大学欧洲文化入门试题及重点内容归纳版

.z.《欧洲文化入门》第一部分试题I.Choosethemostappropriateoneforthefollowingblanks.1.TwomajorelementsinEuropeancultureare____.A.theGreekandRomanB.theJudaismandChristianity

C.theGreco-RomanD.AandB2.____dealswiththeTrojanWar(theGreekstatesledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthe

cityofTroy).

A.TheOdysseyB.TheIliad

C.PrometheusBoundD.Persians

3.TheplayPrometheusBoundwaswrittenby_____.

A.AeschylusB.Aristophanes

C.EuripidesD.Sophocles

4.ThebestwriterofedyoftheancientGreecewas____,whoisFatherofedy.

A.EuripidesB.AristophanesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus

5.____wasoneoftheearlieste*ponentsoftheatomictheory.

A.HomeB.HeracleitueC.DemocritusD.Socrates

6,____byPlatoisabookabouttheidealstateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.

A.DialoguesB.TheApologyC.TheRepublicD.Symposium

7.Dantecalled____“themasterofthosewhoknow”.

A,AristotleB.PlatoC.SocratesD.Archimedes

8.Euclidisevennowwell-knownforhis____.

A.ElementsB.PoeticsC.EthicsD.Politics

9.____hasbeenabigsubjectfordiscussionamongwritersandartists.

A,DiscusThrowerB,VenusdeMilo

C,LaocoongroupD,Parthenon

10.Herodotus,FatherofHistory,wroteaboutthewarbetween____.

A.AthensandSpartaB.AthensandSyracuse

C.AthensandPersiansD.GreeksandPersians

11.Itis_____whowasthefounderofscientificmathematics.

A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras

12.Octaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleof____in27B.C..

A.RomeB.AugustusC.TheRomanEmpireD.Pa*Romana

13.Thegreatepic,TheAeneid,waswrittenby_____.

A.LucretiusB.VirgilC.JuliusCaesarD.Cicero

14.TheoldestandmostimportantoftheOldTestamentof39booksarethefirstfivebooks,called

____.

A.DeuteronomyB.E*odusC.thePentateuchD.Genesis

15.In____theJewswerecarriedawayintotheBabylonianCaptivity(巴比伦之囚).

A.169B.C.B.586B.C.C.536B.C.D,721B.C.

16.ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleis____,firstpublishedin1611.

A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgate

C.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion

1

17.____istheoldeste*tantGreektranslationoftheOldTestament.

A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgate

C.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion

18.Itisgenerallyacceptedthat____andShakespearearetwogreatreserviorsofModernEnglish.

A.theBibleB.theEnglishBible

C.theNewTestamentD.theOldTestament

19.TheMiddleAgesisaperiodinwhich_____,_____andGothicheritagesmerged.

A.Greco-Roman,ChristianityB.classical,Christian

C.Greek,RomanD.classical,Hebrew

20.Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwas_____.

A.knighthoodB.themanorC.theChurchD.polis

21.In1054,theChristianChurchwasdividedinto____andtheEasternOrthodo*Church.

A.ChristianityB.theRomanChurch

C.theRomanCatholicChurchD.theWesternCatholic

22._____byAquinasformsanenormoussystemandsumsupalltheknowledgeofmedieval

theology.

A.SummaTheologicaB.SummaContraGentiles

C.OpusmaiusD.Beowulf

23.TheAnglo-Sa*onepic____originatedfromthecollectiveeffortoforalliterature.

A.SongofRolandB.theAnglo-Sa*onChronicles.

C.BeowulfD.theDivineedy

24.Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetween____.centuries

《欧洲文化入门》重点归纳1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

3、Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

第一章1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense（无限的）amountofslavelabour.

3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)

4、AncientGreece(古希腊)’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

5、TheyeventsofHomer’sowntime.(错)

（TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.）

6、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.

8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe’sUlysses(描述一天的生活).Inthe20thcentury.

10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

11、三大悲剧大师

①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》

②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud’s“theOedipusple*”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页

③Euripides

A．《TrojanWomen》

B．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物

C．ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)

D．Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.

Tobespecific(具体来说),Euripides.

12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekedyisAristophanes.18页

Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派（Thelakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)

13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作

※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)

ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒，3

只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)

14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.

15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)

16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收

17、①Euclid’sElements解析几何

ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)

②Archimedes

Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

选择：Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论（Archimedes）

18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格

temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙

①TheDoricstyle

isalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)

buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)

issturdy(坚强的),powerful,severelooking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.

②TheIonicstyle

isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)

isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的).

TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)

③TheCorinthianstyle

isknownforitsornamentallu*ury.(奢侈)

19、Thefamoustemples:TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.

20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)

22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”.

25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:republicandempire.

27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclima*in2to3century.

29、north:Scotlandeast:ArmeniaandMesopotamia

30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)

31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPa*Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)

32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPa*Romana

33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民).

34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.

36、Cicero西赛罗

helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词

describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)

37、JuliusCaesarmentaries批评论

“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”

38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德

39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

40、TheColosseum(**石像)it’sanenormous.露天的环形影剧院

41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf（母狼）

42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊**的表现形式

43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊**的具体形式论述简答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece"(名解简答)

(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece"Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy")

答：

①Democracymeans“e*erciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

②Women,children,foreignersandslavesweree*cludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop"

答：

①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.

B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAle*ander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop"

答：(1)、Threefounders

1、Pythagoras

①Allthingswerenumbers.

②Scientificmathematics.

③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue

①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源

②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus

①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者

②materialism.唯物主义

(2)、Threethinkers

1、Socrates

①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

2、Plato

①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

3、Aristotle

①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

②Aristotleisahumanist.

(3)、Fivecontendingschools

1、TheSophists诡辩派

①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论

③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”.人是衡量一切的标准

2、TheCynics犬儒派

①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利

3、TheSceptics置疑学派

①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

4、TheEpicureans享乐派

①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名

②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享乐

Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得

Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子

5、TheStoics斯多哥派

①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气

DevelopedintoStoics’duty.

Hewasalsoamaterialist.四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished"

(WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic"DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupaprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy")

答：

1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,intheple*,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain获得knowledge.

2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.

3、Idealisticofphilosophy.

4、ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.（吸收到基督教的思想中）五、What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？

答：

1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized（强调）directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.（理论联系实际）ThisisdifferentfromPlato’sreliance（依赖）onsubjectivethinking.（万物依赖主观思维）

2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具体的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)

3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)

一句话简答题

Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife"

Aristotle’sanswerwas:happiness.六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment"

(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCulturee*ert运用ontheworldcivilization文化")

答：

Therehasbeenanenduringe*citement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神

TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的annals历史记载;Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的轮回,withoutbeingboundinthefetters束缚ofanyinheritedorthodo*y.继承的习俗

2、SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就

TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,edy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.

3、Lastingeffect持续的影响

①Countless无数的writershavequoted举例,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’sedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.

②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetse*pressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbeeclassics经典之作:Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.

③Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallels与…平行intheIrishman爱尔兰JamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七、WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture"

答：

1、similarity

①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.

②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(容易的)identified(一致),andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)

③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.

2、difference

①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire;theGreeksdidn’t,e*ceptforthebrief(短暂的)momentofAle*ander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)

②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理国家的能力)<希腊不具有>八、WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground"

答：

1、ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.

2、Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclima*,markedbylandarea’se*tension:Encircling(环绕)theMediterranean.(地中海)

3、Strongmilitarypower:thefamousRomanlegions.

4、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPa*Romana.

5、AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.

6、Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.选择

①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).

②After395(分裂时间),theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest

③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.

④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩溃)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.（英法百年战争结束）

第二章1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影响力的**

2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorponentsofEuropeanculture:JudaismandChristianity.

3、TheJewishtradition,whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(犹太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.

4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.犹太人的祖先是希伯来人

5、Theycalled“Hebrews”,whichmeans“wanderers”.商旅

6、About1300B.C.,theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.

7、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.

8、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.

9、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝与上帝的教义

10、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.

11、TheNewTestamentis,inessence(实质上),thefouraccounts(四福音书),writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子

12、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

13、BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新旧约

14、TheOldTestament名词解释

TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

15、TheNewTestament名词解释

TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

16、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.摩西五经

17、Pentateuch名词解释

TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis(创世记),E*odus(出埃及记),Leviticus(教义记),Numbers(逃亡记),Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记).

18、Genesis名词解释

GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareer(经历)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

19、E*odus名词解释

E*odusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligious(**的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.

20、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

21、Noah’sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

22、TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections:

①BooksofJoshua

②BooksofJudges

③BooksofSamuel

④BooksofKings

⑤BooksoftheChronicles

⑥BooksofEzra

⑦BooksofNehemiah.

23、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks:1200B.C.586B.C.

DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.

24、TheHistoryBooks的内容

①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.

②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制

③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成

④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands

⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,DavidandSolomon.

25、JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.

26、ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.

27、Davidestablishedreligiouscapital,JerusalemtoPalestine.

28、TheProphets(先知)名词解释宣传教义并受神灵庇佑的人

FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.（分为大小先知）

29、TheBookofDaniel名词解释

TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.

30、TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.犹太教的会堂是教堂的前身

31、ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五经的别称

32、ThestoryaboutGod’sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.

33、By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.

34、Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese,whichwasheadedbyabishop.

35、Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(红衣大主教)

36、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.

37、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(马塞福音书)

38、AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.为什么十四在西方吉利

39、TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.

40、TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.

文艺复兴以人为本的标志蒙娜丽莎

41、TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John,theNewTestament,theBible.

42、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.

43、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(钉死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.

44、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.

45、Wycliff与Tyndale的区别是：语言来源不同

Reformation(**改革)为了againsttheLatinlanguage.

46、WilliamTyndale’sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源论述简答

一、WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions"

(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity")

答：

Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(强烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.

1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.（挽回人类）

2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的儿子),sothatwhosoever(whoever的强调型)believesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.（获得永生）

加尔文主义也有这样的观点

二、HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)"

（HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion"统治性**）

答：

1、ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel,firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.

2、Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval动荡不安intheEuropeancontinent,thepoorandhumblefoundfortintheChristianGospel.福音(书)

3、ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(害怕)thecollapse(崩溃)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.传教士

4、ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(战役)andissued(发出)theEdictofMilan米兰特令(选择)in313.Itgranted(许可)religiousfreedomtoall,andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化

5、In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.其他**不合法

6、NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppression(压迫)toaweaponinthehandsoftheruling(管理)classtocrushtheiropponents(粉碎对手).TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.三、WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible"

答：

1、Theoldeste*tant(现存的)GreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.

2、Themostanciente*tantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeinmonpeople’slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.

3、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.

4、AfterJohnWycliff’sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源

5、TheGreatBible(大圣经)orderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale’swork.

6、ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”(官方版圣经)or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthemandofKingJames.Withitssimple,majestic(高雅的)Anglo-Sa*ontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.

7、TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.(美国英语版)

8、TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.

四、Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible"

(WhatarethegreatinfluencesthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature")

答：

1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirs(水库)ofModernEnglish.

2、Miltion’sParadiseLost(失乐园),Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporary(同时期的)Hemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.第三章1、theMiddleages名词解释

InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.

2、Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(具体说来),fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.

3、Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthemiddleages,betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.

4、Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthe17thcentury,betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.

5、In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭

6、Feudalism名词解释

FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandine*changeformilitaryservice(军事力量).Theword“feudalism”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”,agrant(许可的)ofland.

7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释

InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.

8、vassals(占有fiefs的人)名词解释

InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswerecallvassals.

9、codeofchivalry(骑士制度)名词解释

Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.

10、dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释

Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrainedandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremony(选择)toawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.

11、knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalled