APA 研究报告格式

Runninghead:APASTYLE:ANEXAMPLEOUTLINEOFAFULLRESEARCH

APAStyle:AnExampleOutlineofaFullResearchPaper

YourName

OglalaLakotaCollege

(TITLE:Mustbespecificandconcise[20wordlimit].Mustincludevariables.Mustincludementionofpopulation.Donotusejargon.)

Abstract

(Thisisyoursectionheadercenteredonthepage)

TypeyourabstractherewithinAPAabstractlimits(100-250words)

Foraproposal,here,youwillstatethepurposeofyourstudy,thepopulationyouarestudied,thesampleyouused,andyourmethod:qualitativeorquantitative,instrument(interview,survey,questionnaire,etc.)

Foracompletepaperyouwouldaddyoursummarizedfindings.

Yourtitle

(Yourtitleisyoursectionheadercenteredonthepage)

Youwillneedtobringallyourwrittencommunicationskillstothisproject.Youwillbeverycarefulwithpropercitation.Youwillnotusedirectquotes.Thewholeofthispaperistobeinyourwords.Ideasandinformationusedfromotherauthorsaretobecited.

Introduction(2-3pages)

Firstaddresstheproblem!Statetheoverallareaofconcern(populations-at-riskforinjusticeordiscrimination;needformorefunctionalaffiliationsforindividualsandgroups;unethicalpolicies/practices;lackofknowledgeinthefield,etc.).Arousethereader’sinterest;tellthereaderwhattoexpectintherestofyourpaper.Providebriefstatisticstoindicatetheincidenceoftheproblem.

Next,answerthequestions,“Howdoesthisproblemeffectsocialworkpracticeand/orpolicy?”(Ethicalresearchrequiresustofocusoureffortswhereneedisthegreatest).

Thepotentialutilityofyourstudycanbe:1)anadditiontocurrentknowledgeofaproblemoravulnerablepopulation;2)toputsocialworktheorytoanempiricaltest;3)tobetterunderstandtherelationshipbetweenvariables(likehomelessnessandhousingshortage);or4)todeterminetheeffectivenessofatreatmentmethodorprogram.

Discusshowthisproblemareaaffectsindividuals,communities,andsocietyasawhole(whatareissuesofsocialandeconomicjustice).RefertoyourProblemStatementOutline.

Variables

Conceptuallydefineyourmajorvariablesinaclearandconcisemanner,e.g.“childabuse”or“domesticviolence”.

Summary

Summarizethischapterinapproximatelytwotothreeparagraphs.

(Addanyadditionalpointsorsub-pointsthatrelatetoyourstudy)

ReviewoftheLiterature(5-7pages)

(Thisisyoursectionheadercenteredonthepage)

Typeyourliteraturereviewhere,doublespaced,andciteinAPAstylethroughout

Briefhistory

Itishelpfultoyourreaderstounderstandthecontextofyourproblemandthesolutionsthathavebeenattemptedtodate.Isthisarecentproblem?Anon-goingone?Whatbroughtittotheattentionofthepublic?

Review

Youneedtosummarizewhatexistingliteraturehastosayaboutyourproblemandtheexistingsolutions:Whathasbeentried,whathasworked,whathasnotworked,why.

Asyoubegin,youneedtoshareyourtheorybasewiththereaderssotheyunderstandhowwhatyouarepresentingisinfluencedbythattheorybase.Asyoureadarticlesonyourtopiclookforwhatotherauthorshavetosayaboutatheoreticalframeworkforunderstandtheproblemandpointingadirectionforsolutions(referbacktoyourMicroSkillstextfortheories).

Thissectionshouldflowfrompasttopresent.Whatwheretheearliestinterventionsorsolutions?Whatarethemostrecent?Besuretopresentallsideswhetherornottheyagreewithyourhypothesis.Yourresearchwilltypicallyinvolvesomegapininformation(whyresearchwhatwealreadyknow?).

Afteryoupresentwhatisalreadyknown,makeyourcaseforyourresearcheitheransweringanewquestion,gettinganewanswertoanoldquestion,answeringaquestionaboutanewpopulation,etc.Afteryouhavemadeyourcasethatyourresearchisgoingtogivenewinformation,youwillsummarizethemajorpoints.Finally,youwillformulate(inthelastsentence)yourresearchquestionoryourhypothesis.

RememberthattheIntroductiondiscussestheproblem.Thereviewofliteratureshouldconcentrateonsolutions(thosethatexist,thosethatarestillrequired).

Method(3-5Pages)

(Thisisyoursectionheadercenteredonthepage)

Purpose

(Thisisyoursub-sectionheader,italicized,leftjustified)

Donotintroducethetopicagain.Introducethegeneralmethodologymostauthorshavetakenonthistopicandtheoneyouwillbeusingandwhy(tietotheliteraturereview).Thepurposeisastatementofwhatyouintendtostudynotwhatyouintendtofind.

Paradigm

Here,youwilldiscussyourphilosophicalparadigmfortheacquisitionofknowledge(seeParadigmhandout).Againyourreaderisentitledtounderstandhowyouviewreality.Thiswillgreatlyinfluencehowyouframetheproblem,thesolutions,andhowyouwillknowyouhavelearnedsomethingfromyourresults.Noteveryonesharesthesameparadigmsoitisonlyethicalthatyoudescribeyourswithyourreader.Althoughyouwillrarelyfindthisinformationinpublishedworks,youwillusethisexercisetounderstandyourownphilosophyonknowledgeacquisitionandbeabletoarticulateit.

StudyDesign

Thisshouldflowfromyourparadigm.Areyoudoingqualitativeorquantitative;isitexploratory,descriptiveorexplanatory?Explainwhyyouareusingthistypeofstudyandwhatyouplantoexplore,describe,orexplain(againtieittotheliteraturereview).

Withineitherdesign:quantitativeorqualitative,tellthereaderwhattypeofstudyisbeingused:isitethnographic,contentanalysisofwrittenmaterial,interview,oraprogramevaluation,etc.?Whyisthisdesignbestforyourstudy?(continuetyingittotheliteraturereview).

PopulationandSample

Whatisthepopulationyouplantostudy(e.g.,allthesocialworkerstudentsinIdaho),whatisyoursamplingplan(e.g.,convenience,stratified,random),andwhy?(that’sright-tieittotheliteraturereview).Giveasmuchinformationaboutthepopulationthathasbeengatheredfromyourreviewoftheliterature:agerange,gendermix,education,etc.Thiswillbeusedtocomparetoyoursample’sdemographicsintheResultssection.

InvestigativeTechniques

Doyouplantouseinterviews,behaviorobservation,questionnaires,etc.?Whatsubtypeofeachdoyouplantoemploy(e.g.,structuredvs.unstructuredinterviewsorclosedvs.open-endedquestions)?Stateyourrationaleforyourapproach(lit.review).Listallofyourvariables,whichonesareindependentordependent?Whatlevelofmeasurementdoyouplantouseforeachvariable?

Instrumentation

Doyouplantouseastandardizedinstrumentordesignyourown?Howdoesthisinstrumentaffectissuesofreliabilityandvalidity(discuss)?Discussinstrumentbiases.Identifyindependent&dependentvariables.Discusshowthisinstrumentwillbescored.

DataCollections

Howwillyoudistributeyourinstrumentorwherewillyoudotheobservations?Whatisyourtimetableandwhatreminderswillyougivetorespondentstogetinstrumentsbacktoyouintimetocompleteyourstudy?

DataAnalysisPlan

Whatstatisticsdoyouplantocollect:descriptive/univariatestatistics(frequency,centraltendency,etc.)Inferentialstatistics(Pearson’sr,ANOVA,etc.)Bivariate,multivariatestatistics,andhowdoyouplantodoyouranalysis?

EthicalConsideration(HumanSubjectProtections)

WhenandhowwillyousubmitforInstitutionalReviewBoard(IRB)approval?Whatsafeguardsareinplaceinyourstudytoprotecthumansubjects?Considerbothemotionaland/orphysicalharm.Considerwhothesubjectsareandifchildrenorsomeothervulnerablepopulation.

Whatisyourbasicethicalapproach?Whatarethepowerdifferentialsbetweenyouandyoursubjects,andhowwillyouprotectthemfromanypossibleabuses?Whatstepsareyoutakingtoinsureinformedconsent?Provideacopyofanyintroductoryletterandconsentformsintheappendix.

Bias

Weallhavebiases;themostinsidiousarethoseofwhichweareunawareorunacknowledged.Whatmakesyoudifferentfromyoursubjects?Isitrace,ethnicity,socialclass,education,workexperience,physicalormentalability,genderidentity,sexualorientation,etc?Howmightthesedifferencesimpedeyourinvestigation(invisibility,insensitivity,overgeneralization,doublestandards,dichotomization)?

Assumptions

Whatdoyouneedtotakeforgrantedtoansweryourquestionortestyourhypothesis?(e.g.honestresponsesfromparticipants,typicalpopulation,heuristicvalueofacertaintheory,normaldistribution,etc.)

Limitations

Nowthatyouhaveanidea(fromyourliteraturereview)howbroadyourtopiccouldbe,tellthereaderwhatitisthatyouaredeliberatelynotgoingtostudy.Whataspectsoftheproblemareoutsideyour