研究生英语高级教程-1单元-move-over-big-brother资料

研究生英语高级教程-1单元-move-over--big-brother资料Unit1MoveOver,BigBrother老大哥，移过去一点（一）[1]Livingwithoutprivacy,eveninhisbedroom,wasnoproblemfor

LouisXIV

(1638-1715).Infact,itwasawayfortheFrenchkingtodemonstratehisabsoluteauthorityovereventhemostpowerfulmembersofthe

aristocracy.Eachmorning,theygatheredtoseetheSunKinggetup,pray,performhisbodilyfunctions,choosehiswigandsoon.

[1]对路易十四而言，即使在卧室里生活没有隐私都不是问题。事实上，这是这位法国君主向那些甚至是最为显赫的贵族展示自己绝对君权的一种方式。每天早晨，这些权贵们聚集在一起观摩太阳王起床、祈祷、上厕所、挑假发等活动。LouisXIV路易十四[2]Willthispast—lifewithoutprivacy—beourfuture?Manyfuturists,science-fictionwritersandprivacyadvocatesbelieveso.BigBrother,theyhavelongwarned,iswatching.

Closed-circuittelevision

camerasoftentrack

yourmoves;yourmobilephonerevealsyourlocation;yourtransitpassandcreditcardsleave

digital

trails.Nowthereisthepossibilitythatcitizensarebeingwatched.[2]

过去这种生活——没有隐私的生活——会成为我们的未来吗?许多未来学家、科幻小说作家和隐私权倡导者都确信会这样。他们一直提醒人们“老大哥”在监视着我们。闭路电视摄像头常常跟踪你的行动；你的手机会泄露你所在的位置；你的过境证和信用卡会留下数码痕迹。现在公民有可能正受到监视。[3]Butinthepastfewyears,somethingstrangehashappened.Thankstothespreadofmobilephones,digitalcamerasandtheinternet,

surveillance

technologyhasbecomefarmorewidelyavailable.BruceSchneier,asecurity

guru,arguesthatacombinationofforces—the

miniaturisation

ofsurveillancetechnologies,thefallingpriceofdigitalstorageandevermore

sophisticated

systemsabletosortthroughlargeamountsofinformation—meansthat"surveillanceabilitiesthatusedtobelimitedtogovernmentsarenow,orsoonwillbe,inthehandsofeveryone."

[3]但是，在过去的几年中，某种奇怪的事情发生了。由于手机、数码相机和互联网的普及，监视技术被更为广泛地利用。保安专家布鲁斯·施奈尔认为，监视技术的微型化、数字存储设备价格的下降以及能够处理大量信息的更为尖端的系统的出现等因素的结合，意味着“监视能力曾经只由政府掌握，现在或在不久的将来，会掌握在每个人手中。”[4]Digitaltechnologies,suchascameraphonesandtheinternet,areverydifferentfromtheir

analogue

counterparts.Adigitalimage,unlikeaconventionalphotograph,canbequicklyandeasilycopiedand

distributed

aroundtheworld.Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatdigitaldevicesarefarmorewidespread.Mostpeopletaketheircameraphoneswiththemeverywhere.

[4]数字技术产品，如可拍照手机及互联网，与模拟技术同类产品大不相同。数字图像与传统照片不同，能被迅速、便捷地复制并传遍全球。另外一个重大不同是数码设备的使用更为广泛。大多数人都随身携带着可拍照手机。

[5]Thespeedand

ubiquity

ofdigitalcamerasletsthemdothingsthatfilm-basedcamerascouldnot.InOctober,forexample,the

victim

ofarobberyinNashville,Tennessee,usedhiscamera-phonetotakepicturesofthethiefandhisgetaway

vehicle.Theimageswereshowntothepolice,whobroadcastdescriptionsofthemanandhistruck,leadingtohisarresttenminuteslater.[5]数码照相机的快速和普及使它们能做到使用胶卷的照相机做不到的事情。比如，10月份，田纳西州纳什维尔一宗抢劫案的受害者用可拍照手机拍下了劫匪的照片和他逃走时使用的交通工具。警方看了这些照片后，在广播里描述了这名劫匪和他的卡车，10分钟后，此人便被抓获。[6]The

democratisation

ofsurveillanceis

amixedblessing,however.Camera-phoneshaveledtovoyeurismsandnewlegislationtostrengthenpeople'srightstotheirownimage.InSeptember,America'sCongresspassedtheVideo

Voyeurism

PreventionAct,whichprohibitsthephotographyofvariouspartsofpeople'sunclothedbodiesorundergarmentswithouttheirconsent.Thelegislationwaspromptedbothbythespreadofcamera-phonesandthegrowing

incidence

ofhiddencamerasinbedrooms,publicshowers,toiletsandlockerrooms.Similarly,Germany'sparliamenthaspassedabillthatoutlaws

unauthorized

photoswithinbuildings.InSaudiArabia,theimportandsaleofcamera-phoneshasbeenbanned,andreligiousauthoritieshave

denounced

themfor“spreading

obscenity.”SouthKorea'sgovernmenthasorderedmanufacturerstodesignnewphonessothattheybeepwhentakingapicture.[6]

然而，监视行为的大众化有利有弊。可拍照手机导致了窥淫癖现象，从而导致了维护个人形象权的新法规的出台。9月份，美国国会通过了“防止录像窥淫法”，该法案禁止在未经本人同意的情况下对其裸露身体的各个部位或内衣拍照。该法案的出台是由于可拍照手机的普及以及在卧室、公共浴室、卫生间和更衣室出现隐蔽摄像头事件的增加。同样，德国议会也通过了一项议案，禁止未经授权在建筑物内拍照。沙特阿拉伯完全禁止进口和销售可拍照手机，因为宗教权威认为可拍照手机“传播淫秽思想”而对其加以谴责。韩国政府也命令制造商设计新型手机，拍照时能够发出“哔哔”声。（二）[7]Therearealsoconcernsabouttheuseofdigitalcamerasandcamera-phonesforindustrial

espionage

.Sprint,anAmericanmobileoperator,isnowofferingoneofitsbestsellingphoneswithoutacamera

inresponseto

demandsfromits

corporate

customers,manyofwhichhavebannedcamerasintheirworkplaces.Somefirmsmakevisitorsandstaffleavecamera-phonesattheentranceofresearchandmanufacturingfacilities-includingSamsung,theSouthKoreancompanythatpioneeredthecamera-phone.

[7]人们还担心数码相机和可拍照手机用于工业间谋活动。应公司客户需求，美国移动电话经营商斯伯林特公司推出一款没有拍照功能的热销手机。许多客户公司都已禁止把照相机带到工作场所。一些公司一包括最先推出可拍照手机的韩国三星公司—要求来访者和员工把可拍照手机留在研究和生产制造设施外。[8]Cheapsurveillancetechnology

facilitates

othersortsofcrime.TwoemployeesatapetrolstationinBritishColumbia,forexample,installedahiddencameraintheceilingaboveacardreader,andrecordedthepersonalidentificationnumbersofthousandsofpeople.Theyalsoinstalledadeviceto“skim”accountdetailsfromusersastheyswipedtheirplasticcards.Thetwomengatheredtheaccountdetailsofover6，000peopleand

forged

1，000bankcardsbeforebeingcaught.[8]廉价的监视技术方便了其他犯罪活动。比如，加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的一家加油站的两名雇员在读卡机上方的天花板内安装了一个隐蔽的摄像头，记录了数千人的个人身份证号码。这两人还安装了一个仪器，当用户刷信用卡时，该仪器可以“扫描”他们账户的详细信息。时至被捕时，两人已收集了6000多人的账户信息，伪造了1000张银行卡。[9]Butthespreadofsurveillancetechnologyalsohasitsbenefits.Inparticular,itcan

enhance

transparency

and

accountability.Moreandmorevideocamerascanbefoundinschools,forexample.Web-basedservicessuchasParentWandKinderClinktocamerasinhundredsofAmericanchild-carecenters,sothatparentscanseewhattheir

offspring（andthoselookingafterthem）areupto.Schoolsarealsoputtingwebcamsintheirclassrooms.AndtechfirmssuchasGooglehaveputwebcamsintheirstaffrestaurants,soemployeescandelaygoingtolunchiftheyseealongqueue.[9]但是，监视技术的广泛使用也有其益处。特别是它能提高透明度、加强责任感。比如，越来越多的摄像机被安装在学校里。像ParentW和KinderC这样的网络服务商与美国上百家托儿所的摄像机联网，这样家长就可以看到他们的孩子（以及那些照看他们孩子的人）在做什么。学校也把网络摄像头设在教室里。像google这样的科技公司把网络摄像头设在员工餐厅内，如果员工们看见打饭的队伍排得很长，就可以晚点去用餐。[10]SteveMann,aprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,callsthespreadofcitizensurveillance“sousveillance”—becausemostcamerasnolongerwatchfromabove,butfromeyelevel.Insteadofbeingontopofbuildingsandattachedtoroomceilings,camerasarenowcarriedbyordinarypeople.ThevideoimagesofRodneyKingbeing

assaulted

bypoliceofficersandthe

horrific

picturesofprisonerabuse

fromtheAbuGhraibjailinIraqarethebestknownexamples.[10]多伦多大学教授史蒂夫曼把公民监视的普及称为“平视”，因为多数摄像机不再是俯瞰，而是来自眼睛的视角高度。现在，摄像机不再被高置于楼顶并附在屋内天花板上，而是被普通人随身携带。最广为人知的例子就是罗德尼·金遭警察殴打的录像以及令人震惊的伊拉克阿布格莱布监狱虐囚照片。[11]

Camera-phones

couldhavea

profound

effectonthenewsmedia.Camera-phones

makeeveryonea

potential

newsphotographer.Unsurprisingly,oldmediaisstartingto

embrace

thetrend.TheSanDiegoUnion-Tribunerecentlylaunched

awebsitetogathercamera-phoneimagesofnewseventstakenbytheirreaders,andtheBBCalsoencouragesusersofitswebsitetosendinpicturesofnewsevents.[11]可拍照手机可能对新闻媒体产生深刻的影响。可拍照手机使每个人都有可能成为新闻摄影师。旧媒体正开始欢迎这种趋势，这并不奇怪。最近，《圣地亚哥联合论坛报》创办了一个网站，专门征集读者用可拍照手机拍摄的新闻照片。英国广播公司也鼓励访问其网站的用户上传自拍的新闻事件图片。（三）

[12]Companiesandgovernmentswillhavetoassume

thattherecouldbeacameraora

microphoneeverywhere,allthetime,arguesPaulSaffooftheInstitutefortheFuture.Unsafeconditionsina

factoryorpollutionatachemicalplantarehardertodenyiftheyarenotjustdescribed,butshowninphotosandvideos.Animal-rights

activists,forinstance,operateonlinemultimediaarchiveswherepeoplecanstoreandview

graphic

imagesfromchickenfarms,

slaughterhouses

andfurfactories.Suchmaterialcancauseoutrageamongconsumers,aswasthecasewithvideosofdolphinscaughtintunanets.[12]未来学会的保罗塞福认为，公司和政府将不得假设照相机或麦克风有可能无时无刻无所不在。如果工厂的危险环境或化工厂的污染情况不仅仅是被描述一下，而且还能通过图片和录像展示出来，那么厂方就很难抵赖了。比如,动物权利保护者创办了网上多媒体档案库，人们可以在此存储并查看拍摄自养鸡场、屠宰场和皮毛加工厂的生动图像。用金枪鱼网捕捉海豚的录像等材料会使消费者义愤填膺。[13]Lastyear,aGermanmemberofparliamentwascaughtphotographinga

confidential

documentofwhichonlyafewcopieswerehandedout(andlatercollected)atabackgroundmeetingonhealth-carereform.SomeBerlinpoliticiansaresaidtoletreporters

eavesdrop

onfellow

parliamentarians

bycallingthemrightbeforeanimportantmeeting——andthenfailingtohangup,ineffectturningtheirphonesintobugs.[13]去年，一位德国议员在拍摄一份机密文件时被逮个正着。这份文件只在一次医疗保健改革的背景会议上分发了几份(而后又被收回)。据说，这些柏林政客让记者在一次重要会议前给他们打电话,然后不挂断电话,实际上把他们的电话变成了窃听器，让记者偷听其他议员的讲话。[14]InNovember1996,

Senegal's

interiorminister

wascaughtoutwhenheadmittedthattherehadbeen

fraud

inalocalelection,butfailedtonoticethatabystanderwasholdingamobilephonewithanopenline.Theelectionwas

annulled.Inthesamecountry'spresidentialelectionin2000,radiostationssentreporterstopollingstationsandequippedthemwithmobilephones.Thereporterscalledintheresultsastheywereannouncedineachdistrict,andtheywereimmediatelybroadcastonair.Thisreducedthescopeforelectoralfraudandledtoasmooth

transfer

ofpower,astheoutgoingpresidentquicklyconcededdefeat.

[14]1996年11月，塞内加尔内政部长没有注意到一个站在旁边的人拿着接通的手机，当承认地方选举有舞弊行为时被曝光。选举宣告无效。2000年,在该国总统选举中，电台派记者到每个计票站，并给他们配备了手机。每个选区的结果宣布后，记者就向电台打电话报告结果，然后电台马上播报。这就减少了选举作弊的机会，使得权利交接顺利进行，落选的总统很快承认失败。[15]Thesocialconsequencesofthespreadofsurveillancetechnologyremainunclear.DavidBrin,authorof

TheTransparentSociety,

suggeststhatitcouldturnouttobeself-regulating:afterall,

PeepingToms

arenotverypopular.I