国际财务报告准则

本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑——国际财务报告准则IFRS9isa'workinprogress'andwilleventuallyreplaceIAS39initsentirety

On12November2023,theIASBissuedIFRS9FinancialInstrumentsasthefirststepinitsprojecttoreplaceIAS39FinancialInstruments:RecognitionandMeasurement.IFRS9introducednewrequirementsforclassifyingandmeasuringfinancialassetsthathadtobeappliedstarting1January2023,withearlyadoptionpermitted.ClickforIASBPressRelease(PDF101k).

On28October2023,theIASBreissuedIFRS9,incorporatingnewrequirementsonaccountingforfinancialliabilities,andcarryingoverfromIAS39therequirementsforderecognitionoffinancialassetsandfinancialliabilities(theBasisforConclusionswasalsorestructured,andIFRIC9andthe2023versionofIFRS9werewithdrawn).ClickforIASBPressRelease(PDF33k).

On16December2023,theIASBissuedMandatoryEffectiveDateandTransitionDisclosures(AmendmentstoIFRS9andIFRS7),whichamendedtheeffectivedateofIFRS9toannualperiodsbeginningonorafter1January2023,andmodifiedtherelieffromrestatingcomparativeperiodsandtheassociateddisclosuresinIFRS7.

On19November2023,theIASBissuedIFRS9FinancialInstruments(HedgeAccountingandamendmentstoIFRS9,IFRS7andIAS39)amendingIFRS9toincludethenewgeneralhedgeaccountingmodel,allowearlyadoptionofthetreatmentoffairvaluechangesduetoowncreditonliabilitiesdesignatedatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossandremovethe1January2023effectivedate.TheIASBintendstoexpandIFRS9toaddnewrequirementsforimpairmentoffinancialassetsmeasuredatamortisedcostandincludelimitedamendmentstotheclassificationandmeasurementrequirements.WhentheseprojectsarecompletedaneffectivedatewillbeaddedandIFRS9willbeacompletereplacementforIAS39.

Othersub-projectsintheIASB'scomprehensiveprojecttoreplaceIAS39:

oImpairmentoffinancialassetsmeasuredatamortisedcostoLimitedreconsiderationofIFRS9

oMacrohedgeaccounting(nowbeingtreatedasaseparateproject).

OverviewofIFRS9

Initialmeasurementoffinancialinstruments

Allfinancialinstrumentsareinitiallymeasuredatfairvalueplusorminus,inthecaseofafinancialassetorfinancialliabilitynotatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss,transactioncosts.[IFRS9,paragraph5.1.1]Subsequentmeasurementoffinancialassets

IFRS9dividesallfinancialassetsthatarecurrentlyinthescopeofIAS39intotwoclassifications-thosemeasuredatamortisedcostandthosemeasuredatfairvalue.Classificationismadeatthetimethefinancialassetisinitiallyrecognised,namelywhentheentitybecomesapartytothecontractualprovisionsoftheinstrument.[IFRS9,paragraph4.1.1]Debtinstruments

Adebtinstrumentthatmeetsthefollowingtwoconditionscanbemeasuredatamortisedcost(netofanywritedownforimpairment)[IFRS9,paragraph4.1.2]:

oBusinessmodeltest:Theobjectiveoftheentity'sbusinessmodelistoholdthefinancialassetto

collectthecontractualcashflows(ratherthantoselltheinstrumentpriortoitscontractualmaturitytorealiseitsfairvaluechanges).

oCashflowcharacteristicstest:Thecontractualtermsofthefinancialassetgiveriseonspecified

datestocashflowsthataresolelypaymentsofprincipalandinterestontheprincipaloutstanding.

Allotherdebtinstrumentsmustbemeasuredatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss(FVTPL).[IFRS9,paragraph4.1.4]Fairvalueoption

Evenifaninstrumentmeetsthetwoamortisedcosttests,IFRS9containsanoptiontodesignateafinancialassetasmeasuredatFVTPLifdoingsoeliminatesorsignificantlyreducesameasurementorrecognitioninconsistency(sometimesreferredtoasan'accountingmismatch')thatwouldotherwisearisefrommeasuringassetsorliabilitiesorrecognisingthegainsandlossesonthemondifferentbases.[IFRS9,paragraph4.1.5]

IAS39'sAFSandHTMcategoriesareeliminated

Theavailable-for-saleandheld-to-maturitycategoriescurrentlyinIAS39arenotincludedinIFRS9.Equityinstruments

AllequityinvestmentsinscopeofIFRS9aretobemeasuredatfairvalueinthestatementoffinancialposition,withvaluechangesrecognisedinprofitorloss,exceptforthoseequityinvestmentsforwhichtheentityhaselectedtoreportvaluechangesin'othercomprehensiveincome'.Thereisno'costexception'forunquotedequities.'Othercomprehensiveincome'option

Ifanequityinvestmentisnotheldfortrading,anentitycanmakeanirrevocableelectionatinitialrecognitiontomeasureitatfairvaluethroughothercomprehensiveincome(FVTOCI)withonlydividendincomerecognisedinprofitorloss.[IFRS9,paragraph5.7.5]Measurementguidance

Despitethefairvaluerequirementforallequityinvestments,IFRS9containsguidanceonwhencostmaybethebestestimateoffairvalueandalsowhenitmightnotberepresentativeoffairvalue.Subsequentmeasurementoffinancialliabilities

IFRS9doesn'tchangethebasicaccountingmodelforfinancialliabilitiesunderIAS39.Two

measurementcategoriescontinuetoexist:fairvaluethroughprofitorloss(FVTPL)andamortisedcost.FinancialliabilitiesheldfortradingaremeasuredatFVTPL,andallotherfinancialliabilitiesaremeasuredatamortisedcostunlessthefairvalueoptionisapplied.[IFRS9,paragraph4.2.1]Fairvalueoption

IFRS9containsanoptiontodesignateafinancialliabilityasmeasuredatFVTPLif[IFRS9,paragraph4.2.2]:

odoingsoeliminatesorsignificantlyreducesameasurementorrecognitioninconsistency

(sometimesreferredtoasan'accountingmismatch')thatwouldotherwisearisefrommeasuringassetsorliabilitiesorrecognisingthegainsandlossesonthemondifferentbases,or

otheliabilityispartoragroupoffinancialliabilitiesorfinancialassetsandfinancialliabilitiesthatis

managedanditsperformanceisevaluatedonafairvaluebasis,inaccordancewithadocumentedriskmanagementorinvestmentstrategy,andinformationaboutthegroupisprovidedinternallyonthatbasistotheentity'skeymanagementpersonnel.

AfinancialliabilitywhichdoesnotmeetanyofthesecriteriamaystillbedesignatedasmeasuredatFVTPLwhenitcontainsoneormoreembeddedderivativesthatwouldrequireseparation.[IFRS9,paragraph4.3.5]

IFRS9requiresgainsandlossesonfinancialliabilitiesdesignatedasatfairvaluethroughprofitorlosstobesplitintotheamountofchangeinthefairvaluethatisattributabletochangesinthecreditriskoftheliability,whichshallbepresentedinothercomprehensiveincome,andtheremainingamountofchange

inthefairvalueoftheliabilitywhichshallbepresentedinprofitorloss.Thenewguidanceallowstherecognitionofthefullamountofchangeinthefairvalueintheprofitorlossonlyiftherecognitionofchangesintheliability'screditriskinothercomprehensiveincomewouldcreateorenlargeanaccountingmismatchinprofitorloss.Thatdeterminationismadeatinitialrecognitionandisnotreassessed.[IFRS9,paragraphs5.7.7-5.7.8]

Amountspresentedinothercomprehensiveincomeshallnotbesubsequentlytransferredtoprofitorloss,theentitymayonlytransferthecumulativegainorlosswithinequity.Derecognitionoffinancialassets

ThebasicpremiseforthederecognitionmodelinIFRS9(carriedoverfromIAS39)istodeterminewhethertheassetunderconsiderationforderecognitionis:[IFRS9,paragraph3.2.2]

oanassetinitsentiretyor

ospecificallyidentifiedcashflowsfromanasset(oragroupofsimilarfinancialassets)or

oafullyproportionate(prorata)shareofthecashflowsfromanasset(oragroupofsimilarfinancial

assets).or

oafullyproportionate(prorata)shareofspecificallyidentifiedcashflowsfromafinancialasset(ora

groupofsimilarfinancialassets)

Oncetheassetunderconsiderationforderecognitionhasbeendetermined,anassessmentismadeastowhethertheassethasbeentransferred,andifso,whetherthetransferofthatassetissubsequentlyeligibleforderecognition.

Anassetistransferredifeithertheentityhastransferredthecontractualrightstoreceivethecashflows,ortheentityhasretainedthecontractualrightstoreceivethecashflowsfromtheasset,buthasassumedacontractualobligationtopassthosecashflowsonunderanarrangementthatmeetsthefollowingthreeconditions:[IFRS9,paragraphs3.2.4-3.2.5]

otheentityhasnoobligationtopayamountstotheeventualrecipientunlessitcollectsequivalent

amountsontheoriginalasset

otheentityisprohibitedfromsellingorpledgingtheoriginalasset(otherthanassecuritytothe

eventualrecipient),

otheentityhasanobligationtoremitthosecashflowswithoutmaterialdelay

Onceanentityhasdeterminedthattheassethasbeentransferred,itthendetermineswhetherornotithastransferredsubstantiallyalloftherisksandrewardsofownershipoftheasset.Ifsubstantiallyalltherisksandrewardshavebeentransferred,theassetisderecognised.Ifsubstantiallyalltherisksandrewardshavebeenretained,derecognitionoftheassetisprecluded.[IFRS9,paragraphs3.2.6]Iftheentityhasneitherretainednortransferredsubstantiallyalloftherisksandrewardsoftheasset,thentheentitymustassesswhetherithasrelinquishedcontroloftheassetornot.Iftheentitydoesnotcontroltheassetthenderecognitionisappropriate;howeveriftheentityhasretainedcontroloftheasset,thentheentitycontinuestorecognisetheassettotheextenttowhichithasacontinuinginvolvementintheasset.[IFRS9,paragraph3.2.9]

ThesevariousderecognitionstepsaresummarisedinthedecisiontreeinparagraphB3.2.1.Derecognitionoffinancialliabilities

Afinancialliabilityshouldberemovedfromthebalancesheetwhen,andonlywhen,itisextinguished,thatis,whentheobligationspecifiedinthecontractiseitherdischargedorcancelledorexpires.[IFRS9,

paragraph3.3.1]Wheretherehasbeenanexchangebetweenanexistingborrowerandlenderofdebtinstrumentswithsubstantiallydifferentterms,ortherehasbeenasubstantialmodificationofthetermsofanexistingfinancialliability,thistransactionisaccountedforasanextinguishmentoftheoriginalfinancialliabilityandtherecognitionofanewfinancialliability.Againorlossfromextinguishmentoftheoriginalfinancialliabilityisrecognisedinprofitorloss.[IFRS9,paragraphs3.3.2-3.3.3]Derivatives

Allderivatives,includingthoselinkedtounquotedequityinvestments,aremeasuredatfairvalue.ValuechangesarerecognisedinprofitorlossunlesstheentityhaselectedtotreatthederivativeasahedginginstrumentinaccordancewithIAS39,inwhichcasetherequirementsofIAS39apply.Embeddedderivatives

Anembeddedderivativeisacomponentofahybridcontractthatalsoincludesanon-derivativehost,withtheeffectthatsomeofthecashflowsofthecombinedinstrumentvaryinawaysimilartoastand-alonederivative.Aderivativethatisattachedtoafinancialinstrumentbutiscontractuallytransferableindependentlyofthatinstrument,orhasadifferentcounterparty,isnotanembeddedderivative,butaseparatefinancialinstrument.[IFRS9,paragraph4.3.1]

TheembeddedderivativeconceptofIAS39hasbeenincludedinIFRS9toapplyonlytohoststhatarenotassetswithinthescopeofthestandard,Consequently,embeddedderivativesthatunderIAS39wouldhavebeenseparatelyaccountedforatFVTPLbecausetheywerenotcloselyrelatedtothefinancialhostassetwillnolongerbeseparated.Instead,thecontractualcashflowsofthefinancialassetareassessedintheirentirety,andtheassetasawholeismeasuredatFVTPLifanyofitscashflowsdonotrepresentpaymentsofprincipalandinterest.TheembeddedderivativeconceptofIAS39isnowincludedinIFRS9andcontinuestoapplytofinancialliabilitiesandhostsnotwithinthescopeofthestandard(e.g.leasingcontracts,insurancecontracts,contractsforthepurchaseorsaleofanon-financialitems).

Reclassification

Forfinancialassets,reclassificationisrequiredbetweenFVTPLandamortisedcost,orviceversa,ifandonlyiftheentity'sbusinessmodelobjectiveforitsfinancialassetschangessoitspreviousmodelassessmentwouldnolongerapply.[IFRS9,paragraph4.4.1]

Ifreclassificationisappropriate,itmustbedoneprospectivelyfromthereclassificationdate.Anentitydoesnotrestateanypreviouslyrecognisedgains,losses,orinterest.IFRS9doesnotallowreclassificationwhere:

othe'othercomprehensiveincome'optionhasbeenexercisedforafinancialasset,or

othefairvalueoptionhasbeenexercisedinanycircumstanceforafinancialassetsorfinancial

liability.

Hedgeaccounting

ThehedgeaccountingrequirementsinIFRS9areoptional.Ifcertaineligibilityandqualificationcriteriaaremet,hedgeaccountingallowsanentitytoreflectriskmanagementactivitiesinthefinancial

statementsbymatchinggainsorlossesonfinancialhedginginstrumentswithlossesorgainsontheriskexposurestheyhedge.

ThehedgeaccountingmodelinIFRS9isnotdesignedtoaccommodatehedgingofopen,dynamicportfolios.AsaresultforafairvaluehedgeofinterestrateriskofaportfoliooffinancialassetsorliabilitiesanentitycanapplythehedgeaccountingrequirementsinIAS39insteadofthoseinIFRS9.[IFRS9paragraph6.1.3]

InadditionwhenanentityfirstappliesIFRSasamendedinNovember2023,itmaychooseasitsaccountingpolicychoicetocontinuetoapplythehedgeaccountingrequirementsofIAS39insteadoftherequirementsofChapter6ofIFRS9[IFRS9paragraph7.2.16]Qualifyingcriteriaforhedgeaccounting

Ahedgingrelationshipqualifiesforhedgeaccountingonlyifallofthefollowingcriteriaaremet:

1.thehedgingrelationshipconsistsonlyofeligiblehedginginstrumentsandeligiblehedgeditems.2.attheinceptionofthehedgingrelationshipthereisformaldesignationanddocumentationofthe

hedgingrelationshipandtheentity’sriskmanagementobjectiveandstrategyforundertakingthehedge.

3.thehedgingrelationshipmeetsallofthehedgeeffectivenessrequirements(seebelow)[IFRS9

paragraph6.4.1]

Hedginginstruments

Onlycontractswithapartyexternaltothereportingentitymaybedesignatedashedginginstruments.[IFRS9paragraph6.2.3]

Ahedginginstrumentmaybeaderivative(exceptforsomewrittenoptions)ornon-derivativefinancialinstrumentmeasuredatFVTPLunlessitisafinancialliabilitydesignatedasatFVTPLforwhichchangesduetocreditriskarepresentedinOCI.Forahedgeofforeigncurrencyrisk,theforeigncurrencyriskcomponentofanon-derivativefinancialinstrument,exceptequityinvestmentsdesignatedasFVTOCI,maybedesignatedasthehedginginstrument.[IFRS9paragraph6.2.1-6.2.2]

IFRS9allowsaproportion(e.g.60%)butnotatimeportion(egthefirst6yearsofcashflowsofa10yearinstrument)ofahedginginstrumenttobedesignatedasthehedginginstrument.