写作重要技巧句型整理

SentencesI：Unity（一致）：表达一个完整的思想H1*BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.H2HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.II：Coherence（连贯）：结构关系清晰HItisnotcoherentifithasfaultyparallelconstructions,pronounswithambiguousreference,danglingormisplacedmodifiers,confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood.Parallelconstructions（平行）H7*Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.H8Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable./Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.Confusingreference（指代）H15 *Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.H16 Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butwasnotbadlyhurt.DanglingmodifiersH*Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.HTogetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase.Thereareafewsetphrasesoftenusedtomodifywholesentences,like“tobefrank”,“generallyspeaking”,“judgingby”,“considering”,“given”,and“speakingof…”Theylooklikedanglingmodifiersbuttheyarenot.Misplacedmodifierstt33*Theideashementionedatfirstsoundedgood.H34Theideashefirstmentionedsoundedgood./Theideashementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.Inconsistencytt41*ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.tt42ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnamesonthissheetofpaper.IncompletesentencesH55*Nuclearpowerhassomedistinctadvantages.Suchasitiscleanandcheap.H56Nuclearpowerhassomedistinctadvantagessuchascleannessandcheapness.IncorrectcollocationH63*Universitystudentsshouldlearnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothattheycangetthemselvesfullypreparedforthefuture.tt64Universitystudentsshouldgainasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothattheycangetthemselvesfullypreparedforthefuture.Hfees,price,pay等表示“费用”的词可以由high,low,reasonable等修饰，但不能说”cheapprice”,“expensivefees”•“cheap”,“expensive”可以修饰实物，如”acheapmeal”,“anexpensivecar”.口study/learnknowledgeisnotcorrect,weshoulduse“obtain”,“gain”,“acquire",“pursue”.口opportunitycannotbecollocatedwith“small",butwith“rare",“scanty",“poor"・口开电视turnontheTV（*opentheTV）,速度快highspeed（*fastspeed），人减少populationreduction（*peoplereduction）Wronguseofconjs.H69*Agraduatewantstobeemployed,hemusthaveasuccessfuljobinterviewfirst.H70Ifagraduatewantstobeemployed,hemusthaveasuccessfuljobinterviewfirst.ParagraphWritingThestructureofaparagraphAtopicsentenceFiveprinciplesSupportingUnity:consistentwiththetopicsentenceCoherent:forcefulenough,logicallydeveloped,hieraticallyarranged,cohesivelyconnectedConclusionParagraphUnity:OneparagraphisaboutONLYONEmaintopic.Howtowritethebodyparagraph?2.Sixwaystodevelopanidea主体段写作注意三要点1.根据全文主题确立主体段结构■正文段是围绕全文主题作深层次的阐述和论证■要求:正文段的段落主题句充分体现全文的中心思想,具有概括性■2.主体段内层次关系:逻辑性关系（按照人们认识规律和逻辑思维来安排主体段的内容）■先提问后回答■先正面论述,后从反面论述■先从现象入手,后剖析实质重要性原则（内容安排从次要到主要,依次增强;或恰好相反）■3.主体段内容■引言段提出的主题思想必须在主体段得到发展充实■主题能否得到充分的发展在很大程度上依赖主体段中用来论证说明主题的材料是否充实恰当，该素材是否具有典型性、真实性和紧扣主题的相关性SixwaystodevelopanideaDevelopmentby1.Causeandeffect（原因结果型）2.Quotingfiguresandstatistics（引用数据法）3.Makingexamples（举例说明法）4.Supportingwithfacts（事实证明法）5.comparisonandcontrast（类比和对比法）6.classification（分类）Causeandeffect■典型句型：■ 1.Thereareprobablyseveralreasonsforthissignificantincreaseanumberof dramatic declineavarietyof marked growthin….First….Second….Whyhave...?Foronereason....Foranother....did Tobeginwith Inthesecondplaceare Onereasonis AnotherreasonisPerhapsthemain/primary/fundamentalreasonis..3.Thesefactors,coupledwiththegrowth/change/recognition/realizationof..2)WordsandPhrasesUsedforDiscussingCauseandEffect■soaccordinglyasaresult thus■consequentlytheresultoftheconsequenceofhence■resultinsincetherefore■theeffectofduetohaveaneffectonowingto■thereasonforforowe.to■forthisreasonbecausethanksto■thecauseofbecauseofoutof■itfollowsthat■sothat such.thatseeingthat soas.to■nowthatforfearthat make.possiblemakeitpossible/impossiblefor.todoQuotingfiguresandstatistics典型句型：1.Accordingtoanewsurvey,in2001.therecent census from1990to2001latestincreasedxpercent.roseatarateofxpercentdroppedanaverageofxpercent2.Morethanthreequarterspeoplepreferred.,comparedwith20percentlastyear.Makingexamples1. Themostdramaticexampleofthisis.Thisoffersatypicalexampleofthis.Asanillustration,wemaytake2.Justimaginewhat.wouldbelikeif.whenwithout4.Supportingwithfacts■典型句型：■1.Wemustaccept/admit/recognizetheindisputable/undeniablefactthat■2. Testshaveshowedthat..StudiesrevealedInvestigations indicated■ 3.Thereisstatisticalevidencethat...sufficientconsiderabletoshowthatinfavorofsufficientconsiderabletoshowthatinfavorof5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast■Whenwecompareonethingwithanother,weshowthesimilarities;whenwecontrastonethinganother,weshowdissimilarities.BlockPresentationTopicsentenceThingone:Aspect(1) Aspect(2) Aspect(3) Thingtwo:Aspect(1) Aspect(2) Aspect(3) AlternatingPresentationTopicsentenceAspect(1):Thingone Thingtwo Aspect(2):Thingone Thingtwo Aspect(3):Thingone Thingtwo 2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinMakingComparisonandContrast■ToCompare:■similartosimilarlylike,alikelikewise■correspondtocorrespondinglyresemble resemblance■almostthesameasatthesamerateasas(just)as.so■inlikemannerinthesamewaytobeparallelin.both■tohave.incommoncommoncharacteristics,etc■ToContrast:■differfromdifferentfromhoweverstill■neverthelessotherwiseevensoless/more.than■althoughunlikewhilewhereas■incontrasttoinoppositiontoonthecontrary ontheotherhand■ontheoppositeside7.DevelopmentbyClassification2)WordsandPhrasesUsedforClassificationmainkindsofkindsofbasickinds minorprimary,secondary similar/similaritiesdissimilar/dissimilarities differences opposingopposite classifyclassifications dividedivision kinds aspects attributestypesfactors characteristicsclassessources qualitiesparts regionscategoriesaccordingto.■withrespectto.■fallinto.categories■canbedividedinto.kinds/types/classes/parts.Fordevelopmentbytime/process/spaceDevelopmentbytime2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadayswhen,before,after,while,duringbetween...and...in...(year)since.later,afterwards,earlier,formerlyfromthenonattheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,previous,previously,priorto,first,second,etc.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheendDevelopmentbyProcess2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinWritingProcessDevelopment■first(ly)thenonce next■untilassoonas after■lastlyasatthispoint■beforewhileatthesametime■whenDevelopmentbySpace2)WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingSpatialRelationshipswhereinwhich,towhich,fromwhichunder,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.■adjacenttoparallelspaceinterior■oppositesurfaceverticaledge■pyramidhorizontalexteriorintersectionIntroductionWritingPossibleapproachestobeginanessay■1.Adescription（描写法）■2.Thecentralidea（观点法/主题法）■3.Figuresorstatistics（数据法）■4.Adefinition（定义法）■5.Acontrast（对立法）■6.Aquestionorseveralquestions（问题法）■7.Aquotation（引用法）■8.Aphenomenon（现象法）■9.Acomparison（对比法）Adescription描写法：通过生动的描写把文章要讨论的主题、事物、现象反映出来，以引起读者的兴趣。既可以用在记叙文，也可以用在论说文。*Note:Donotwritetoomuch,adescriptionofoneortwosentencesisenough.Thepurposeofthedescriptionistointroducethethesis/centralthoughtoftheessay.Thecentralidea观点法/主题法：文章开门见山，直截了当地指出文章的主题。即作者针对文章要讨论的问题的观点，也即文章的中心思想。这种方法比较适用于议论文的写作，便于抓住主题，避免离题。典型句型：Nowpeopleinincreasing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtoaccept/beaware that….Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitiononthepartofpeopleofthenecessityto/importanceofFiguresorstatistics数据法：开头段引用权威性地统计数字，把问题或现象显现于读者面前，然后进行分析，是作者地观点显得客观，具有较强的说服力。Adefinition■定义法：通过对文章要讨论的主题，尤其是人们不太熟悉的主题进行释义来引出议论。Acontrast■对立法：文章一开头列举人们对所讨论的问题所持的不同观点。然后笔锋一转，点出作者自己对这个问题的看法，此方法一般用于论说文中。对立法多用于有争议性的主题。■典型句型Whenaskedabout...,theoverwhelmingmajorityof/most/quiteafewpeoplethink/view/believe/answer…,otherpeopleregard/thinkof/see…as....Iview''''abit/quitedifferently.2.Nowthemajorityofpeoplebelievethat..alotof/most think/feelAdmittedlythereislittle/noevidencewhether..AdmittedlyAlthoughitisquestioned3.Now,itiscommonlyacknowledgedthat….Theygenerallyrecognizedwidelyacceptedbelievethat…,butIwonderwhether….claimdoubtargueAquestionorseveralquestions■问题法：通过提问来引出要讨论或有争议性的问题。由于作者的回答针对性很强，所以此开头具有较强的逻辑性。■典型句型：■1. Should…? Opinionsof…varygreatly.WhatAttitudestowardSome thinkof…as….Others argue…regardbelieveviewclaim■2.“Why…?/Can…?”OfallthecomplaintsIhaveheard,discussionsdebatethisistheoneofthemostfrequentlyuttered.voicedAquotation引用法：文章开头用名人名言，谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点。典型句型：1.“Awarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.”,“Familiarnotionsareoftenthoseleastexamined.”“Geniusis2percentinspirationand98percentperspiration.”SuchistheopinionmadebyBacon.remarkEdison.Oneofthegreatmen.Thisremarkhasbeensharedtimeandagainbyviewconfirmednowmoreandmorepeople“…”That'showonecommented…. Heishardlyaloneintheexperience.Complained/criticizedManypeoplehavesharedtheexperiencelikethis.Aphenomenon现象法：对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后评论。下列句型就适用于这种开头：典型句型：■ 1.Recentlythephenomenonof/problemof...hasdrawn/causedriseinarousedpublic/worldwideattention.arousedwide/considerable/internationalconcern.Acomparison■比较法：比较法句型主要用于通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向、态度和观点的比较,引出文章主要讨论的主题。典型句型：1.Severalyears/decadesago,people….Now,….Whydopeoplehassuchchangetakenplace?■2.Foryears…hadbeenseenas….Untilrecently wasviewed/regardedButthatischangingnow.Withthegrowingpeoplearetakingafreshlookatit.demandfor …,people….interestinconcernover■Writeconcisely.Donotwritetoomuch.Whenweapplytheseapproachesinwritingtheintroduction,oneortwosentencesareenoughtohelpusleadtothecentralidea.第一部分常用于引言段的句型的2类表达方式一、 议论文常用句型Itisafactthat….Itiswell-knownthat….Thereisnodoubtthat….Ithinkthat….Contrarytothepopularthought,Iprefer-.Somepeoplesay/believe/claimthat….Itisgenerallybelievedthat….Itiswidelyacceptedthat….Itisargued/heldthat….Whileitiscommonlybelievedthat…，Ibelieve….Itcanbeconcludedthat….People'sviewsvaryfrompersontoperson.二、 图表作文常用句型Thetable/diagram/barchart/piegraph/treediagram/curvegraph/columnchartshows/illustrates/reveals/describes/depicts/reflectsthat/how.Thegraphprovidessomeinterestingdataregarding-.Thedata/statistics/figurescanbeinterpretedasfollows:Thedata/statistics/figuresleadustotheconclusionthat….Asisshown/demonstrated/exhibitedinthediagram/graph/chart/table,….Itisclear/apparentfromthetable/chart/diagram/figuresthat….Thevertical/horizontalaxisstandsfor….Therewasrapid/noticeable/great/sharp/steep/remarkable/slow/little/slight/gradualrise/increase/decrease/fall/decline/drop/changeindevelopmentin….Thepercentageremainedsteady/stableat….Thefiguresstayedthesame….Thefiguresbottomedout/peakedat….Thefiguresreachedthebottom/apeak/aplateauduring-.第二部分常用于正文段的句型的4类表达方式一、 A、B型作文段落常用句型和表达方式Aiscompletely/totally/entirelydifferentfromB.AandBaredifferentinsome/everyway/respect/aspect.AandBdifferin….AdiffersfromBin….ThedifferencebetweenAandBis/liesin/existsin….Comparedwith/Incontrastto/UnlikeA,B….A…，ontheotherhand,/incontrast,/while/whereasB….WhileitisgenerallybelievedthatA…，IbelieveB….Despitetheirsimilarities,AandBarealsodifferent.BothAandB….However,A…；ontheotherhand,B….ThemoststrikingdifferenceisthatA…，whileB….二、 原因分析性段落常用的句型和表达方式Thereareseveralreasonsfor*,butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfo…，butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Thereasonsareasfollows.三、 因果推理性段落常用句型和表达方式Because/Sincewereadthebook,wehavelearnedalot.Ifwereadthebook,wewouldlearnalot.Wereadthebook;asaresult/therefore/thus/hence/consequently/forthisreason/becauseofthis,we'velearnedalot.Asaresultof/Becauseof/Dueto/Owingtoreadingthebook,w'evelearnedalot.Thecauseof/reasonfor/overweightiseatingtoomuch.Overweightiscausedby/dueto/becauseofeatingtoomuch.Theeffect/consequence/resultofeatingtoomuchisoverweight.Eatingtoomuchcauses/resultsin/leadstooverweight.四、 举例型段落常用句型和表达方式Hereisonemoreexample.Take…forexample.Thesameistrueof….Thisoffersatypicalinstanceof….Wemayquoteacommonexampleof….Justthinkof….第三部分常用于结尾段的句型的3类表达方式一、对全文进行归纳总结的句型Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawthe