高中英语人教版一轮学案模块二第3讲冠词代词和介词（短语）

温馨提示：此套题为Word版，请按住Ctrl,滑动鼠标滚轴，调节合适的观看比例，答案解析附后。关闭Word文档返回原板块。模块二不可忽视的小词:冠词、代词和介词第3讲冠词、代词和介词(短语)Ⅰ.语法填空1.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Theplumtreesarethefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshortlisted,wethoughtitwasajoke.3.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithputersimulations(模拟)andimaginethemselves(they)livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.4.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustgladtofindthem(they)alive.5.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bambooplantsareassociatedwithhealth,abundanceandahappyhome.6.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Theartistwasfinallyhumbled(谦卑)bythegreatestartistonearth,MotherNature.Ⅱ.完成句子1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)ThenIputthetomatoesandthebeateneggsintothepan(平底锅)together.

2.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Forexample,everymorning,mydadhastohaveabowlofeggsoup(一碗鸡蛋汤)whileIhavetoeatanapple.

3.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)“Notthatway,”mymomtriedtostopme(尽力阻止我)butfailed.

4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bestofluckwithyou/yourlearning(与你学习)kungfuinChina.

5.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)AfterthatIpouredoilintoapanandturnedonthestove(打开炉子).

6.(2020·江苏高考)Takingonthischallengewillbringyouincontactwith(接触;有联系)someonewhosharesyourinterests.

7.(2020·天津高考)Formyfifthbirthday,mymotherbakedmeacakeintheshapeof(呈……的形状)amonkey.

语法填空五谨记1.根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。2.根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语,记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。3.熟记常用的不定代词,如one,all,both,either,neither,each,many,much,little,few,other,another,something,nothing等。4.人称、物主、反身代词:“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺少主语,则用人称代词的主格;(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格;(3)如果句中缺少定语,则用形容词性物主代词;(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,则用反身代词。5.“四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法;(3)根据特殊的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。一、冠词不定冠词用法英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。主要有下面两种用法:1.表示“一个”,意为one;指某人或某物,意为acertain。※AMrLiuiswaitingforyououtside.※Ateacherisapersonwhoteaches.※Anapplefallsdownbecauseofgravity.2.代表一类人或物。【点津】(1)不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前,an则用于元音音素前。注意此处不是指辅音字母和元音字母。(2)不定冠词的其他用法①不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,fort,danger,shock等。②knowledge,collection,understanding等名词后加of...时,其前常用不定冠词a/an。③“amost+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very,而“the+most+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。※Foragreatmanymenandwomen,romancecanbeamostimportantpartofmarriage.※Itisoneofthemostoriginalworksofimaginationinthelanguage.定冠词用法1.表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。※YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。※Ithinkthetelephonewasinventedbefore(after)thecar.3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。※Therichwillbeaskedtocontributemoney;thestrongtocontributelabour.※TheGreenssaidyouwouldtravelwiththem,didn’tthey?4.用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。※ThisistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.5.表示世界上独一无二的事物,如themoon,thesun,theearth,theuniverse,theworld,thesky等。※Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.6.用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面。※Ifeltthepressureofbeingthefirstwomaninthejob.※Couldyougivemesomeadviceonthebestwaytodothis?【点津】当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词,如asecondtime意为“再一次;又一次”。7.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前,如intheeast,inthenorthwest,playthepiano等。8.用于表示某世纪/年代/时期或朝代的名词前。※Hemovedtothesouthinthesixties.9.用在表示度量单位的名词前,如bythehour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。※Ihiredthecarbythehour.与冠词有关的固定搭配1.含不定冠词的固定搭配haveaknowledge/understandingof了解haveagoodviewof饱览inahurry匆忙地asaresult因此 asarule通常asawhole总体上 asamatteroffact事实上2.含定冠词的固定搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最后bytheway顺便说一下inthedistance在远处intheway挡道 onthewhole总的来说3.含零冠词的固定搭配atpresent目前takepartin参加inpeace平静 bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意 onsecondthoughts再三考虑aheadoftime提前 inadvance提前4.常用的固定词组辨析小题快练①TheNewYorkTimesstartedanewtextmessagingservicethatdeliversthelatestnewstomobilephones.

②ThewomanfromTaiwanisafamoussinger.Shehasalotoffans.①—Whynotopenthewindowstoletcoolairin?—I’dratheryoudidn’t.Theairinourtownisterriblypolluted.②Wehadtospendthreemorehourswaitinginacafeattheairportbecausetheflightwasdelayed.二、代词人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。※You,heandIareindifferentclasses.※MrWangaskedLiMingandmetohelphim.②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。※Heandsheweresittingfacetoface.(3)物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。※Shescannedthelistofnamestoseeifherswasonit.※Theauthorcanreportotherpeople’sresultswhichmoreorlessagreewithhers.it的用法1.it作人称代词的用法(1)it可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:※Wehave$500.Willitbeenoughforadeposit?(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:※Iwantthisbabyverymuch,becauseitcertainlywillbethelast.2.it作非人称代词的用法(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:※It’squitewarmatthemoment.(2)用于某些句型It’stimeforsth.该做某事了。It’stimetodosth.到该做某事的时候了。It’stimeforsb.todosth.某人该做某事了。It’s(about/high)time+that从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)It’sthefirst(second...)time+that从句.某人第几次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)It’s+时间段+since从句.自从……有一段时间了。It’s+时间段+before从句.过多长时间才……3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语(1)用作形式主语的重要句型It+be+adj.for(of)sb.todosth.某人做某事……※Itisnecessaryforustohavesomeexerciseeveryday.※Itisveryconsiderateofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard.(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n.(for/ofsb.)todo/从句②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that...(should)...【点津】某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接从句,有此用法的动词(短语)有:like,dislike,hate,appreciate,dependon,relyon,counton,seeto等。※Ibelieveitimportanttoseparategoodfailuresfrombadfailures.※Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldhelpmetosolvethetechnicalproblem.※Ihateitwhenpeopletellmethattheyareunemployed.不定代词1.all,both,either,neither,any,each,none的用法比较:(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。※AsfarasIcouldtell,neitherofuswasunderobservation.(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。※Bothsidesarelookingforwaystosettletheirdifferences.※Therearemanytallbuildingsoneithersideofthestreet.(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。※Allthesoldierswerepraisedforbraveryinbattle.(4)all和both与not连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。※Notallthemachinesofthepanyareimported.※Bothofthesubstancesdonotdissolveinwater.※Noneofyouhadthecouragetofacethesituation.(5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。※Ibelievethateachofuscancontributetothefutureoftheworld.2.another,other,theother,others的用法比较(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。※Ineedanothertenminutestofinishmyhomework.(2)other可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。※Theywillthenhavemoremoneytospendonotherthings.(3)theother指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词使用。※Hehasoneshoulderalittlehigherthantheother.(4)theother后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other作为形容词。※Sheturnedoveronherstomachontheothersideofthebed.※Heplayedtheviolin,andhestoodoutfromalltheothermusicians.(5)others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;theothers相当于“theother+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。※Hedemandsperfectioninothers,butcannotseefaultsinhimself.※Thesnowymainpeaktowersabovealltheothers.小题快练Ⅰ.单句语法填空①I’dappreciateitifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwille.

②I’mlookingforafriendofmine(me)wholiveshere.③Insomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whileinothers,knivesandforks.④Wehavebeenpreparingourfighterstoadjustthemselvestocivilsociety.①Maryisalwaysfullofideas,butnoneisusefultomyknowledge.②Ithinkyoumayfindthat’sanotherthingwehaveinmon.Ⅱ.完成句子①Hetoldmeallthenewsbutnoneofit(没有一个)wasveryexciting.

②Itisknowntous(众所周知)thatlifeisnotasmoothjourney,whichisfullofupsanddowns.Soneverloseheart.

①OntheonehandIadmirehisgifts,butontheotherhand(另一方面)Idistrusthisjudgment.

②Whenwegottothemountaintop,itstartedsnowingagain(天又开始下雪了).

三、介词(短语)介词的基本用法1.with/without复合结构介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。※Iwillhavetobuyanewonewithmyglassesbroken.※Withsomethingimportanttotalkaboutwithyou,youmuststayhere.2.表示工具、手段、方式的介词by,in,on三词都可表示旅行的方式(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如:bysea,bywater,byland,byrail,byair等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如:bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceship等。(3)步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamel等。3.with,by,in三词都可表示“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。※Wedonotseenaturewithoureyes,butwithourunderstandingsandourhearts.(2)by,in,on,over,through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如byhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescope等。4.of+抽象名词的用法(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+抽象名词的形容词形式(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+抽象名词的形容词形式※Basicresearchisofgreatimportanceinallscientificfields.=Basicresearchisveryimportantinallscientificfields.※Allourpersuasionwasofnouse;shewouldnote.=Allourpersuasionwasnotuseful;shewouldnote.5.介词but的固定搭配havenochoicebuttodo只得做某事;can’thelpbutdo不得不做……;can’tbutdo不得不只能做……;can’tchoosebutdo只得做某事;butfor要不是……。※Ihavenochoicebuttodoashetellsme.※Itrainedhard,sotheycouldn’tchoosebutstayathome.6.名词key,approach,solution,answer,entrance,visit,attitude等与to构成固定搭配※Wehaveaverymunicativeapproachtoteachinglanguages.※Wemustfindasatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.7.介词by的用法(1)by+地点名词:表示方位,意为“在……旁边”。(2)by+时间名词:意为“到……时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。(3)by+名词:可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。※Icanfindtwotablesbythewindowforyou.※Canyouhaveyourreportreadyforthepressbynextweek?※IusedtotravelbyairagreatdealwhenIwasaboy.介词的习惯搭配1.与形容词构成的搭配(1)be+adj.+aboutbeanxiousabout忧虑……becuriousabout对……好奇(2)be+adj.+atbeangryat因……生气begoodat擅长(3)be+adj.+inbeabsorbedin专注于…… beactivein积极于……bedressedin穿着…… beengagedin忙于……(4)be+adj.+forbeeagerfor渴望…… befamousfor因……著名befitfor适合,胜任…… bereadyfor准备好……(5)be+adj.+frombeabsentfrom缺席 bedifferentfrom不同于(6)be+adj.+tobecloseto接近…… bedevotedto致力于……beequalto等于……befamiliarto对……来说熟悉(7)be+adj.+ofbeawareof意识到…… befondof喜欢……(8)be+adj.+withbebusywith忙于…… befamiliarwith对……熟悉bepatientwith对……有耐心2.与名词构成的搭配(1)“at+n.”表示状态ataloss不知所措atpeace处于和平中atwar在战争中 atwork在工作(2)“on+n.”表示状态onexhibition/show在展出 onfire着火onsale出售,打折 ontheway在途中(3)“by+n.”表示方式byaccident偶然 byair/plane乘飞机bychance偶然 bydesign故意(4)“in+n.”表示方式incash用现金付款 indepth在深度上indetail详细地 inheight在高度上(5)“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)ofbenefit有益处的 ofuse有用的(6)“outof+n.”表示状态outofbalance失去平衡 outofbreath上气不接下气(7)“with+n.”表示方式withdelight/joy高兴地 withdifficulty困难地小题快练Ⅰ.单句语法填空①TheEnglishclassendedwithallsinginganEnglishsong.②Knowledgeisatreasure,butpracticeisthekeytoit.③Itwasalongjourneybyshipbutwereallyenjoyedit.④Itisofnousetotrytodoitagain.①Aseriousstudyofphysicsisimpossiblewithoutsomeknowledgeofmathematics.②Iftheletteryougetfrommeiswritteninblueink,itistruewhatIsaid.Ⅱ.完成句子①Shewasataloss(不知所措)toexplainwhyshe’ddoneit.

②Hawaiiisfamousfor(因……出名)itsbeautifulbeaches.

①Ourvillageisverydifferentfrom(与……大不相同)whatitwasbefore.

②Thiscityappearssimilartomine,butI’mnotfamiliarwithit(我对它不熟悉)atall.

学生用书P188Ⅰ.语法填空Dogswerefirstraisedathomeatleast150centuriesago.Sincethen,thedog1._________(be)humans’bestfriend.Now,theyhaveanotherjob—toassistdoctorstodiagnose(诊断)cancer.

Afteralongstandingresearchofsmell,aFinnishprofessorhassaidthatcertain2._________(type)ofcancerareabletobedetectedbytheirsmell,makingitpossibletotraincancersniffingdogs3._________(help)diagnosethedisease.

Aprofessor,JoukoVepsalainenfromtheUniversityofEasternFinlandinKuopio,hasfocused4._________nitrogenpounds(氮化合物).Thepoundsincrease5._________(great)whencancercellsgrowinanuncontrollableway,6._________(allow)themtobedetected,theFinnishnewspaperKarjalainenreported.That’swherethedog,man’sbestfriend,maystepinwiththeirkeensenseofsmell.

Accordingtothenewsagency,researchersinFinlandhavetriedtotraindogstodothejob,but7._________willtakeadogmonths,evenyears,totellthe8._________(different)betweensickandhealthypeople.“Anyone9._________knowshowdifficultearlycancerdetectionis10._________(understand)whatanopportunitythisis,”associateprofessorAnnaHielm-Bjorkmanofthe【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了某种癌症可以通过气味来检测,这使得训练嗅癌犬帮助诊断癌症成为可能。1.【解析】hasbeen。考查时态。根据时间状语Sincethen可知,此句要用现在完成时,主语是单数,故填hasbeen。2.【解析】types。考查名词。根据后面谓语are可知,主语要用复数形式,故填types。3.【解析】tohelp。考查非谓语动词。此处是考查非谓语动词作状语,训练嗅癌犬是为了帮助医生诊断疾病,作目的状语要用不定式,故填tohelp。4.【解析】on/upon。考查介词。句意:来自Kuopio东芬兰大学的教授JoukoVepsalainen一直致力于研究氮化合物。focuson/upon是固定搭配,意思是“专注于,致力于”,故填on/upon。5.【解析】greatly。考查副词。设空处所给提示词要修饰动词increase,副词用来修饰动词,因此要用great的副词形式,故填greatly。6.【解析】allowing。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处是作句子的状语,所给提示词为动词,要用其非谓语形式,此处的逻辑主语为pounds,与allow之间是主动关系,用其现在分词形式,故填allowing。7.【解析】it。考查代词。but连接两个并列结构,根据上文可知,此处是指训练狗得需要几个月甚至几年,指代上文提到的事,下文再次出现要用代词指代,故填it。8.【解析】difference(s)。考查名词。设空前有冠词the,冠词用来修饰名词,所给提示词是形容词,要用其名词形式。9.【解析】who。考查定语从句。这是个定语从句,先行词是Anyone,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who。10.【解析】understands。考查主谓一致。本句句式较为复杂,设空处所给提示词是作主句的谓语,主句的主语是Anyone,谓语要用第三人称单数形式,故填understands。Ⅱ.语段填空Itwas7:15onthemor