【大二英语】【中国文化概况】中国文化概况期末资料

Chapter1AGeneralIntroductiontoChineseCultureWordsandExpressions:thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙porcelain瓷器TheappellationofChinaChinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches〔中游〕oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto〔合并，融合〕one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofYanandHuang〞.Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatethe"MiddleKingdom"(中国),thusgivingChinaitscountryname.Chinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan(昌南),whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen〔景德镇〕.TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.InEurope,peopleregardedChangnanporcelainassomethingpreciousanddelicateandwouldtakeprideinpossessingone.Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china〞totheplaceofitsorigin.Chapter2ChinesePhilosophyandReligionPart1ChineseThoughtsandPhilosophyWordsandExpressions:Confucianism儒家Taoism道家TheAnalects?论语?benevolence仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filialpiety孝，孝心TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophyThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties(魏晋玄学)ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties(隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties(宋明理学)ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties(明清实学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism(儒家),Taoism(道家),Mohism(墨家)andLegalism(法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.ConfucianismhasinfluencedtheChineseforthousandsofyearsandisdeeplyrootedinChineseculture.Itisanintegrationofintellectual,political,andreligioustraditionwiththefocusontheindividualmoralityandethicsindailylifeandtheproperexerciseofpoliticalpower.WhoisConfucius?Familyname:Kong;Givenname:Qiu;courtesyname:ZhongniHeisagreatthinker,aneducator,astatesman,aphilosopher,thefounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfucianism.ThelandmarkofConfucianismistheAnalects,whichwaswrittenbyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath.ThecoreofConfucius’sphilosophyaretheconceptsofRen(benevolence)Ren(仁):Confuciusdefinesitas“Airen〞(爱人〕，thatis,toloveothers.TheChinesecharacter“仁〞〔benevolence)consistsof“aperson〔人〕〞ontheleftand“two(二)〞ontherightindicatingtherelationshipbetweenpeople.Li(ritual)Li〔ritual-礼〕referstotherulesofhumanconductandmoralnormssuchaspoliteness,courtesy,propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmannersrangingfromspeechandbehaviortotheperformanceofritualswhichareusuallycodifiedandtreatedasanall-embracingsystemofsocialnorms.Xiao(filialpiety)Xiao(孝〕referstothefilialpiety,whichwasregardedasoneofthegreatestofvirtuesinChinesetradition,denotingtherespectandobediencethatthechildrenshouldshowtotheirparents.Zhong(loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠〕isagreatvirtue,whichemphasizestheobligationsanddutiestothesuperior,tofriends,family,andspouse.2.TaoismFoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,theschooladvocatesthedoctrinethattheDaoisthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallofthemmustconform.BasedontheworkofDaoDeJing,Taoismpromotesthebeliefthatapersonshouldliveasimplelife,nottostriveforwealth,fameorpower,whichwillonlygiveoneworriesandtrouble.Theschoolfavoursthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action〞(无为而治)3.MohismBaseontheteachingofMozi,theschoolcherishesuniversallovewhichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewillbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismproposeshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism(宿命论)andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftiness(节俭).4.LegalismLegalism,begunbyHanfeizi,espouses(主张)layingdownlawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence(富裕),waging(进行)warstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy(官僚制度).TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)IntheHanDynasty,EmperorWudiinstitutedthecampaignof“banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)〞.HechoseofficialsfromthosewhoweresteepedinConfucianismonly.Consequently,ConfucianismbecameanorthodoxschoolthatservedastheideologicalfoundationofthefeudalrulethroughoutthedynastiesinChina.TraditionalChineseethicsTraditionalChineseethicsincludesbothgoodandbadelements.SomereflectthehighstandardofmoralpursuitoftheChinesepeople,whileothersseemlessrelevantinmodernsociety.Forexample,thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues(三从四德)andthethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues(三纲五常)havelongbeenabandonedbytheChinesepeople.Thetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviorisgovernedby“threeobediences〞(tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafterbecomingawidow:未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子)andfour“virtues〞(morality,properspeech,modestmanner,anddiligence:品德、言语、仪态、女工).Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.Thethreebasicrules:akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife(君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).Thefiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity(仁、义、礼、智、信).Part2ReligionsandBeliefsWordsandExpressions:Heavenworship祭天Ancestorworship祭祖Confucianism儒教TheConfucianTemple孔庙Taoism道教TheFiveElements五行Buddhism佛教Buddha佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅槃HeavenworshipTheheavenworshipwasthebureaucratic(官僚的)beliefsystemadoptedbymostdynastiesofChinauntiltheoverthrow(推翻)oftheQingDynasty.Heavenwasbelievedtomanifestitselfthroughthepowersoftheweatherandnaturaldisasters.Heavenwasseenasajudgeofhumans.TheemperorsareSonsofHeaven(天子),andtheirpowerareauthorizedbyheaven.Suchbeliefsactuallyconsolidated(稳固)theauthorityoftheEmperor.AncestorworshipChineseworshipofancestorsdatesbacktotheprehistory.Chineseculture,Confucianism,andChineseBuddhismallvaluefilialpietyasatopvirtue,andtheactisacontinueddisplayofpietyandrespecttowardsdepartedancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianismisnotarealreligion,itisjustanethical(伦理道德的)andphilosophicalsystem,whichdevelopedfrom

Confucius’thoughtsandlaterwastreatedasakindofbelieftoeducatecommonpeople(教化群众).TheTaoistReligionAGeneralIntroductionofTaoismTaoismistheindigenous(土生土长的)religioninChina.TheTaoistreligionevolvedoutofwitchcraft(巫术),necromancy〔方术)andself-cultivationtechniques.Itshighestbeliefiscalled“Dao〞,itsbibleiscalled“DaoDeJing〞.IthadgreatimpactonthethinkingoftheChinesepeople,aswellasonthepolitical,economicandculturallifeofthecountry.BeliefsYin-yangTheoryYin-yangareopposing,Yin-yangaremutuallyrooted,Yin-yangmutuallytransform,Yin-yangmutuallywaxandwaneTheFiveElements/Wuxing“五行〞Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:TheGeneratingCycleWoodfeedsFire;FirecreatesEarth;EarthbearsMetal;MetalcarriesWater;WaternourishesWood.TheOvercomingCycleWoodpartsEarth;EarthabsorbsWater;WaterquenchesFire;FiremeltsMetal;MetalchopsWood.BuddhismBuddhismisthemostimportantreligioninChina.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoChinain67ADduringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220)fromHotan〔和田〕inXinjiangtoCentralChina.DuringitsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofound〔深远的〕influenceontraditionalChinesecultureandthoughts,andhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChinaatthattime.ItsDeityisSakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Itsdoctrineisbasedontransmigration(轮回).Whatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering?Desire!WhatdidtheBuddhateach?ThedoctrineofFourNobleTruths(四谛)lifeissuffering,thecauseofsufferingisdesire,theansweristoquench(抑制)desire,thewaytothisendistofollowtheEight-FoldPath(八正道).WhatdoBuddhistsbelieve?Nirvanaisapeaceful,detachedstateofmind.AchievingNirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirth.BuddhisminChinahasdevelopedintothreesections,namelytheHan,TibetanandSouthernBuddhism.Chapter3ChineseCharacters,CalligraphyandPaintingWordsandExpressions:ChineseCharacters汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oraclebonescript甲骨文TheregularScript楷书FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝brush毛笔inkstick墨inkstone砚台TheoriginoftheChinesecharacters1.Keeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说〕2.TheEightDiagrams(八卦说)3.CangJiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说)TheevolutionofChinesecharactersfont(汉字的字体演变)OraclebonescriptItreferstoincised(雕刻的)ancientChinesecharactersfoundonoraclebones,whichareanimalbonesorturtleshellsusedindivination(预言)inancientChina.Bronzewarescript金文Itreferstocharactersfoundengravedonbronzevessels,utensils,weaponsetc.TheSealCharacters(篆书)Softlinesofstrokesanduprightrectangularshapekeepthesealformcharactersmoreclosetopictography(象形文字).Eachofthecharactershasabalancedandsymmetrical(对称的)pattern.TheOfficialScript(隶书)ItwastheturningpointintheevolutionofChinesescriptsandisthefoundationofthelaterscriptforms.Itturnedtheremainingcurvedandroundstrokesofthesealformintolinear(直线的)andflatsquare(扁方形)shapes.TheregularScript(楷书)Itisstilltoday’sstandardwriting.Itissquareinform,andnon-cursiveinstrokes.TherunningScript(行书)Therunningformissomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveformsallowingsimplerandfasterwriting.TheCursive/GrassCharacter(草书)Thisstyleofcalligraphyissmoothandlivelywithstrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingtogether.Thecharactersareoftenjoined,withthelaststrokeofonemergingintotheinitialstrokeofthenext.Itisexecutedfreelyandrapidlysothatpartsofthecharactersappearexaggerated(夸张的).CalligraphyPlayingmusicalinstruments,playingchess,calligraphyandpaintingwereconsideredasthefouressentialskillsforalearnedscholar.TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson〞(字如其人),isdirectlyrelatedtocalligraphy.FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝brush毛笔inkstick墨paper纸inkstone砚FamousChineseCalligraphersinHistoryWangXizhi—thesageofChinesecalligraphyZhangXu(张旭〕——the“sageofthecursivehand〞〞草圣〞YanZhenqing——thefourgreatestmastersofRegularscript.LiuGongquan——amasterofRegularScriptandRunning-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChineseTraditionalPaintingreferstoink-washpainting(水墨画).TraditionalChinesepaintingsarenot“purely〞paintings.Theycombinefineart,poetry,calligraphy,andsealengravingtoachieveanartisticunison(一致).Humanfigures,landscapes,flowers,birds,andpavilionsarethemostimportantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting.TheclassificationofChinesepaintingAccordingtosubjectmatterFigurepaintingLandscapepaintingBird-and-flowerpaintingAccordingtothetechniqueThexieyischoolThegongbischoolChapter4LiteratureWordsandExpressionsCelestialPoet(诗仙)SaintPoet(诗圣)RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms?三国演义?WaterMargin?水浒传?JourneytotheWest?西游记?DreamoftheRedMansions?红楼梦?TheTangPoemTheTangDynastysawthecontinueddevelopmentofChinesepoetry.TheCompleteAnthologyofTangPoems(?全唐诗?),editedintheearlyQingDynasty,isthebiggest-evercollectionofChinesepoetry.Itcontains48,977poemsby2,208poetswhowroteindifferentstyles.ThedevelopmentofpoetryintheTangDynastycanbeclassifiedintofourstages,namelyEarlyTang,HighTang,MidTang,andLateTang(初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐〕EarlyTangTheFourLiteraryEminences(初唐四杰)WangBo,YangJiong,LuoBinwang,andLuZhaolinHighTangAwholegenerationofliterarygiantsappearedduringtheHighTangperiodwhensocietyenjoyedprosperityandstability.LiBaiandDuFuareregardedasthetwinmasterpoetsoftheTangDynasty.LiBai,the“CelestialPoet(诗仙)〞,haslongbeenregardedthegreatestromanticpoetinChineseliterature.Inhispoems,imagination,exaggeration,dictionandsonorousrhythmsareblendedeffortlessly.DuFu,the“SaintPoet(诗圣)〞,hasbeenconsideredasthegreatestrealisticpoetinChineseliterature.Amirrorofthetimes,hispoemsfaithfullyandprofoundlyreflectthesocialrealitiesofTangDynastyindecline,likeapoetichistoricalaccount.Becausehereachedperfectionindevelopingadepressingliterarystyle,hisworkshavebeenconsideredastheclassicsofrealism.Theotherpoetsinthisperiodcanbegroupedintotwocategories:frontierpoets(边塞诗人〕representedbyGaoShiandCenShen,andpastoralpoets(田园诗人〕representedbyMengHaoranandWangWei.Mid-TangTheoutstandingpoetBaiJuyisucceededDuFuwithpoemsreflectingtherealityofsociety.LateTangWiththedeteriorationofthegovernmentinthelateTangDynasty,thepoemsreflected,moreandmore,thehopelessandhelplessfeelingsofthepeople.Poetsturnedtothethemeofnostalgia(怀旧)fortheformersplendor(辉煌)ofoldtimes.ThemosttalentedofthesewereLiShangyinandDuMu,whowereoftencalled“YoungLiBaiandDuFu〞.FictionintheMingandQingDynastyIntheSongDynasty,huaben(话本),theearliestnovelswrittenincolloquiallanguagestartedtoappear.BytheMingandQingdynasties,novelsgrewrapidlyasalivelyandfreeliteraryform.Thelanguageofthenovelswassimple,easytounderstand,andwelcomedbythepublic.FourfamousChineseclassicalnovelsRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms?三国演义?WaterMargin?水浒传?JourneytotheWest?西游记?DreamoftheRedMansions?红楼梦?WinneroftheNoblePrizeinLiterature,MoYanOn11October2023,the\o"SwedishAcademy"SwedishAcademyannouncedthatMoYanhadreceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiteratureforhiswork.Aged57atthetimeoftheannouncement,hewasthe109threcipientoftheawardandthefirsteverresidentofmainlandChinatoreceiveit.MoYanhaswritten11novels,andseveralnovellasandshortstorycollections.?红高粱家族?\o"RedSorghum"RedSorghum,?天堂蒜薹之歌?TheGarlicBallads,?十三步?ThirteenStep,?食草家族?TheHerbivorousFamily,?丰乳肥臀?BigBreastsandWideHips,?酒国?TheRepublicofWine:ANovel,?红树林?RedForest,?檀香刑?SandalwoodDeath,?生死疲劳?LifeandDeathAreWearingMeOut,?四十一炮?Pow!,?蛙?FrogChapter5EducationWordsandExpressionsPrivateSchools私塾OfficialSchools官学theFourBooksandtheFiveClassics四书五经ImperialExamination科举Nine-yearCompulsoryEducation九年制义务教育VocationalEducation职业教育CollegeEntranceExamination高考Bachelor’sdegree学士学位Master’sdegree硕士学位Doctor’sdegree博士学位ConfuciusInstitute孔子学院PrivateSchoolsAprivateschoolreferstoaschoolsetupbyafamily,clan,orteacherthatgenerallyhadjustoneteacherwhogaveindividualtuition,andthathadnosettextbooksandnospecifiedtimespanofstudy.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,privateschoolsprevailedandmanyscholarsofdifferentschoolsofthoughtspreadtheirteachinginthisway.Amongthem,theprivateschoolrunbyConfuciuswasthelargestandmostinfluential.Confucius’privateschool:ciples(弟子);72virtuousandtalentedstudentsConfucius’educationalideas:“Educationshouldbeforall,irrespectiveoftheirsocialstatus.〞〔有教无类〕“Sixarts〞:ritual,music,archery,chariot-riding,writing,andarithmetic.〔六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数〕OfficialSchoolsOfficialschoolsbeganduringtheWesternZhouDynasty,andweresponsoredbytheofficialconstitutioncalledXiangxue.Onlychildrenofnobleswereadmitted.TheteachingmaterialswerecenteredontheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics(四书五经).ImperialExaminationSystem(科举)ImperialExaminationSysteminChinabeganintheSuiDynastyandlastedmorethan1,300yearsuntilthelastexaminationwasheldduringtheQingDynasty.Itwasconductedattwolevels:xiangshi(乡试)andhuishi(会试)DuringtheMingandQingDynasty,theexaminationwasdesignedtoselectjinshi(进士).Itfeaturedwriting,whichinvolvedthewritingofanEight-partEssay(八股文).AftertheOpiumWarin1840withthespreadoftheWesternideologyandtechnologyinChina,itwasunderattackbypeople.Itwasabolishedin1905.Nine-yearCompulsoryEducationThelawofcompulsoryeducationcameintoeffectonJuly1,1986,requiringeachchildtohavenineyearsofformaleducation.China’sNine-yearCompulsoryEducationiscomposedoftwoparts:six-yearsinprimaryschoolandthree-yearsinjuniorhighschool.In1989,Chinalaunchedtwoambitiousprojects:ProjectHope(希望工程)andtheSpringBudProject(春蕾方案)Thesetwoprojectshavehelpedchildren,especiallygirls,inpoorareastoattendschools.TheNationalCollegeEntranceExaminationisanacademicexaminationheldannuallyinChinaaimedtoselecthigh-schoolgraduatesforcollegeadmissions.HigherEducationMorethantwothousanduniversities,colleges,andinstitutesinChinaofferfourorfive-yearprograms.StudentswhohaveearnedBachelorofArtsorSciencedegreesmayapplyforMasterofArtsorScienceprogramsandthenthree-yearDoctorofPhilosophy(Ph.D.)programs.ConfuciusInstituteConfuciusInstituteisnotageneralsenseoftheuniversity,butthepromotionanddissemination〔传播〕ofChinesecultureandChineselanguageeducation.Chapter6DressandAdornmentCultureWordsandExpressionsattire/costume/trappings服装、服饰TheSilkRoad丝绸之路TheMaritimeSilkRoad海上丝绸之路embroidery/im‘brɔidəri/刺绣;刺绣品LiBrocade黎锦TheIntangibleCulturalHeritage非物质文化遗产Chinahasmanyethnicgroupswithalonghistory.Forthousandsofyears,generationsofclothingdesignershavedevotedthemselvestobuildingtheKingdomofClothes,makingthegarmentsthatcoverthehumanbodyintoanimportantcomponentofChineseculture.Cheong-sam(QiPao)Cheong-samcamefromQizhuangofmanchuwomen’scostume.Thecheongsamiseasyandcomfortabletowear,snuglyfittingthefemaleChinesefigure.Itsnecklineishigh,collarclosed,anditssleevesmaybeshort,mediumorfulllength,dependingontheseasonorthewearer’staste.Thedressisbuttonedontherightside,withaloosebodice,afittedwaist,andside-slitstothehem,allofwhichcombinetosetoffthebeautyofthefemale’sfigure.Chinesetunicsuit(Zhongshansuit/Maosuit)ThemodernChinesetunicsuitisastyleofmaleattireknowninChinaastheZhongshansuit,andknownintheWestastheMaosuit(afterMaoZedong).SunZhongshanintroducedthestyleshortlyafterthefoundingoftheRepublicofChinaasaformofnationaldressalthoughwithadistinctlypoliticalandlatergovernmentalimplication.TangCostumesAtangcostumes(literally:"Chinesesuit")isaChinesejacketthatoriginatedattheendoftheQingDynasty.Thetangzhuangevolvedfromthemagua(Chinese:马褂),whichtheHanChinesewereforcedtowearitduringtheQingDynasty.Inmoderntimesithasbeenadoptedbycommonpeople.Theyareoftenwornbymen,althoughwomenwearthemaswell.InChinesecommunities,theZhongshansuit,thewesternsuit,andtheTangsuitarethemainformsofformaldressformenonmanyoccasions.TheSilkRoadTheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland,andtheMaritimeSilkRoad.Embroidery(刺绣)EmbroideryisatraditionalChinesehandicraftfeaturingflowers,birdsandsceneryonsilkorotherclothincoloredsilkthreads.Chineseembroiderydatesbackover3,000years.Ithasdistinctregionalandethniccharacteristics.EmbroideryinChinaincludes:ShuEmbroidery(蜀绣)fromSichuan,SuEmbroidery(苏绣)fromSuzhouSuembroideryenjoysagoodreputationofthefirstoftheTop-fourembroideryinChina.XiangEmbroidery(湘绣)fromHunanYueEmbroidery(粤绣)fromGuangdong.LiBrocadeAcclaimedasa"livingfossil"ofChinesetextiles,theLi-stylebrocadewaschoseninthefirstbatchofitemsfortheIntangibleCulturalHeritagelistreleasedbyUNESCOin2023.TheLibrocadehasbeenpartofChina'snationalculturalheritage,butasfewpeoplenowadayshavetheskillsnecessarytoweavethespecialbrocades,thepracticeisindangerofbecomingextinct.Chapter7Part1FoodCultureWordsandExpressionsfoodie吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴mainfood主食,主粮〔staplefood〕aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料AgeneralintroductionofChinesefoodChinesecuisine(菜肴)iswidelyseenasrepresentingoneoftherichestandmostdiverseculinary(烹饪的)cuisinesandheritagesintheworld.AmealinChinesecultureistypicallyseenasconsistingoftwoormoregeneralcomponents:Zhushi(mainfood)---typicallyrice,noodles,ormantou(steamedbun),andaccompanyingdishesofvegetables,meat,fish,orotheritems,knownascai(dish)intheChineselanguage.ThisculturalconceptualizationisinsomewaysincontrasttocuisinesofNorthernEuropeandtheUSA,wheremeatoranimalprotein(蛋白质)isoftenconsideredthemainfood(主食).Chinesecuisineisacompletepresenceofcolor,aroma(芳香，香味)andtaste.(色香味俱全)InChina,wehaveeightbranchesofcuisine.ShandongCuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)GuangdongCuisine广东菜系(粤菜)SichuanCuisine四川菜系(川菜)HunanCuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)JiangsuCuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)ZhejiangCuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)FujianCuisine福建菜系(闽菜)AnhuiCuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)HainanCuisineHainanisnotedforits"FourBestKnownDishes"--WenchangChicken,JiajiDuck,DongshanMutton东山羊andHeleCrab和乐蟹.Chapter7Part2TeaandWineCultureABriefIntroductiontoTeaCultureTea(茶)commonlydenotesthedrinkmadefromsteeping(浸泡〕theprocessedleaves,buds〔芽〕,ortwigsoftheteabush(茶树)inwater.OnbothcasualandformalChineseoccasions,teaisconsumedregularly.Inadditiontobeingadrink,ChineseteaisusedinTraditionalChinesemedicineandinChinesecuisine.ItisuniversallyacknowledgedthatChinaistheoriginaltea-growingarea,aswellasthefirstcountrytogrow,produceanddrinktea.Attheendofthesixteenthcentury,theDutch(荷兰人)broughtwordtoEuropethattherewasakindofmagicleafintheeast,fromwhichtastydrinkscouldbemade,andthiswasthefirsttimethatEuropeansheardoftea.In1610,theEastIndiaCompany(东印度公司)wasthefirsttosellteatoEurope,afterwhichthehabitofdrinkingteatookrootthere.Britainisfamousforitsteadrinking.TheClassificationsofChineseTeaGreentea绿茶Blacktea红茶Oolongtea乌龙茶Yellowtea黄茶Whitetea白茶Scentedtea花茶Compressedtea砖茶Uniquecustomsoftakingteaindifferentregions:GuangdongMorningteaFujianKongfuteaSichuan“Covered-bowltea〞TibetanButteredtea(酥油茶)InnerMongoliaMilkteaHainanLaobaTeaHainanLaobaTea“Laobatea〞(Laobameansfather)isaspecialsceneinHaikou,apotofteawithsomesnacks,peoplesitaroundanoldtable,forkillingtimeandstrengtheningtherelationshipwiththeirsfriends,ithasn’tthelimitationoftimeorplace.MostofplacesoftraditionalLaobateaarebarelyfurnished,thepricesoffoodandteatherearecheap.TheteahouseofLaobateaisalittleworldofsociety,amirrorofthetraditionallifeinHainan.TheFunctionsofOfferingTeaToshowrespectToapologizeToexpressthankstotheeldersonone’sweddingdayTeaEtiquetteServingacupofteaismorethanmerepoliteness.Whenofferedtea,itisconsideredpolitetoatleasttakeasip.Whenyoupourtea,theruleof“fullcupforwineandhalfcupfortea〞shouldbeobserved.ChineseWineCultureTheOriginofChineseWineChinesewine,asaspecialformofculture,hasahistoryofmorethanfivethousandyears.Chinesewinemakingcanbetracedbackasfaras4000BC,totheearlyperiodoftheNeolithicYangshaoCulture(新石器时代的仰韶文化).Duringitslongdevelopment,Chinesewinehasdevelopeddistinctivecharacteristics.TypesofChineseWineHuangjiu(yellowricewine)Huangjiuisoneofthreedominatedbrewedwines(beerandgrapewine)intheworld.HuangJiupredatesalltheotherliquors,withahistoryofseveralthousandyears.AmongtheseliquorstheShaoxingRiceWineisthemostfamous.Baijiu(whitewine)Beingmadefromsorghum,corn,barleyorwheatFruitWineFermentedalcoholicbeveragesmadefromavarietyofbaseingredients(otherthangrapes);Mayalsohaveadditionalflavorstakenfromfruits,flowers,andherbs.RedWineAtypeofwinemadefromdark-coloured(black)grapevarieties.Theactualcolourofthewinecanrangefromintenseviolet,typicalofyoungwines,throughtobrickredformaturewinesandbrownforolderredwines.BeerToastetiquetteChineseDrinkingEtiquette(礼仪)TheChinesepeoplecaremoreaboutthepeoplewedrinkwith.ThatisChinesedrinkingetiquettereflectstherespectofthedrinkersThehostandguestshavetheirownseatandorderoftoast(敬酒顺序)Whentoast,thehostcomefirst,andfirstly,theyshouldtoastthemosthonoredguest.Thewinevesselmustbefull.Theyoungershouldtoasttheelderanddrinkallofthewine.(先干为敬)WesternDrinkingEtiquetteThedrinkingetiquetteofwestshowtherespectofwine.Todistinguishwineweneedtowatchitscolor,smellitsfragrance,tasteitstaste(观其色、闻其香、品其味).Theydrinkforenjoying,sosometimestheydrinkthemselves.Theydonotencourageotherstodrink,neitherdotheyconsiderlettingotherdrunkisawaytoshowtheiretiquette.Chapter4TraditionalFestivalsandCustomsWordsandExpressionsLegalholiday/officialholiday法定节假日Solarcalendar阳历Lunarcalendar阴历/Agriculturalcalendar农历SpringFestival〔春节〕LanternFestival(元宵节〕Tomb-sweepingFestival/QingMingFestival(清明节〕DragonBoatFestival〔端午节〕Mid-autumnFestival〔中秋节〕DoubleNinthFestival〔重阳节〕IntangibleCulturalHeritage非物质文化遗产SpringFestival〔春节〕China’smostimportantfestivalfallsonthe1stdayofthe1stlunarmontheachyear.FamilymembersgatherjustastheydoforChristmasintheWest.CustomsSpringCleaningWriteandpastecouplets(对联)ondoorsSetofffir