自考国际商务英语05844重点7-22

自考国际商务英语课程代码05844Lesson7Incoterms2000

国际贸易术语解释通则

internationalcommercialtermsdegenerate[di‘dʒenəreit]vt.使退化；恶化

degeneratefromsthintosthdeal[di:l]vt.处理；给予；分配；发牌vi.处理；讨论；对待；做生意n.交易；（美）政策；待遇；份量It’sadeal.Dealin经营dealwith处理agreement,especiallyinbusiness,oncertaintermsforbuyingorsellingsth.Drawup制定Respective分别的，各自的Subsequent随后的ThenecessityandpurposeofhavingIncoterms《国际贸易术语解释通则》的必要性和目的ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.Interpretation解释说明tradeterms贸易术语:

wordsorphrasesthatarepeculiartotradetradepractice贸易管理:

wayofdoingbusinessthatiscommonorhabitualDisputeandlitigation

纠纷与诉讼ICC国际商会:InternationalChamberofCommerceAmendmentandaddition修订与增补Revise修改Unitization使成为整体Rollon-rolloff滚装滚卸的Short-sea近海Maritime海上的EDI电子数据交换:ElectronicDateInterchangeCustomsclearance结关Negotiable（票据、证券等）可转让的、可流通的；可协商的Negotiabletransportdocument可转让装运单据vital['vaitəl]adj.至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的

vitalto/forThereasonsforthe2000revisionofIncotermsSpreadofcustoms-freezones无关税区的发展Changesintransportationpractices运输方式的变化

Increaseduseofelectroniccommunication

电子通讯使用的增加Whereby借以凭借这个Dispatch启运发运、发送disposal[dis‘pəuzəl]n.处理；支配；清理；安排atone’sdisposal自行支配Departure离开启程Quay码头ThefourgroupsofIncotermsGroupE:EXWGroupF:FCA,FAS,FOBGroupC:CFR,CIF,CPT,CIPGroupD:DAF,DES,DEQ,DDU,DDPWhatarethefourdifferentcategoriesoftermsinIncoterms2000?InIncoterms2000,thetermshavebeengroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories:GroupE(departure),GroupF(Maincarriageunpaid),GroupC(Maincarriagepaid)andGroupD(Arrival).ThethreemostcommonlyusedtermsFOB装运港船上交货:FreeOnBoardCFR成本加运费:CostandFreightCIF成本、保险费加运费:Cost,InsuranceandFreightIf,whendrawinguptheircontract,buyerandsellerhavesomecommonlyunderstoodrulestospecificallyreferto,theycanbesureofdefiningtheirrespectiveresponsibilitiessimplyandsafely.买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任Lesson8TheBusinessTrade合同的定义(definition)Acontractisanagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantpartiesbinding['baindiŋ]n.装订；捆绑；粘合物adj.有约束力的；捆绑的bebindingonsb.enforceable[in‘fɔ:səbl]adj.可实施的；可强行的；可强迫的

enforcev.EnforcesbtodosthGiverisetodispute引起争议Twotypesofbusinessnegotiation:oralandwrittenTradefairs商品贸易会Trunkcall长途公司Inquiry/enquiry询盘、询价:Itismadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications,prices,timeofshipmentandothertermsBusinessline业务范围Quotation报盘:EstimateofhowmuchsomethingwillcostAfirmoffer一个实盘:Statementthatyouarewillingtopayacertainamountofmoneytobysomething.Validityperiod有效期Offer发盘、出价:statementthatyouarewillingtopayacertainamountofmoneytobuysthOfferee收盘人:personwhorespondstotheofferer.Licensing许可经营:Franchising特许经营:licenser许可证颁发者licensee许可证持有人franchiser授予特权者franchisee特许经营者Counteroffer还盘:NewoffermadebytheoriginaloffereetotheoriginaloffererProcessofnegotiationandconclusionofthecontract：询盘——发盘（发盘人-收盘人）——还盘，即新盘，原盘无效（原收盘人-原发盘人）InquiryQuotationOfferandacceptanceCounter-offSales(purchase)contract销售（采购）合同：legalagreement(betweentwoparties)madebytheseller(orthebuyer).Sales(purchase)confirmation销售（采购）确认书：documentwhichconfirmsthesales(orpurchase).ThetypesofcontractsSalescontractPurchasecontractSales(orpurchase)confirmationConsignment寄售:sendingofgoodsfordeliveryContractproper合同本身、合同正文Contractionparties缔约方:personsorcompaniesthatsignacontractArbitration仲裁:settlementofadisputebydecisionofsomeonechosenasajudgebybothsidesArticlenumber货号:thenumberoftheproductsorthingsforsaleThesettlingofacontract合同的构成ThetitleThecontractproperThenameandaddressofthebuyerandthesellerThedetailsofthecommoditytransactionThetermsandconditionsmutuallyagreedIndicationofthenumberoforiginalcopies,language(s)used,andthevalidityThesignaturesofthecontractingpartiesThestipulationsonthebackofthecontract小练习有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的

Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer,thatremainsvaliduntilastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejectedLesson9modesoftradeCountertrade对销贸易、反向贸易Centrallyplannedeconomies中央计划经济国家Cross-bordercontract进出口合同，跨国合同Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀competitivedevaluation竞争性贬值Protectionism贸易保护主义Reichsbank

德国国家银行Financialmarket金融市场Netpositions实际头寸Compensationtrade补偿贸易EPU欧洲支付联盟:EuropeanPaymentUnionClearingsystem清算系统、清算制度Tradecreditaccounts贸易信贷往来账户Vertical竖式地、涉及生产销售全过程的:relatingtoorinvolvingallstagesfromproductiontosale.CurrentcountertradeBarter易货贸易:Thedirectexchangeofgoodsandservices,whichiscompletedinashortperiodoftime.Counterpurchase反向购买、互购贸易:Theassumptionbyanexporterofatransferableobligationthroughseparatebutlinkedcontracttoacceptasfullorpartialpaymentgoodsandservicesfromtheimporterorimportingcountry.Buyback回购贸易:Anagreementbyanexporterofplantandequipmenttotakebackinthefuturepartoftheoutputproducedbythesegoodsasfullorpartialpayment.Stipulate规定Volkswagen大众汽车公司XeroxCorporation施乐公司Processingtrade加工贸易Consignment寄售Leasingtrade租赁贸易Agency代理：abusinessorserviceauthorizedtoactforothersMajoradvantagesofcountertradea.Helpingtodealwithforeignexchangeshortageb.Promotingexportc.Reducinguncertaintyregardingexportreceiptsd.Bypassinginternationalpriceagreemente.Helpingcountrieswithdebtproblemstoimportgoods.小练习回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。

Anotherimportantdifferencebetweencounterpurchaseandbuybackisthatabuybackdealusuallystretchesoveralongerperiodoftimethanacounterpurchasedeal.在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。Amongothermodesoftradeareprocessingtrade,consignment,leasingtrade,agencyetc.Lesson10InternationalPaymentInastraightforwardmanner以直接的方式Remittance汇款，汇付:ThismethodisalwaysemployedbythepartieswhoarefamiliarwithandtrusteachotherDebit借方：writtennoteinanaccountofasumowedorpaidoutDebtor债务人:apersonwhoowesmoneytosomebodycreditor债权人Financialstanding财务状况=financialstatus=financialstrengthCreditworthiness资信可靠状况default[di'fɔ:lt]vi.拖欠；不履行；不到场n.违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt.不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判ban[bæn]vt.禁止，取缔n.禁令，禁忌

ban…fromsth/doingsthforbid…todoThecomplexityofpaymentininternationaltrade国际贸易支付的复杂性Risksfacedbytheexporterandimporter出口商和进口商所面临的风险

Politicalfactors政治因素,commercialfactors商业因素,geographicalfactors地理因素fluctuation[,flʌktju‘eiʃən]n.起伏，波动

fluctuationin/of…hesitant['hezitənt]adj.迟疑的；踌躇的；犹豫不定的behesitantaboutdoingsth/sthCashinadvance预付现金Openaccount记账交易Periodicpayments分阶段付款Titletothegoods货物所有权，OwnershiptothegoodsTwomethodsofpaymentusedundercertainconditions在一定条件下的两种支付方式A.Cashinadvanceorpartialcashinadvance预付或部分预付现金B.Openaccount记账交易Draft汇票:=Billofexchange.Itisanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.Drawer出票人:Thepersonwhodrawsthedraft(usuallytheexporter)Drawee受票人:Thepersontowhomthedraftisdrawn.Payee收款人、领款人:Thepersonreceivingthepayment.Sightdraft即期汇票:Thedraftcallsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.Usancedraft远期汇票=Termdraft=Tenordraft:Thedraftispayableatalaterdateonpresentationtothedrawee.Cleandraft光票:ThedraftwithoutdocumentsDocumentarydraft跟单汇票:Thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocuments.Documentarycollection跟单托收:ItismeansofensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddateD/P付款交单:DocumentsagainstpaymentD/A承兑交单:DocumentsagainstacceptanceD/Patsight即期付款交单D/Paftersight远期付款交单小练习就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcerned,D/Patsightismorefavorablethend/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethenD/A.Lesson11TheLetterofCredit(I)

ThedefinitionoftheletterofcreditTheletterofCredit(L/C、L/C)信用证:Thecreditisaletterissuedbyabankattherequestoftheimporterinwhichthebankpromisestopayuponpresentationoftherelevantdocuments.Infavorof以…为受益人的Applicant(OpenerorPrincipal)申请人:ThepersonwhoinstructshisbanktoissueanL/C.(theimporter)Openingbank(Issuingbank,Establishingbank)开证行:ThebankthatissuesthecreditBeneficiary受益人:TheexporterinwhosefavorthecreditisopenedCorrespondentband往来行、关系行:Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichtheopeningbanksendsthecredittoitAdvisingbank通知行:Thebankintheexporter’scountry,whichadvisestheexportertheL/C,isreceived.Amendment修改discrepancy[dis‘krepənsi]n.不符；矛盾；相差discrepancyin…discrepancybetween…and…Confirmingbank保兑行:Thebankaddsitsconfirmationtothecredit.Reimburse偿付nominate[‘nɔmineit,]vt.推荐；提名；任命；指定nominatesbas/tobe…Unitprice单价Partialshipment分批装运Transshipment转运Thecarryingvessel载货船只Theuniformcustomsandpracticeofdocumentarycredits跟单信用证统一惯例Therelevantpartiesoftheletterofcreditandtheirrolesinitsprocessofoperation信用证的相关当事人及其在信用证业务中的作用TheapplicantTheopeningbankTheadvisingbankThebeneficiaryThenegotiatingbankTheconfirmingbank小练习现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.Lesson12TheLetterofCredit(II)Cleancredit光票信用证:Thecreditsonlyrequirecleandraft.Non-tradesettlement非贸易结算Revocablecredit可撤消信用证:Thecreditscanbealteredorevencanceledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.Irrevocablecredit不可撤消信用证:Thecreditscannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofallthepartiesconcerned.certainty[‘sə:tənti]n.必然；确实；确实的事情have(un)certaintyof…commitment[kə'mitmənt]n.承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身take/undertakeacommitmenttodosthconsent[kən'sent]vi.同意；赞成；答应consenttodo…n.同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成byconsentConfirmedcredit保兑信用证:ThecreditisconfirmedbyabankotherthantheissuingbankLeadingbank(Primebank,Firstratebank)主要银行Doubleassurance双重保障Sightcredit即期信用证:Thecreditbywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraftandimpeccabledocumentsbythebeneficiarytothebank.Usancecredit(Termcredit,Timecredit)远期信用证:Thecreditbywhichpaymentcannotbemadeuntilaspecificdateoraspecifictimeafterthedateofaftersight.Capitalturnover资金周转Maturity到期，满期Discount折扣，贴现Discountcharge贴现费Facevalue面值Transferablecredit可转让信用证:Thecreditcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Non-transferablecredit不可转让信用证:Thecreditcannotbetransferred.Middleman中间人，中间商：traderthroughwhomgoodspassbetweentheproducerandtheconsumerNon-draftcredit无汇票信用证:Thecreditthatpaymentoftobemadebypresentationofthedocumentswithouttheformalityofdrawingandpresentingadraft.Deferredpayment延期付款Revolvingcredit循环信用证:Thecreditstipulatedthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.Insolvent无支付能力的Aparticulartransaction一笔特定的交易Majortypesofcreditsandtheirfunctions,formsandmechanism信用证的主要种类及其作用：CleancreditanddocumentarycreditRevocablecreditandirrevocablecreditConfirmedcreditandunconfirmedcreditSightcreditandusancecreditTransferablecreditandnon-transferablecreditNon-draftcreditRevolvingcreditThelimitationsoftheletterofcredit信用证的局限性;InabilitytoprovideabsolutesecurityBeingmoreexpensivethanotherformsofpayment小练习对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况做出最好的选择。Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractionpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.Lesson13

MajorDocumentsRequiredinWorldTradeDocuments单据:paper,form,book,etcgivinginformationaboutsth.,evidenceorproofofsth.Documentation单据的制作或使用Takedeliveryof提（货）Commercialinvoice商业发票:Thedocumentisthegeneraldescriptionofthequalityandquantityofthegoodsandtheunitandtotalprice.Commission佣金:paymenttosb.forsellinggoodswhichincreasewiththequantityofgoodssold.Discount折扣:amountofmoneythatmaybetakenoffthefullamountShippingmarks唛头、运输标记Billoflading提（货）单:listgivingdetailsofaship’scargo.Cargoreceipt铁路运单、货运收据:writtenstatementthatgoodshavebeenreceivedCarrier承运人:TheshippingcompanyShipper货主、托运人、发货人:personwhoarrangesforgoodstobehipped.Consignor托运人:thepartyinthebillofladingwhoarrangesforthegoodstobeshipped.Carriage运输，运费Legalholder合法持有人Consignee收货人:thepartyinthebillofladingtowhomthegoodsareshipped.Notifyparty到货通知人、被通知人:thepartytobeadvisedafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination.Portofshipment发货港、装运港、起运港Airwaybill空运（提）单Railwaybill收货单（铁路）Insurancepolicy保险单（大保单）:adocumentusedforcoveringpossiblerisks.Insurancecertificate保险证书（小保单）Certificateofquality品质证书Certificateofweight重量证书Certificateofquantity数量证书Certificateofhealth健康证书Certificateofdisinfection消毒证书Certificateoforigin产地证书Veterinarycertificate兽医证书Customsinvoice海关发票Consularinvoice领事发票Consularvisa领事签证Shippingadvice装船通知majortypesofdocuments主要单据a.commercialinvoice商业发票b.packinglist装相单c.thebilloflading提单d.insurancepolicyandinsurancecertificate保险单和保险证书e.variouscertificate其它各种证书小练习商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性的描述。Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequalityandquantity,unitpriceandtotalvalueofthegoods.Lesson14InternationalTransportation

Productivity生产率，生产力Inabroadsense从广义上Transportationandfreighttransportation运输和货物运输:Inbroadsense,transportationisdefinedasmovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocation(place)toanother.Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandproductsandtheeffectsofsuchmovementonthedevelopmentandadvancementofbusiness.Thefivemajormodesoftransportation五种主要运输方式：

Water,rail,truck,pipeline,andairNaturalproductprovince自然产品领域Commoncarrier公共承运人:Itisprivatelyorpubliclyownedcompaniescommittedtoperformingamovementserviceofthesamequalityforallshippersonanequalbasisandwithoutdiscrimination.Contractcarrier契约承运人:Individualcontractsmaybearrangedbetweentransportationusersandcarriers(thetransportationcompany).Privatecarrier自有承运人Threetypesofcarrierownership三种形式的承运人所有权CommoncarriersContractcarriersPrivatecarriersCosteconomies节约成本、成本节约Intermediateproducts

中间产品、半成品Finishedproducts制成品Perunit每一单位Self-sufficient自给自足的Deregulation放松管制Just-in-timeinventorysystem零库存Productionapproach生产方式Logistics物流Thefourfactorsthataresubstantiallychangingtransportation改变运输业的四大因素a.transportationderegulationb.just-in-timeinventorysystemsc.competitionbasedonhighlevelofcustomerserviced.globalizationofbusiness小练习运输对工业社会的发展和运行起着至关重要的作用Transportationisfundamentaltothedevelopmentandoperationofanindustrialsociety.Lesson15Insurance(I)

Literature文献，说明书Insurance保险:Itisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.Insured被保险人，保户:Thepersonwhotransferrisk.Insurer承保人:Thepersonoracompanywhoassumerisk(theinsurancecompany,theunderwriter).Premium保费:theamountpaidbyaninsuredforcoverageunderthecontractKnownpremium已知的保险费Withoutinsurancewhatkindofuncertaintymaybeexperiencedbyanindividualoranenterprise?

Withoutinsurance,therewouldbeagreatdealofuncertaintyexperiencedbyanindividualoranenterprise,notonlyastowhetheralosswouldoccur,butalsoastowhatsizeitwouldbeifitdidoccur.Valuesexposedtoloss损失的价值Pool统筹的资金，共同的款项Pooling:acombinationoffoundsformedforcommonadvantageClaim索赔Claim:apaymentdemandedinaccordancewithaninsurancepolicyClient客户，主顾Margin保证金:amountabovewhatisestimatedasnecessaryDraw提取，支取Drawup制定drawupacontractReleaseoffunds腾出资金Jeopardy危险，风险Multi-model多种方式的Multinationalcorporation跨国公司Multinationalenterprise跨国企业，跨国集团（lesson4）Underwriter保险公司，保险人：apersonwhocarriesoninsuranceasabusinessCargoinsurance货物保险:Itisanactivityaimedatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheshouldersoftheexportsandimporters,andplacingitupontheshouldersofspecialistrisk-bearingunderwriters.Marine海上的Marineinsurance海上保险:Theinsuranceofshipsandtheircargoes.小练习货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。Cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimedatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheexportsandimporterstotheunderwriters.Lesson16Insurance(II)

Insurableinterest可保利益:Itholdsthatnoonemayinsureanythingunlesshehasandinterestinit.(Whichmeansthatifthethinginsuredispreservedhewillderiveabenefitformitspreservation,butifitisanywaydamagedorlosttheassuredwillbeadverselyaffect.)Crucial至关重要的vitalTermsofsale价格条件、买卖条款Portoforigin始发港Principleofutmostgoodfaith最大诚信原则：Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.Voidable

无效的Indemnity赔偿原则:Itholdsthatacontractofinsuranceisone,whichrestoresapersonwhosufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasbeforethelossoccurred.Restore恢复ThreemainprinciplesofinsuranceInsurableinterest可保险利益Utmostgoodfaith最大诚信原则Indemnity赔偿原则Forwardingcharges转运费，交货费用Contribution分摊原则:Itholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.Iftwopoliciesdocoverthesameevent,theinsurancecompaniescontributeproratatotheloss,andtheinsuredisonlyrestoredtotheindemnityposition.Breachn，v违反，破坏Prorata按比例Subrogation代位求偿原则Legalaction法律手段:anactiontakenagainstsomeoneinaccordancewiththelawTwosub-principlesofinsuranceContribution分摊原则Subrogation代位求偿原则Proximatecauseoftheloss近因原则:Itmeansthatwhenaninsurancepolicyismadeouttocoveracertainrisk,aclaimbecomespayableonlyifthatriskoccurredastheproximate(closest)causeofthelosssuffered.小练习尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。Eventhoughthemis-statementwasunintentional,theunderwriterwouldstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.Lesson17InternationalMonetarySystemandExchangeRate

Exchangerate汇率、兑换率:Itreferstothepriceatwhichonecurrencycanbeexchangeforanothercurrency.Goldstandard金本位制Fixedexchangerate/Flexibleexchangerate固定汇率/浮动汇率Peg钉住、挂钩：tokeepfixedorunchangedParvalue平价Parn标准adj平价的:equalinvalue,onthesamelevelPer每一个的GreatDepression大萧条Redeem兑换，赎买:tosetonevalueagainstanotherorasequaltoanotherDevaluation贬值:theactofagovernmentinreducingbylawtheexchangevalueofitscurrencyinunitsofgoldorascomparedwithothercurrencies.Contractn合同v缩小Fluctuations波动:upwardanddownwardmovementsintheeconomicsystemReservecurrency储备货币SDRs

特别提款权:SpecialdrawingRightInteractionofsupplyanddemand供给与需求的交互作用BOP国际收支:BalanceofPaymentBOPdeficit/favorableBOP国际收支赤字/国际收支盈余（顺差）Viceversa反之亦如此Majorfactorsinfluencingexchangerate影响汇率主要因素Internationalbalanceofpayment国际收支平衡Inflation通货膨胀Interestrate利率水平Cleanfloat清洁浮动、自由浮动，指汇率完全由市场供求关系决定，而有关当局不采取任何敢于措施Dirtyfloat肮脏浮动、管理浮动，当局为控制汇率波动而采取各种干预措施Discountrate贴现率Foreignexchangecontrol外汇管制Raiseforeignloan筹集外来贷款Raisev筹集Commonmeasuresforinterventioninexchangerate干预汇率的主要方法BuyingorsellingforeigncurrencyRaisingorloweringdiscountrateForeignexchangecontrolTwotypesExchangerate两个汇率体系FixedexchangerateFlexibleexchangerateIdlefunds游资、热钱、闲置资金Directquote/quotation（汇率）直接标价:Adirectexchangerateisthepriceofaforeigncurrencyintermsofthehomecurrency.1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirectquote/quotation（汇率）间接标价:Anindirectexchangerateisthepriceofhomecurrencyintermsofaforeigncurrency.Buyingrate买入价:Itreferstotheratebywhichacommercialbankbuysacurrency.Sellingrate卖出价:Itistheratebywhichabanksellsacurrency.Medialrate中间价Itistheaverageofthebuyingrateandthesellingrate.小练习外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值——中间汇率Therearethreetypesofexchangerate,i.e.thebuyingrate,thesellingrateandtheaverageofthetwo-themedialrateLesson18

InternationalfinancialOrganizationsIBRD国际复兴开发银行:InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentIDA国际发展协会:InternationalDevelopmentAssociationIFC国际金融公司:InternationalFinanceCorporationMIGA多边投资担保机构:MultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgencyWorldBankGroup世界银行集团WhatinstitutionsdoestheWorldBankGroupconsistof?A:TheBank,theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)anditsthreeaffiliates,theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),theInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),andtheMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA),arereferredtoastheWorldBankGroup.Institutions机构:anorganizationorestablishmentdevotedtothepromotionofaparticularobjectRaise提升筹集raiseforeignloanFinancialresources资金Thecommonobjectiveoftheseinstitutionsistohelpraisestandardsoflivingindevelopingcountriesbychannelingfinancialresourcestothemfromdevelopedcountries.这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。Finance提供资金Retained保留的Earnings收益、赢利Retainedearnings盈余Graceperiod优惠期、宽限期Balanceofpayment国际收支Maturity贷款期，到期:thetimewhenanoteorbillofexchangeoraloanbecomeduePrivatesector私营经济Prerequisite先决条件:requiredasaconditionforsomethingelseEquityn公平adj

股市的，股票的Equityinvestment股权投资Capitalinfrastructure基础建设资金Economicrestructuring经济结构调整IMF国际货币基金组织:InternationalMonetaryFundQuotaofIMF份额:ThedepositpaidbyeachmembertotheIMF.Votingpower投票权Borrowingpower借款权SDR特别提款权:SpecialDrawingRight.ItissometimescalledpapergoldandusedtosettleofficialtransactionattheIMF.Cyclical周期性的:recurringincyclesGoldtranche黄金份额Stringent严格的:strict,thatmustbeobeyedAdditionallystringent越来越严格Standbyarrangement备用（信贷）安排小练习Toundertakethismission,MIGAoffersinvestorsguaranteesagainstnoncommercialrisks,advisesdevelopingmembergovernmentsonpoliciesandsponsorsdialoguesbetweentheinternationalbusinesscommunityandhostgovernmentsoninvestmentissues.为了承担这项使命，多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向发展中成员国政府提供咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话。Lesson19ForeignDirectInvestment

ForeignDirectInvestment:FDI对外直接投资Returns收益:thegainformaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofitonthesaleoftheinvestment.

Investmentreturns投资收益Considerv考虑，认为Considerableadj

相对大的，应考虑的Considerationn考虑，照顾MajorSupplysidefactorsforundertakingFDI供给方面的因素ReducingcostsGainingaccesstoresourcesUtilizingtechnologyAfter-saleservice售后服务Marketingadvantages营销优势Customermobility客户流动Inventory存货JIT即时库存管理:JustInTimeMajorDemandsidefactorsforundertakingFDI需求方面的因素GainingeasyaccesstocustomersGainingadvantagesofdirectoperationabroadFollowingcustomermobilityQuota配额:alimitplacedbyagovernmentontheamountofimportsorcommodityVER自动出口限制:VoluntaryExportRestriction:anagreementbyacountry’sexportersorgovernmenttolimittheirexportstoanothercountryTaxholiday免税期:aperiodoftimeduringwhichtaxisnotlevied.Rebatev减少，减让:reduceMajorPoliticalfactorsforundertakingFDI政策方面的因素GettingaroundtradebarriersUtilizingfavorableinvestmentpoliciesFormsofFDIGreenfieldstrategy(buildingnewenterprises)Acquisition(purchasingexistingfacilities)Jointventure合资企业:abusinesswheretheprovisionofriskcapitalissharedbetweentwoormorefirmsGreenfieldstrategy绿地战略:Thefirmbuildsnewfacilitiesonlandboughtorleasedinaforeigncountrybeforestartingitsnewoperation.Acquisition并购:Purchasingexistingfacilities.companyexpansionthroughthepurchaseofotherbusinessThestrategicalliance（合资企业）战略联合Synergy协同作用，增效作用:benefitsfromcombiningdifferentbusinesses,normallyclaimedbythepromotersofmergers小练习即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。TheintroductionofJITinventorymanagementsystemcanminimizetheinventoryofthestocksoastoincreasetheefficiencyoftheoperation.Lesson20TheInternationalStockExchangeISE国际证券交易所:InternationalStockExchangeStockexchange证券（股票）交易Investor投资者Securities有价证券：stocksandbondsTheissueandtradingofsecurities证劵的发行和交易Finance资金，资金支援Whatiscapital-raisingmarket?Canyougiveitanappropriatedefinition?Acapital-raisingmarketisaregulatedframework,basedonstatute,wherebylong-termcapitalintheformoftradablesecuritiescanberaisedbycompaniesandgovernment.Long-termcapital长期资本Secondarycapitalmarket二级资本市场:买卖已发行的有价证券的市场Primarycapitalraising初级/原始资本的筹集Equities（股息不定的）普通股，股票:companystocksMarketfloor=tradingfloor交易大厅Broker经纪人，中介人，掮客Marketmaker进行不可撤消的购买和销售的公司Jobber股票买卖经纪人SEAQ证券交易自动报价系统:StockExchangeAutomatedQuotationsSystemThreeareasoftheDomesticEquityMarketThelistedmarketTheunli