专业课跨文化交际课程材料英chap3

InterculturalCommunicationsProfessor:LuLe2006-20072ndsemester

Timeallocation:4hoursFormofclass:lecture+Q&A

Maincontents:TheoriesmeasuringculturalvaluesanddimensionsTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck’sfivebasicquestions.Hofstede’sfourdimensionsHall’sTheoryonHighandLowContextCulturesAbilitytoanalyzecasesofculturaldifferencesusingthesetheoriesTwodifferentwaysoftreatingfriends:ChineseandAmericans

ReadCase7andcase9(p.81,83)Differentfamilystructures:Chinese,LatinAmericans,Americans

SharingKnowledgeonp.94-96Differentwaysoftreatingtheold:JapaneseandAmericans

ReadCase10p.96-97Differentwaysofsuggestionsystems:AmericanandJapanese

ReadCase13p.99

I.Cases

Questions:Howdoyouexplainthedifferencesbetweenthesedifferences?Whatliebehindallthedifferencesbetweencultures?---valuesystemsandwayofthinking

Theoriesastoolstomeasurevaluesystems

TheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck’sfivebasicquestions.Hofstede’sfourdimensionsHall’sTheoryonHighandLowContextCultures

TheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck’sfivebasicquestions.

Questionsthatrelatetothebasicvaluesystemsinallcultures:innatehumannaturerelationofmantoNaturethetimesenseofhumanlifemodeofhumanactivitymodeofhumanrelationships

HumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGoodRelationshipofHumankindtoNatureMansubjugatedbyNatureManinHarmonywithNatureMantheMasterofNatureSenseofTimePastPresentFutureActivityBeingGrowingDoingSocialRelationshipAuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic

SocialattitudesasexpressionsofbasicvaluesHumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGoodExpecttofindevilandfightagainstitSeparategoodfromevilProtectpeople’svirtuePunishbadbehaviorIdentifystrengthsandweaknessesRewardgoodbehaviorSavepeoplefromtheirevilnatureRewardthegoodinpeopleandpunishthebadFindthemostvirtuouspeople

RelationshipofHumankindtoNatureMansubjugatedbyNatureManinHarmonywithNatureMantheMasterofNature

AcceptyourfateLiveaccordingtotherhythmsofnatureMakelifecomfortableandconvenientLifeisoutsidetheindividual’scontrolEverythinghasitsowncharacterProblemscanbesolvedonceweknowthefactsBehumbleBebalancedBeobjective

SenseofTimePastPresentFuture

重年龄、重资历、敬老、

目标/变化不循规蹈矩ActivityBeingGrowingDoing

做人

做事修身养性动静进取/冒险

求变SocialRelationshipAuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic

社会等级森严集体取向个人取向

OrientationChinesevaluesWesternvaluesHumanNatureBasicallyGoodMixtureofGoodandEvilRelationshipofHumankindtoNaturePeopleinHarmonywithNaturePeopletheMaterofNatureSenseofTimePastOrientedFutureOrientedActivityBeingDoingSocialRelationshipsAuthoritarian/GroupOrientedIndividualistic

Fourpairsofcontrastingvaluesusedtoevaluateculturaldifferencesamongdifferentcountries.Thefindingsweretheresultofaresearchconductedinalargeenterprise,IBM,withitsbrachesin67countries.

TheGeertHofstede’sfourdimensions

Individualorientedsociety：alooselyknitsocialframework;individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves.(ICulture)

Examples:America,NorthEuropeancountries

Grouporientedsociety：atightlyknitsocialframework;individualscanexpecttheirrelatives,orotheringrouptolookafterthem.(WeCulture或I-lessCulture)

Examples:AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountriesDimensionone:IndividualismVersusCollectivism

CountryorRegionIDVCountryorRegionIDVUSA91Austria55Austria90India48GreatBritain89Japan46Netherlands80Philippines32

Canada80Mexico30Sweden71HongKong25France71Singapore20Switzerland68Taiwan17Germany67Pakistan14DimensionTwo:

PowerDistance：LargeversusSmallPowerDistance

LargePowerDistancecountries:acceptahierarchicalorderExamples:AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountries

SmallPowerDistancecountries:striveforequalizationExamples:America,EuropeancountriesAttitudesandBehaviorsLargepowerdistanceSmallpowerdistanceHierarchyHierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalityofpeopleHierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivitiesRelation-shipsComfortablewithhierarchicalrelationshipsPreferequalrelationshipsPowerAcceptdifferencesinpowerDislikeordistrustauthorityUseofpowerWhoeverholdspowerisrightandgoodWhoeverusestheirpowerwillbejudgedastowhethertheyuseitintherightwayDepend-encyThelesspowerfularedependantonthepowerfulInterdependencebetweenlessandmorepowerfulpersonsDecisionmakingauthorityDecision-makingtendstobecentralized;theleaderdecidesDecision-makingisdispersedthroughoutorganization.Leader-shipLeadersdirecttheactivitiesofsubordinatesbygivingspecialinstructionsLeadersmotivatetheirsubordinatestoworktowardgoals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.InitiativeOnlytheleaderinitiatesEveryoneisexpectedtoinitiateCommunicationflowFromtopoforganizationtothebottomFromthetopdownandfromthelowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatusHighstatuspeopleenjoyprivilegesPeopledisapproveofspecialprivilegesandsymbolsofstatusHowtochangetheorganizat-ionReplacepeopleatthetopReformtheorganizationCountryorRegionPDICountryorRegionPDIMalaysia104Italy50Philippines94USA40India77Netherlands38Singapore74Switzerland34HongKong68

Ireland28SouthKorean60Denmark18Taiwan58Israel13Japan54Australia11DimensionThree:

StrongUncertaintyAvoidanceVersusWeakUncertaintyAvoidance

StrongUncertaintyAvoidance：fortablewithuncertaintyandambiguity,intolerantwithdeviance.ForExample:Greece,Belgium,Portugal,Japan,Chile,Israel,SpainWeakUncertaintyAvoidance：practicecountsmorethanprinciples;devianceismoreeasilytolerated.Forexample:Singapore,Sweden,Denmark,MalaysiaDimensionFour:MasculinityVersusFemininityMasculinity:achievement,heroism,assertiveness,materialsuccessForExample:Japan,Austria,ItalyFemininity:relationships,modesty,caringfortheweak,qualityoflifeForexample:Sweden,Norway,Denmark

CountryorRegionMASCCountryorRegionMASCJapan95Taiwan45Austria79

Thailand44

Italy70France43Switzerland70NorthKorea39

Mexico69

Denmark16

Ireland68Netherlands14

GreatBritain66

Norway8Germany66

Sweden5Hall’sTheoryonHighandLowContextCulturesahigh-contextculture:mostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedinthepersonwhileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitpartofthemessage;meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords;informationisprovidedthroughgestures,age,sex,education,familybackground,etc.

illustration:twinswhohavegrown