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Grammar一、动词的时态、语态知识网络动词的时态、语态常见的八种时态一般现在时:谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式过去时:谓语用动词的过去式将来时:will/begoingto+动词原形现在进行时:am/is/are+动词的现在分词完成时:have/has+动词的过去分词过去进行时:was/were+动词的现在分词完成时:had+动词的过去分词将来时:would或was/weregoingto+动词的原形动词的语态主动语态被动语态动词的时态1.一般现在时(1)基本用法:表示经常性、习惯性的动作;表示现在的情况或状态;表示客观事实和普遍真理。如:Healwayshelpsothers.Heisateacher.Thesunrisesintheeast.(2)构成形式:am/is/are或实义动词的原形(主语是第三人称单数时,动词要用第三人称单数形式)。(3)与一般现在时连用的时间状语有:always,often,usually,sometimes,onceaweek,everyday等。Mid-AutumnDayusuallycomesinSeptemberorOctobereveryyear.(4)动词第三人称单数形式的构成:①一般动词在词尾直接加s,如lives,works等。②以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾的,加es,如goes,does,washes,passes等。③以辅音字母+y结尾的,把y变为i,再加es,如fly—flies,study—studies,worry—worries;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加s,如enjoy—enjoys,play—plays。④特殊情况:have—has,am/are—is(5)注意:如果主句为一般将来时,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句和when,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。Whataboutgoingclimbingifitdoesn'traintomorrow?2.一般过去时(1)概念:表示过去发生的动作,存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。(2)构成形式:①肯定式:be(was,were);行为动词(过去式)②否定式:was/were+not;行为动词didn't+动词原形③疑问式:was/were+主语+其他;行为动词did+主语+动词原形(3)动词过去式的变化:动词过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,不规则变化应特别记忆。规则变化有如下形式:①一般在动词后直接加ed。如:climbed,worked,asked等。②以e结尾的动词在后面直接加d。如:lived,described,agreed等。③以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y变为i再加ed。如:cry—cried,copy—copied,try—tried等。以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed。如enjoy—enjoyed,play—played等。④以重读闭音节结尾的单词,如果末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,则双写这个辅音字母加ed。如:stop-stopped,plan-planned,prefer-preferred等。(4)与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:ago,yesterday,lastweek,thedaybeforeyesterday,longlongago,onceuponatime等。(5)一般过去时的用法:①表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。Iboughtthebooklastweek.②表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常与always,usually,often,never,sometimes等连用(过去常常做某事也可用usedtodosth.来表示)。③since从句常用一般过去时,翻译成“自从”。ItistenyearssinceIcamehere.3.一般将来时(1)概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。(2)构成形式:“will/shall+动词原形”或“am/is/aregoingto+动词原形”。(3)与一般将来时连用的时间状语有:tomorrow,nextweek,in+一段时间等。(4)当主语是第一人称I或we时,问句中一般用shall,表示征求意见。Whenshallwefinishhomework?(5)begoingto+动词原形,表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的,很可能发生的事,或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。Lookattheclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.(6)下列几种情况只可用shall(will)表将来,而不可用begoingto结构。①表示询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Willyoupleaselendmeyourpen?②表示意愿时。Wewillhelphimifheasksus.③表单客观的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。Thesunwillsetat7:30thisafternoon.(7)当主句为一般将来时态时,在if,unless,assoonas,until,when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。IwillcallyouassoonasIgetthere.(8)therebe结构的一般将来时为therewillbe/thereisgoingtobe。(9)will/shall,beabouttodo与begoingto的区别。①一般将来时的基本结构为“will/shall+动词原形”,表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。②beabouttodo结构表示客观、马上就要发生的事,一般不与具体的时间状语连用。③begoingto结构表示必然或很可能发生的事情;betodo结构表示按职责、义务和要求必须去做或即将发生的动作。4.现在进行时(1)概念:表示现在或现阶段正在发生或持续的动作。(2)构成形式:am/is/are+动词的ing形式。(3)与现在进行时连用的时间状语或提示语有:now,thesedays,rightnow,atpresent,atthismoment,look,listen,can/can’tyousee等。(4)注意下列这些动词一般没有现在进行时态:表示感觉的动词。如:see,hear等。表示情感的动词。如:like,love等。表示希望的动词。如:want,wouldlike等。表示状态的动词。如:be等。表示归属的动词。如:have等。表示思维、知识或理解的动词。如:know,think等。5.现在完成时(1)概念:①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。②表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。(2)构成形式:have/has+动词的过去分词。(3)与现在完成时连用的时间状语有ever,never,already,just,yet,once,twice,lately,recently,recentdays/weeks/months/years,bythistime,sofar,before,in/during/overthepast/lastfew/twoyears,since+过去的时间点,since+时间段+ago,since+从句(一般过去时),for+时间段。(4)现在完成时与表示一段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用时,应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性的,而不能是非延续性动词,如:come→behere,go→bethere,die→bedead,borrow→keep,buy→have,join→bein,leave→beaway,end/finish→beover等。(5)havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin的用法区别:havebeento表示“曾去过”,现在应不在该地;havegoneto则表示“已去”,说话时不在说话地点,或在去某地的途中,或已到了某地;havebeenin表示“已在某地待了多久”,后面跟副词时不用in。-WhereisMrs.Smith?-Sheisn'there.ShehasgonetoEngland.-HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?-Yes,Ihave.Istayedtherefor2monthslastyear.(6)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在造成的影响、结果等,不与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示与现在的关系,可与表示过去的时间状语连用。6.过去进行时(1)概念:表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。(2)构成形式:was/were+动词的ing形式①表示往返、位移的动词的过去进行时常可用来表示过去将来时。Wewantedtotellherthatthetrainwasleavinganhourlater.②注意区别:一般过去时表示在过去某个时间“发生了的动作”或“存在了的状态”,而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.(表明信写完了)Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.(只表明“一直在写”,不清楚“是否写完”)(3)常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有两类:一类是表过去的“某点”时间,如:atthattime,thistime,lastweek,when/while的时间状语从句等;另一类是表过去的“某段”时间,如yesterdaymorning等。Whatwereyoudoingatnineo'clocklastSundaymorning?WhileJohnwaswalkingtoschool,hesawacatinatree.7.过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个时间之前已经发生的动作或一直延续的动作或状态。它表示动作所发生的时间是“过去的过去”,常用“助动词had+过去分词”构成。Bythetimeshegotup,herbrotherhadalreadygoneintothebathroom.(2)过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不同。因此现在完成时中的很多规则,也适用于过去完成时。WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbeenon.(3)常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:by(theendof)+过去的时间,for+时间段,since+时间点,since/when引导的时间状语从句(从句中谓语动词用过去时)等。Bytheendofthematch,theyhadkickedtwogoalsandwehadkickedfour.8.过去将来时(1)概念:过去将来时立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来。(2)与过去将来时连用的时间状语:thenextday(morning,year...),thefollowingmonth(week...)等。(3)构成形式:①肯定式:was/weregoingto+do;should/would+do②否定式:was/were+not+goingto+do;should/would+not+do③疑问式:was或were放在主语前;should/would提到主语前。④过去将来时经常用在间接引语、宾语从句中:JimaskedLucyifshewouldbuythenewbook.动词的语态1.动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。2.被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词,或“不及物动词+介词”构成的及物动词短语。现以及物动词ask为例,其各种时态形式的被动结构如下表所示。结构Ask的各种被动语态形式形式助动词be的适当形式+及物动词的过去分词时态一般现在时amisaskedare一般过去时was askedwere一般将来时shall beaskedwill过去将来时should beaskedwould现在进行时amisbeingaskedare过去进行时was beingaskedwere现在完成时have beenaskedhas过去完成时hadbeenasked含有情态动词的被动语态can,may,must,should,needbeasked3.被动语态的用法在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况中:(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。ThiswatchismadeinChina.(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.(3)需要说明或强调动作的承受者。Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.4.主动语态和被动语态的转换(1)主动语态变为被动语态。①要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾格变成主格。②把主动句中的主语变成被动句中的宾语,将主格变成宾格,并由by引导。③谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态:动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态:动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者WeaskedhimtosinganEnglishsong.(变为被动语态)→HewasaskedtosinganEnglishsongbyus.(2)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态。谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)→Iwasgivenabook.(间接宾语me改为主语)→Abookwasgiventome.(直接宾语abook改为主语)(3)短语动词变为被动语态。许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。但是短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)→Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)(4)带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态。宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。IheardJaneplayingthepianoinherroom.(变为被动语态)→Janewasheardplayingthepianoinherroom.(5)被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时应加上不定式符号to。Hemakesthegirlstayathome.(变为被动语态)→Thegirlismadetostayathome.(6)主动结构表被动意义①open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere.②look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。Mooncakestastedelicious.③在beworthdoing中doing表被动意义。Thisbookisworthreading.④want/need/requiredoing=want/need/requiretobedone。Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.(三)、例题解析1.用所给动词的适当形式完成短文。DearZhangLin,How'sitgoing?I__1__(have)someproblemsatschool.IfinditdifficulttoworkintheeveningandIcan'tconcentrateonanythingatthemoment.Ispendmostofmytime__2__(listen)torecordsorwatchingTVinsteadofdoingmyhomework.Theotherstudentsinmyclass__3__(be)muchbetterthanme.Ihavethefollowingproblemsaswell.Ican'talwaystakedowntheimportantthingsmyteacher__4__(say),becauseIwritetooslowly.She__5__(tell)methatI'mfallingbehindmyclassmatesinmystudies,I'mnotgoodat__6__(write)andIusuallyhandinmyhomeworklatebecauseIwon'tdoituntilthelastminute.SoIoftenhavetofinddifferentexcuses__7__(let)myteacherknowwhyIhaven'tdonethehomework.I'msureI__8__(get)throughmyfinalexaminJanuary.I'mnowsofarbehindtheotherstudentsthatIdon'tknowhowIcan__9__(catch)upwiththem.Lastweek,whenmyteacher__10__(help)mewithmyhomework,shefoundsomanymistakes,whichmadememoreupset.Couldyoupleasegivemesomegoodsuggestions?Yours,WeiHua【答案与解析】【主旨大意】这是一封向同学寻求学习帮助的信。1.have【解析】I作主语,动词用原形。2.listening【解析】spendsometime(in)doingsth.是固定用法,故填listening。3.are【解析】主语theotherstudents是复数,故be动词也用复数形式are。4.says【解析】myteacher是第三人称单数形式,故谓语动词也用第三人称单数。5.hastold【解析】此处表示已经发生并对现在产生了一定影响的事,故用现在完成时。6.writing【解析】begoodatdoing是固定用法。7.tolet【解析】不定式表目的。8.won'tget【解析】根据句意“我确定我将通不过1月份的期末考试。”知用一般将来时的否定形式。9.catch【解析】情态动词can后用动词原形。10.helped【解析】叙述过去发生的事用一般过去时。二、句子成份英语句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语等。

顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语:表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: Countrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词) WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词) One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词) Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式) Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词) Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词) WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句) Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)2、谓语:谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。

1)简单谓语:Westudyforthepeople.

2)复合谓语:IcanspeakalittleEnglish.Wearereadingbooks.HehasgonetoBeijing..3、表语:它位于系动词(比如be)之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。Mysisterisanurse. Isityours?(代词) Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词) Thespeechisexciting.(分词) Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词) HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式) Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词) Therulermustbeinyourbox.(介词短语) Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词) Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)4、宾语:宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,WelikeEnglish. Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词) Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词) Itbegantorain.(不定式短语) Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语) Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。如:Hegavemesomeink.有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如:Wemakehimourmonitor(班长).5、宾补:就是宾语补足语,就是补充说明宾语的IseeyoucrossingthestreetHisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypainted(涂漆)theirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)6、定语:在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。Heisanewstudent.

但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroom/overthere/ismine. Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词) Chinaisadeveloping(发展中)country;Americaisadeveloped(发达)country.(分词) Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词) Hisprogress(进步)inEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词) Ourmonitor(班长)isalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语) Heisreadinganarticle(文章)abouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)7、状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。HelivesinLondon.Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组) Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语) Heissorrytotrouble(麻烦)you.(不定式短语) Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语) Once(一旦0youbegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句) 状语种类如下: Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语) Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语) Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语) MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语) Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语) Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语) Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语) Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语) Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语) Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)练习:指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.5.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.6.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.7.Hewantstofinishtheworkintime.8.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.9.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.10.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?三、简单句简单句基本句型英语句子不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:

基本句型一:

S十V主谓结构这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词:appear,arrive,come,die,disappear,fall,happen,leave

1)学生们学习很努力。_____________________________________基本句型二:

S十V十P主系表结构常见的系动词有:be(是);get(变得),become(成为),turn(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎)A.表示状态的连系动词。如:be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,等。

1)Weshould____________________anytime.

我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。

2)这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_________________________________________________.B.表示转变或结果的系动词。如:become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove,等。如:3)

Springcomes.Itis______________________________.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。4)

Inautumn,leaves_______________________________.在秋天,叶子变黄。基本句型三:S十V十O主谓宾结构1)我昨天看了一部电影。________________________________________________.2)Theyhave_________________________ofthechildren.这些孩子他们照看得很好。基本句型四:S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有:bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等。

间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有:buy,choose,make,order,paint,play(演奏),sing,等。

1)Yesterdayherfather____________________asabirthday

present.

昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。

2)Theoldman__________________________________intheLongMarch.那位老人在给孩子们讲故事。这种句型还可转换为:动词+直接宾语+for/tosb.

3)Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.==Please_____________________________________.

请把你的画给我看一下。基本句型五:S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call(叫),choose(选),find(发现),make,name,(命名)1)Keep________________________________,please.请让孩子们安静下来。

2)They

painted

____________________.他们把门漆成绿色。Wemust__________________________.

我们必须保持我们的学校清洁He

asked

me

__________________soon.他要我早点回来。3)我们发现他是一个懒惰的人。We______________________________________________.

注意:动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词,不带to。4)Theboss________________________allday.老板迫使他整天劳动。5)We

saw

______________.我们看见他出去了。简单句的分类根据英语句式功能,简单句可分为四种:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句:1、基本结构:主语十谓语SheoftenspeaksEnglish.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.2、否定结构:主语+谓语(助动词/情态动词/be动词)+notIhavenotfinishedmydinner.Shewillnotattendtheconferencebecauseofherillness.Chinaisnotadevelopedcountry.疑问句:按结构可分为四种1、一般疑问句一般疑问句通常用yes或no回答.句末通常读升调。(1)谓语是be或have则将be或have放在主语前。Haveyouanywater?=Doyouhaveanywater?Issheanurse?(2)若谓语动词是行为动词,则将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前面。Mustheleavenow?他必须现在离开吗?Didhedohishomeworkyesterday?他昨天做了家庭作业吗?(3)一般疑问句的否定式通常把be,have或情态动词和not的简略式n't一起放在句首。Isn'tsheataxidiver?难道她不是一位出租车司机吗?肯定回答:Yes,sheis.“不,她是出租车司机。”否定回答:No,sheisn't.“是,她不是出租车司机。”2、特殊疑问句特殊疑问句就是用疑问词进行提问的句子。回答不用Yes或No,须作详细回答。(1)若疑问词做主语或主语的定语时,疑问句语序与陈述句语序相同。Whoisinthecar?WhosefatherworksinMadrid?(2)若疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰时,则用“疑问词+一般疑问句”。Wheredoyoucomefrom?Whenwillyougo?注:who是主格,whom是宾格,一般可用who代替whom,若前面有介词,只能用whom。Who(Whom)areyouwaitingforhere?Withwhomdidyoudoshoppingyesterday?(3)“why+一般疑问句否定式”表示劝告、建议、责备等。Whydon'tyoucomeearlier?=Whynotcomeearlier?你干嘛不早一点来?Whydoyoustandoutsidethehouse?=Whystandoutsidethehouse?干嘛站在房子外面?注:whynot+动词原形,表示“为什么不……”;why+动词原形,表示“为什么要……”。3、选择疑问句选择疑问句就是提出多个选项的疑问句,多个选项部分由连词or连接。回答不用yes或no;语序同一般疑问句语序。Areyouateacherorastudent?Shalllcometogetyouorshallwemeetatstation?4、反意疑问句(1)前面用肯定,后面用否定。①若前面谓语是be,have或情态动词,则句式为:主语十be/have/情态动词+……,be/have/情态动词的否定缩写+主语?—MissDianacanplaythepiano,can'tshe?戴安娜小姐会弹钢琴,是吗?—Yes,shecan.是的,她会弹钢琴。—No,shecan't.不,她不会弹钢琴。②若前面谓语是实义动词,则句式为:主语十行为动词+…,don't/doesn't/didn't十主语?注:①若前面含有seldom,hardly,scarcely、rarely,never,little,few,nobody,nowhere等否定意义的词时,则后面用肯定(但不包括含否定意构成的词,如dislike,unfair等)。ShecanhardlyspeakEnglish,canshe?Hedislikesmaths,doesn'the?②若陈述句的主语为名词或代词,反意疑问部分的主语为相应的人称代词。若陈述句的主语为nothing,this,that,不定式,动名词或从句时,反意疑问部分的主语应为it;若陈述句主语为these,those或nobody,everybody,somebody等时,反意疑问部分的主语用they;若陈述部分为therebe句型,反意疑问句部分仍用there。Tomasteraforeign1anguageiseasy,isn'tit?掌握一门外语很容易,是吗?Whathesaidatthemeetingveryimportant,isn’tit?他在会上所说的很重要,是吗?Therewillbeameetingtomorrow,won'tthere?明天要开会,是吗?—Helikessports,doesn'the?他喜欢运动,不是吗?—Yes,hedoes.是的,他喜欢。—No,hedoesn't.不,他不喜欢。(2)前面用否定,后面用肯定。(注意翻译时的差别)—Hecan'tswim,canhe?他不会游泳,是吗?—Yes,hecan.不,他会游泳。—No,hecan't.是的,他不会游泳。(3)反意疑问句的特殊类型。①若前半句的谓语动词为haveto/hadto时,其反意疑问句通常用助动词do的适当形式。Wehavetogetupatfourtomorrow,don'twe?Theyhadtoleaveearly,didn'tthey?②若前半句的谓语动词为usedto时,则其反意疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两种形式。Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usedn’tthere/didn'tthere?③若前半句的谓语动词是oughtto,则反意疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn't。Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn’the?④若陈述部分有dare或need时,应视具体情况对待:A、dare和need为实义动词,反意疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式;Weneedtodoit,don'twe?B.dare和need为情态动词,反意疑问部分用dare或need加not的否定缩写构成。Youdaren'tgothere,dareyou?你不敢去那儿,是吗?⑤若前半句含有情态动词must应视具体情况对待。A.若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”,则反意疑问句部分用needn't。Youmustgohomejustnow,needn'tyou?你有必要立刻回家,是吗?B、当mustn't表示禁止时,反意疑问部分一般用must。Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?你不能从草地上走,听见没有?⑥祈使句的反意疑问句。A.若祈使句为肯定句,反意疑问句可用willyou或won'tyou。用willyou表示请求,用won'tyou表示劝慰。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Becarefulnexttime,won'tyou?B.若祈使句为否定句,反意疑问句只能用willyou。Don'topenthedoor,willyou?C、表示不耐烦时,用can'tyou。Bequiet,can'tyou?D、Let's,Letus的反意疑问句。Let'sgotoschool,shallme?Letusgotoschool,willyou?⑦若前半句陈述部分用“Idon'tthink(believe,suppose,expect……)+宾语从句”这一结构时,反意疑问部分谓语动词和主语应和宾语从句中谓语动词和主语保持一致,且要用肯定式。Idon'tthinkhecanfinishthework,canhe?Ibelievesheknowsit,doesn’tshe?注:若这一结构主语为第二或第三人称时,反意疑问部分与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。Hethoughttheygotonwellwitheachother,didn'the?祈使句(1)用来表示请求、命令、号召等的句子称为祈使句。祈使句语调为降调。祈使句的谓语动词用原形,否定形式是在动词前加Don't(=Donot)或never(语气较强),主语you常省略。Don'tbecareless!Keepoffthegrass!注:若let的宾语是第一人称,否定式只须在宾语后加not即可;若let的宾语是第三人称,否定式应在let前加don't。Let'snotwastetime.Don'tlethimsaythat!(2)下面用以表示祝愿、建议的句子也是祈使句。Mayyousucceed!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!(3)表示强烈的感情或请求时,可用“Do+祈使句”的结构。Docomeontime!Dositdown!感叹句用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的句子我们称之为感叹句。感叹句以how或what开头。1、以how开头的感叹句(1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语 Howbeautifultheflowersare!HowfluentlyhespeaksEnglish!(2)How+主语+谓语 Howthewindblows!(3)How+形容词(副词)(省略主语和谓语) Howinteresting(itis)!2、以what开头的感叹句(1)What(a/an)+名词 Whatfun!Whatalittlegirl!(2)What(a)十形容词+名词+主语+谓语 Whatabeautifulpictureitis!Whatgoodfriendshehas!四、并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and,but,or,so等。如:Ilikeactionmoviesbutdon'tlikethrillers.我喜欢动作片但不喜欢恐怖片。(并列)Hurryuporyou'llbelate.快点,否则你要迟到了。(并列或选择)Studyhard,andyou’llgetgoodresults.努力学习,然后你会取得好成绩。(转折)and,or和but都是连词,在句中连接两个或两个以上的并列成分。可连接两个词,两个短语,两个分句,所连接的两个成分必须一致。如:Ilikeredandorange.Heisn'tmybrotherormyfriend.Ilikeplayingfootballandswimming.并列句中:1.表并列关系的由and,both...and,aswellas,notonly...but(also),neither...nor等组成。Shenotonlysingsbutalsodance.2.表转折关系的与but,however(然而),while(然而),still,yet等连用。Thefilmisnotperfect,still,it'sgood.3.表选择关系的由or,either...or...,not...but...,orelse(否则)连接Takethechance,orelseyouwillregret(后悔)it.4.表因果关系的与for,so/sothat,because,therefore,thus(因此)等连用。I'dbettertakeanumbrella,foritisgoingtorain.五、巩固练习(一)动词的时态语态【专项练习一】Ⅰ.请从各题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。()1.—Excuseme.Pleaselookatthesign“NoSmoking”.—Sorry,I____________.A.don’tnoticeit B.amnotnoticed C.didn’tnoticeit D.wasn’tnoticed()2.Pleasedon’tleaveuntilyourteacher____________back.A.willcome B.came C.comes D.iscoming()3.—You’veleftthelighton,Tracy.—Oh,sorry.I__________toturnitoffrightnow.A.went B.havegone C.willgo D.go()4.—Whatareyoulookingfor,John?—Mydictionary.It___________righthere,butnowit’s____________.A.hasbeen,gone B.was,gone C.was,going D.is,going()5.—Canyourbrothermakemodelplanes?—Yes,thisweekhe___________anewone.A.makes B.wouldmake C.hadmade D.ismaking()6.WangTaohasgonetoAustralia.He__________thereforayear.A.stayed B.willstay C.hadstayed D.stays()7.—Oh,MrsKing,yourdresslooksnice.Isitnew?—No,I___________itsincetwoyearsago.A.willbuy B.had C.ambuying D.havehad()8.Nobodynoticedwhattheyoungman_________atthatmoment.A.willdo B.wasdoing C.hasdone D.haddone()9.AWorldWithoutThievesisaverymovingfilm.I__________ittwicealready.A.willsee B.see C.hadseen D.haveseen()10.—Bequiet,please!Thebaby_________.—Sorry.A.sleeps B.slept C.issleeping D.wassleeping()11.Mypostcardisstillonthedesk.Why_________you_________it?A.haven’t,posted B.don’t,post C.weren’t,posting D.won’t,post()12.Tom__________therefor10monthssincehe__________backtohishometown.A.haslived,gets B.haslived,got C.lived,got D.lived,hasgot()13.—Ihavereadthebook.—When__________youreadit?A.have B.will C.did D.had()14.Someone___________theclassroom.Look!Howcleanitis!A.hasswept B.willsweep C.issweeping D.hadswept()15.—Whatdidyoudolastnight?—I_______________TVwithmyfamily.A.watch B.amwatching C.havewatched D.watchedⅡ.请根据句意及所给动词,用其正确时态填空。1._____________it_____________(cost)muchtolivehere?2.Theteacherlookedatthecleanclassroomandsaidwe_________(do)agoodjob.3.TheSmiths___________(change)greatlyinthelasttwoyears.4.Heheardhersingingloudlyinthenextroom,sohe__________(read)inaloudervoice.5.We__________(learn)abouttenEnglishsongsbytheendoflastterm.6.Fathersaidthathe____________(buy)anewbikeformethenextFriday.7.Billisn’there.He_____________(chat)withhisfriendsintheclassroom.8.Theteachersaidthatthemoon_______________(go)roundEarth.9.Listen!They_____________(talk)aboutthenewfilm.10.Hissister______________(marry)adoctoronMay1st,2008.11.Thereporter___________(interview)thelittleboyjustnow.12.TheGreens____________(watch)TVnow.13.We______________(study)Englishforaboutthreeyears.14.Mybrother__________(join)thearmyin1997.15.Thefarmers_____________(pick)appleswhenIsawthem.16.Thefilm___________(begin)whenIgottothecinema.17.Mysisterisastudentandshe__________(study)atamiddleschoolnearby.18.MrGreen_______________(travel)toseveralplacesinSouthChinasincehecamehere.19.You______________(catch)theearlybusifyougetupearly.20.I____________(stay)therefortwomonthslastyear.【专项练习二】Ⅰ.请从各题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。()1.—DidyougotoSam’sweekendparty?—No,I____________.A.amnotinvited B.wasn’tinvited

C.haven’tinvited D.didn’tinvite()2.Theletter____________inJapanese.Ican’treadit.A.iswriting B.iswritten C.wrote D.writes()3.—Susan,whyareyoustillhere?Theyareallreadytostart.—I’msorry,butI_______________whentomeet.A.amnottold B.didn’ttell C.haven’ttold D.wasn’ttold()4.Todaycomputers_______________inbothcitiesandtowns.A.wereusing B.areused C.wereused D.areusing()5.Anewsupermarket_____________inmyhometownnextmonth.A.willbuilt B.willbebuilt C.isbuilt D.builds()6.—Alice,you______________onthephone.—I’mcoming.Thanks.A.want B.arewanted C.werewanted D.havewanted()7.Personalcomputers____________in1976.Theyhavechangedthewholeworld.A.havebeeninvented B.areinvented C.wereinvented D.willbeinvented()8.—Yourskirtisniceandlooksdifferentfromothergirls’.—Thanks.Mymother____________itlastmonth.A.wasmade B.hasmade C.hasbeenmade D.made()9.Iknowshewon’tcometojoinusunlessshe__________to.A.tells B.willbetold C.istoldD.wastold()10.Jamesismyfriend.He__________Jimforshort.A.calls B.iscalled C.called D.iscalling()11.English____________inCanada,AustraliaandNewZealandaswellasAmericaandBritain.A.speaks B.isspeaking C.isspoken D.spoke()12.Thewindow___________tenminutesago,andtheroomisbrightnow.A.cleaned B.iscleaned C.wascleaned D.willclean()13.TodayIcan’tgotowork.Mysickmothershould__________.A.betakengoodcare B.betakengoodcareof C.takegoodcare D.takegoodcareof()14.—I___________yourrecorder.Itworksnow.—Thankyouverymuch.A.havebeenrepaired B.willrepair C.haverepaired D.wasrepaired()15.We’llhavethreedaysoffifthework________today.A.finishes B.canfinish C.wasfinished D.canbefinishedⅡ.请将主动语与被动语态互换,每空一词。1.Chineseisspokenbymoreandmoreforeignersnow._____________________________________________________now.2.Thetwinsateupallthebananasontheplate.Allthebananasontheplate___________________upbythetwins.3.Wemustfinishtheworkintwohours.Thework________________________________intwohours.4.Thousandsofhousesinthatareaweredestroyedbytheearthquake.______________________________________________________inthatarea.5.Beijinghashostedthe29thOlympicGamessuccessfully.The29thOlympicGames________________________________successfullybyBeijing.6.Thegirlcopiesapoemeveryweek.Apoem_________________________bythegirleveryweek.7.Theclassroomshouldbecleanedbythestudentseveryday.Thestudents___________________________________________everyday.8.Myfathergavemycousinanicegiftonherbirthday.Anicegift__________________________________mycousinbymyfatheronherbirthday.9.Allthepeopleintheroomlaughedathimbecauseofhisnewhairstyle.He_________________________________________________allthepeopleintheroombecauseofhisnewhairstyle.10.Iheardaboycryinthenextroomjustnow.Aboy______________________________________________inthenextroomjustnow.Ⅲ.请根据句意及所给词,用其正确语态填空。1.Thekitchen_____________(clean)everydaybymymother.2.Lily’ssister___________(make)breakfastforherselfeverymorning.3.Manysongs__________(sound)verybeautiful.4.Sometimesthebestandmostbeautifulthingsintheworldcannot_____________(see),butcan_____________(feel).5.Thingsshould__________(keep)herebeforeyouentertheWaterCube.6.Thosestudents_____________(ask)tospeakatthemeetingtomorrow.7.Thewindowoftheclassroom__________(break)byMikeyest

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