第六章语用学

今日感悟你不勇敢，没人替你坚强。人之所以平凡，在于无法超越自己。DiscussionEX1.Ihearsomeonemurmur.GrammaticalAnalysis(lexical+syntactic)SemanticAnalysis(wordmeaning+sentencemeaning)PragmaticAnalysis(utterancemeaning)summary语法分析语义分析语用分析词法分析句义分析词义分析句法分析话语义分析语篇义分析章法分析语言分析抽象分析具体分析rule-governedprinciple-governedproduct-orientedprocess-orientedSemanticsEx2.MarymarriedtheMickeyMouse.ill-logicalafalsepropositionPragmaticsEx2.MarymarriedtheMickeyMouse.Underacertaincontext,it'salogicalstatement.SemanticsVsPragmaticsMeaningPragmaticsSemanticsPragmatics=meaning-semantics(P5)语义学和语用学意义研究的区别naturalcontext-freestableinternalabstractliteralnon-naturalcontext-dependentunstableexternalconcreteintendedMicropragmatics6.2.1Reference

a.Semanticreference

b.Pragmaticreference

c.Directreference

d.Indirectreferencee.Genericreference&SpecificreferencePragmaticreferenceiseitherdirectreferenceorindirectreferencewhilesemanticreferenceis

directreference.Additionally,theformeristhespecificonewhereasthelatterthegenericone.Ex.5

甲：那个事你那个了没有?乙：那个事不容易那个！甲：不管好那个不好那个，你不论如何要那个。乙：我尽量那个，不过现在办事少不了那个！甲：你要多少那个我就给你多少那个，不舍的那个,

还能那个!（《中国青年报》亦杰“黑话漫谈”）

讨论1）说曹操，曹操到。2）周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨。3)Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.从前有座山，山里有座庙，庙里有个老和尚，有一天，老和尚对小和尚说……Deixisreferstocharacteristicfunctionoflinguisticexpressionsthatrelatetothepersonal,spatialandtemporalaspectofutterancesdependinguponthegivenutterancesituation.Ex.6a.师傅，你们食堂还有红烧肉吗？b.师傅，我们食堂还有红烧肉吗？c.师傅，咱们食堂还有红烧肉吗？Ex.7(老师对学生说)我们现在的主要任务是学习，恋爱我们以后会有机会谈的。Ex.8(妈妈对小儿子说)乖儿子，咱们不淘气了，回家睡觉觉。小东，你小子还淘气，赶快回家睡觉。Pragmaticempathy语用移情语用离情PragmaticdeempathyEx.9夫：你怎么关电视呢？人家看的好好的！妻：人家还不是为你好？子：你们两口子别吵啦，人家明天还要上学呢！(比较：把“人家”换成“我”)Vocative呼语Ex.10a.Ladiesandgentlemen,mayIhaveyourattention?b.Dear,I'mafraidyou'llgetlost!c.Doctor,whenwillIgetbetter?e.Professor,canyousayitagain?f.Teaorcoffee,sir?person/socialdeixispointsofreference(deicticcenter)参照点Ex.11a.Freebeertomorrow.(Abarownerwhoputsupabigsigntogetcustomerstoreturntohisbar)b.挥泪狂降，最后三天！c.实在不好意思啦，明天我请客。d.保质期三个月。pointsofreference参照点一天，小明和他的爸爸、爷爷出去玩。爷爷正在发呆，小明对爸爸说：“你爸多傻啊！”爸爸扇了小明一巴掌，朝他吼道：“你爸才傻呢！”Summary1.Deixismustbecontext-dependent.2.Persondeixisandsocialdeixisarecorrelated,forexample,"您"canberegardedasbothapersondeixisandasocialdeixis.3.Someverbsalsobelongtospacedeixis,suchas

come/go,bring/take.4.---Dinnerisready,Tom?---I'mcoming!(Whydowereplacegoingwithcoming?)说话人说话时不以自身为参照点，而把方位参照点转移到听话人所处的方位上去了，语用学家把这一现象“礼貌的方位转移”时间、空间和语篇指示的关系spacedeixistimedeixixdiscoursedeixix6.2.3AnaphoraEx.12a.Iwalkedintotheroom.Thewindowslookedouttothebay.b.Iwalkedintotheroom,whosewindowslookedouttothebay.c.Iwalkedintotheroom.Thewindowsoftheroomlookedouttothebay.Ex.13Themanisnowinthecar.Thewindowsareopen.Heissayingtoawoman.Whenthetalkison,anexplosionhappens.Theyarekilledinthe

accident.分析

小磊正带着新同学参观学生宿舍，他指着两栋漂亮的楼房说：“左边的那幢是女生宿舍，叫织女星；右边的那幢是男生宿舍，叫牛郎星。”正在这时，宿舍女管理员昂首挺胸从他们身边走过。小磊悄悄地说：“这位是王母娘娘。”

讨论区别：reference,deixis,anaphoraPresuppositionTriggers(1)Definitedescriptionsa.Myboyfriendisarichman.>>Ihaveaboyfriend.b.Thebookonthedeskismine.>>Thereisabookonthedesk.(2)Factiveverbsa.Heregrettedhavingbeatenhiswife.>>Hehadbeatenhiswifebefore.b.I'msorrowthatyourdogdied.>>Yourdogdied.c.Itisdisappointingthathefailedtheexam.>>Hefailedtheexam.(3)Changeofstateverbsa.Shestoppedbeatingherhusband.>>Shehadbeenbeatingherhusbandbefore.b.Shebegantobeatherhusband.>>Shehadn'tbeenbeatingherhusbandbefore.c.Helefthereat6.>>Hewereherebefore6.参考：sell

>>buygo>>comereturn>>borrow(4)Iterativesa.Thespaceshipcamebacktoearth.>>Thespaceshiphadbeenonearth.b.Hepromisedtorevisitme.>>Hehadvisitedmebefore.(5)Temporalclausesa.Afterhisfatherdied,hesteppedintoalargefortune.>>b.Sinceshemarriedhim,hehasbeenbeatenbyher.

>>Hisfatherdied.Shemarriedhim.(6)Cleftsentencesa.ItwasJohnwhodancedthelastdancewithMary.>>SomeonedancedthelastdancewithMary.b.WhatIloveisMary.>>(7)Comparisonsandcontrastsa.lloveMotherasmuchasFatherdoes.>>b.Mydogresemblesyourdog.>>llovesomeone.Fatherlovesmother.Youhaveadog.6.2.4PresuppositionEx.14

法官：你有没有打过人？嫌疑人：没有。法官：那你偷人家东西有没有被人家抓过？嫌疑人：没有。不，我压根儿没有偷过人家东西。

Ex.15a.女人，关心自己同样重要。(某美容广告)

b.让我们做得更好。(飞利浦)

c.这是美国的又一个春天。(里根争取连任美国总统)

d.多一些润滑，少一些摩擦。

f.停止战争，为了孩子。(维护和平的公益广告)Discussion

1.劝君更尽一杯酒，西出阳关无故人。

2.人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。Welldone!tosaysomethingtodosomethingSpeechActTheory6.3Macropragmatics6.3.1Speechacttheory6.3.1.1IllocutionaryactEx.16a.IpromiseI'llcomeheretomorrowontime.b.Inowdeclarethemeetingopens.c.So,Iapologize.d.Iwillbewithyouforever.e.Youarefired.f.I'msorry.withperformativeverbswithoutperformativeverbsperformativeutterancesexplicitonesimplicitonesLet'sgoforanouting.It'ssuchafinedaytoday.言必为Judgement1.AccordingtoSpeechActtheory,someutterancesmayperformacts.2.Aperformativeverbisanecessarypartofaperformativeutterance.3.Allutterancesincommunicationareexplicitorimplicitperformancesofcertainacts.FFTEx.17Customer:Waiter!There’saflyinmysoup.Waiter:Don’tworry,there’snoextracharge.(i)Locutionaryact:theactofverballysayingsth

(ii)Illocutionaryact:theintendedactbehindsayingsth(iii)Perlocutionaryact:theeffectofanillocutionaryact言有三为

AspeechactconsistsofthreerelatedactsaccordingtoJ.L.Austin’sSpeechActtheory,namely,locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Thelocutionaryactistheactofverballysayingsth,theliteralmeaningoftheutterance;theillocutionaryactistheactperformedintheperformingofalocutionaryact,theextrameaningoftheutteranceproducedonthebasisofitsliteralmeaning;andperlocutionaryactistheeffectoftheutteranceonthehearer.Austinsuggeststhatthethreekindsofactsareperformedsimultaneous-lyinmostcases.

Inthisconversation,bysaying“Waiter!There’saflyinmysoup”,thelocutionaryactofthisutteranceisthatthecustomerproducesanumberofsoundswithitsliteralmeaningthatthereisaflyinhis/hersoup.Theillocutionaryactisthatthecustomerintendsnottojusttransmittheinformationtothewaiter,butmightexpresshisfeelingsandexpectthewaitertodosth.Itmightbeacomplaint,awarn,acriticism,orathreat,butwhateveritmightbe,itisnodoubtaforce,makingthewaiterchangesouporgivesomecompensation.Theperlocutionaryactoftheutterancehereisthewaiter’sdoingnothingbutgivingastrangerespond.Astothewaiter’sresponding,bysaying“Don’tworry,there’snoextracharge”henotonlyproducesanumberofsoundstostatethereisnoextracharge,butalsoshowshispossiblemisinterpretationorhissenseofhumororhisindirectrefusal.Ex.18It'sstuffyinhere.complaintorcriticismappealingorrequestcommandorwarningstatementorexplanationillocutionaryforcecummunicativepurposesFelicityConditions游泳者：贵厂生产的救生圈使我很快学会了游泳。厂长：承蒙夸奖。游泳者：不必谦虚！贵厂生产的救生圈一见水就撒气，我只好拼命地游，结果很快就学会了游泳。言语行为6.3.2.2ClassificationofillocutionaryactsthewordstheworldRepresentativesItwasawarmsunnyday.thespeaker>Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguageofkindness.温暖的笑容是善意的通用语。>三人行，必有我师。thewordstheworldDirectivesDon'ttouchthat.thehearer己所不欲，勿施于人。DegreeofIllocutionaryForceDon'tbelateagain!Pleasedon'tbelateagain!Whynotcomehereontime?Canyoucomehereontime?Couldyoupossiblycomehereontime?commands/ordersrequestssuggestionsbegging/pleadingentreating/imploringDirectivesthewordstheworldCommissivesI'llbebackagain.thespeaker君子报仇，十年不晚。thewordstheworldExpressivesI'mreallysorry!psychologicalthespeaker>Ican'tagreeanymore.>安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。thewordstheworldDeclarationsYouareout!thespeaker>Inowpronounceyouhusbandandwife.>You'refired.6.3.1.3IndirectspeechactEx.18A:Canyoutellmethemeaningofthisword?B:Doyouhaveadictionary?Ex.19A:WhataboutapicniconSunday?B:TheweathermansaystherewillberainonSunday.IndirectdegreeEx.20a.Thesalt.b.Passthesalt.c.Pleasepassthesalt.d.Canyoupassthesalt?e.Couldyoupossiblypassthesalt?f.WoulditbetoomuchtroubleifIsuggestedthatyoucouldpossiblypassthesalt?g.Youcouldn'tpossiblypassthesalt,couldyou?

Indirectdegreepolitenessdegree0一般来说，在陌生人之间表示“请求”的言语交际，越间接越礼貌。

Indirectdegreeappropriateness0在亲人和朋友之间，在表示“请求”的言语交际，越间接越不得体。ConventionalVsUnconventionalEx.21a.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?b.Couldyoupassmethepen?c.Iwouldappreciateifyoucouldturnoffthelight.d.I'dratheryoudidn'tdoitanymore.f.(Thebellisringing.Thestudentsaretalkingwhentheteachercomesin.)T:There'smuchnoisehere.S:Yes,thereis.T:Wouldyoubealittlemorequiet?S:Allright,sir.Discussion间接有法

Howcanwemakeadirectspeechactindirect?间接有时(场合)WhenandwhereandtowhomdoweuseIndirectspeechacts?间接有度

a.TowhatdegreeanISAisappropriate?b.Differentindirectspeechactshavedifferentdegreesofindirectness.间接有因Whydopeopletendtouseindirectspeechacts?Introduction“Whatishisname?”“Bingley.”“Ishemarriedorsingle?”“Oh!Single,mydear,tobesure!Asinglemanoflargefortune;fourorfivethousandayear.Whatafinethingforourgirls!”<PrideandPrejudice>南京大学2009年考研真题6.3.2TheCooperativePrinciple6.3.2.1TheCooperativePrincipleanditsmaxims

Ex.22A:Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?B:Mycomputerhasgonewrong.

B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofrelationsothatitimpliesthatBhasn'tfinishedhis/herhomeworkforhe/shecannotdohis/herhomeworkwithoutthecomputer.反思RelevancetheoryisanimprovementupontheGrice’sCooperativePrinciple.Makecommentsonthistopic.北京交通大学2007年语言学真题讨论：0-relation…….100%-relationEx.23A:Wouldyoulikesomeoysters?B:Iwouldn’teatanyseafood.B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofquantity.ItexpressestheimplicaturethatBdetestsanyfoodfromthesea.Itisalsotrueofoysters.Ex.24A:WhatdoyouthinkofMary?B:Sheisatigress.B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofqualityforMaryisimpossibletobeafemalebeast.ItmeansthatMaryisasfierceasatigress.Ex.25A:Nicetoseeyouagain!B:Haven’tseenyouforages!B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofqualityforithasoverstatedthefact.ItmeansthatBhasn'tseenAforalongtime.Ex.26Boy:Willyoupleasemarryme?Girl:Itdepends.

Girl'sresponseviolatesthemaximofMannerforitdoesn'tgiveaclearanswerthatshewillorwillnotliketomarrytheboy.爸爸通过夸张的手法违背了质量准则，即言过其实Ex.27儿子：爸爸，假如有一天我考了全班第一名，您会怎么样？爸爸：那我一定高兴死了!儿子：爸爸，您这样的担心是多余的，我是孝子不会让您死的。

违背了方式准则Ex.28儿子：妈妈，我今天能在家里吗？我觉得不舒服.妈妈：你觉得什么地方不舒服？儿子：学校!Ex.29(情人节到了,男女朋友见面了.)

男：你喜欢什么花？女(羞答答)：我喜欢两种花。男：哪两种？我送给你。女：有钱花，随便花男：你真美！女：我哪儿美？男：想得美。违背了“关系”准则，即“答非所问”含意为“Moneyisamorebeautifulflower”违背了“关系”准则，含意是Themoreyouexpect,thelessyougain.违反了质量准则,含意是“ILY”Ex.30

五一假期，一帮朋友相约去爬山。到山顶，一女生面对秀丽山河高喊：“祖国啊，我的母亲！”一暗恋她的男生赶紧跟着喊，“祖国啊，我的丈母娘！”违反了方式准则Ex.31

我：叔叔，我的包丢了，你能帮我找找吗？警察：没问题，包在我身上。我：那你能还给我吗？违反了方式准则Ex.32（上物理课）老师：11伏、30伏、220伏、1000、3500伏的电压，那个可以摸，那个不可以摸？学生：都可以摸，但有的只能摸一次。Ex.33A:Mysonisalwaysbreakingmyneighbour'swindow!B:Boysareboys!B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofQuantity.Onthesurfacelevel,itseemstotallyuninformative;however,onthedeeperlevel,itisveryimforma-tive.Itimpliesthatboysarenaughtyandmischi-evous.Whatistautology?PleasecommentontheroleOftautologyinthefollowingutterance.看看人家，冰箱是冰箱，彩电是彩电。2009北航Ex.34A:Canyoucomeovertomyhomeformybirthdayparty?B：I'dliketo,butmyfatherisill.1)IfBistellingalieandAthinkswhatBsaidistrue,thereisnoimplicature.2)IfAhasknownB'sfatherisnotillatallandBisjusttellingaliedeliberately,thereisimplicature.ItimpliesthatBdoesn'twanttocometoA'sparty.3）4）Ex.35A:WheredoesXlive?B:SomewhereinthesouthofChina.1)B'sanswerviolatesthemaximofQuantityifAknowsthatBknowstheexactplacewhereXlives,withtheimplicaturethatBrefusestotellwhereXlives.2)IfBindeeddoesn'tknowtheexactplacewhereXlives,andAbelievesthis.ThenwesayBviolatesthemaximofQuantitysoastoobservethemaximofQuality.Thenthereisnoimplicature.补充：CharacteristicsofconversationalimplicatureCalculabilityCancellabilityNon-detachabilityNon-conventionalityIndeterminacy会话隐含和翻译小张：喂，小陈，你和你女朋友关系怎么样了？小陈：没说的，你就等着吃喜糖吧！译文1：Z:Hi,Xiaochen,howareyougettingonwithyourgirlfriend?

C:Needlesstosay.Pleasejustwaittoeatthecandies.

译文2：Z:Hi,

xiaochen,howareyougettingonwithyourgirlfriend?

C:We'regettingonwitheachotherverywell.Wearegoingtogetmarried.

感悟如果你曾经错过了昨天，那么请不要再错过今天。过去的事，交给岁月去处理；将来的事，留给时间去证明。我们真正要做的，就是牢牢地抓住今天。让今天的自己胜过昨天的自己，让今天的自己塑造明天的自己。给自己一个机会，让一切重新开始。会话含义的一般、特殊之分Grice的会话含义着重研究的是特殊会话含义，而未能涵盖一般会话含义，这就限制了理论的解释力。一般会话含义和会话的特定语境无关，在脱离语境的情况下依然存在，依然可以推导出来。特殊会话含义的推导则依赖语境。

1) Iwalkedintoahouse.2)Philpismeetingawomanthisevening.coherent&incoherentHusband:That'sthephone.Wife:I'minthebathroom.Husband:Ok.Summary会话含义是间接言语的一种表现。违反准则会产生会话含义，但并不是说凡是违反准则都会产生会话含义。善意的谎言如果听话者不能识别就不会产生会话含义。许多修辞格，如比喻、讽刺、夸张等会产生会话含义。当我们说某人违反了会话准则时，那只是说他在字面上违反了准则，但在更深层次上，他仍然遵守了会话原则，违反准则也是遵守合作原则的一种方式，一种表现。（何兆熊新编语用学概要2000:167）为何使用间接言语合作原则仅解释了人们间接地使用语言所产生的的会话含义，及其对会话含义的理解，但却没有解释人们在日常生活中人们为什么会拐弯抹角，不采取直接了当的方式，让听话人去推导出会话含义。

Parent：Someone'seatentheicingoffthecake.

Child:Itwasn'tME.Example:1.Couldyougivemealift?2.Givemealift.Question:Whydon’tpeoplesaydirectlywhattheymean?PolitenessPrincipleIn1983,LeechproposedpolitenessprinciplesoastorescuetheCPfromserioustrouble.LeechbelievesthemainreasonthatwhypeopleviolateCPdeliberatelyistheconsiderationofpoliteness.Leech’sPP英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonalrhetoric)和“篇章修辞”(textualrhetoric)两大类,他的“修辞”指的是交际中有效的运用语言,它由交际双方所遵循的原则和准则组成,准则是原则所包含的较具体的范畴。而礼貌原则则属于人际修辞的范畴。2.Leech’sapproachtopolitenessPolitenessincommunicationrequirespeopletoadoptstrategiesof

(a)maximizing“politebeliefs”;(b)minimizing“impolitebeliefs.”策略准则Letmecleantheoffice.IwaswonderingifIcouldpossiblycleantheoffice.Lendmeyourcomputer.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldpleaselendmeyourcomputer.慷慨准则Wife:Gosh,Ihavebeensocareless!Husband:Yes,haven’tyou?Husband:Don’tworryaboutit.We’rehumans.Toshowhisconsiderationandtocreateagoodatmosphereathome,thesecondutterance,thehusbandmanagestoavoidutteringunfavorablecommentstohiswifeinadirectway.赞扬准则Hostess:Hopethatyou’vehadagoodtime.Guest:absolutely.I’vehadawonderfultime!Thankyousomuchforyourgenerosity!Thatwasreallyafeast!Theforceoftheguest’sutteranceindicatethatsheisplayingherroleasaguestverywell,andthatsheisobservingtheapprobationmaxim.Boss:Youdidawonderfuljob!Employee:thankyou,it’snottoobad.Employee:Yes,didn’tI?(Whatwillhisbossthinkofhim?)

Ourcommonsensetellsusthatpeopledonotlikethosewhoareproudandliketoboastandbrag.谦虚准则赞同准则ColleagueA:Thisprojectwillbringalotofprofittoourcompany.ColleagueB:YesbutIthinkwe’llencounteralotofproblemsincarryingitout.Prof.Feng:Doingsomepart-time