon

lawdamagesaredeemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannotcompensatethe

buyer

in

viewoftheuniqueness

attributed

to

real

property.例

济,

由于

。BK

C2021/9/20

9judicial

acceptance■

受or

through

expressprovision■

款2021/9/20As

the

common

law,equity

la

w

becamepartofAmericanlaweither

throughstatutoryToday,bothlegalsystemshave

beenmergedin

manyAmericanjurisdictionsthere

isonlyoneform

ofcivil

suitinthesejurisdictionsaswellasinfederal

practice.■

式2021/9/20

36普

法美

1

8

4

8

·

?

?

,

部法

典37Only

few

States

continue

tomaintaina

separate

chancerycourt.■

庭2021/9/2038Reference

to

the

historicaldevelopment

is

important参

要Itexplains

the

origin

and

significanceof

manycontemporary

legal

conceptsthedivisionof

titleinthelaw

of

property财

割2021/9/20

39Reference

to

the

historicaldevelopment

is

important参

要it

is

still

relevantdecision

of

sucha

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

权for

thequestions2021/9/2040“ordinary

济“extraordinaryN

equityremedyofspecificperformance衡

41

commonlawrelief

ofdamagesm

"Case

law"describes

theentirebodyof

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

commonlawandequityprecedents.■“

。2021/9/20

Tn

impreciseandconfusing

usagethe

terms

"common

law"and

"case

law"are

often

usedsynonymously,withthe

term

“commonlawin

¹this普

,是

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