新视界大学英语综合教程A省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件

新视界大学英语综合教程A第1页TextOrganizationGeneral-to-particularpatternI.IntroductionReasonsII.ReasonsMathematical/psychologicalIII.Specificbadluck1Specificbadluck2

第2页Introduction/Leadin(1-3)Raisequestions1.Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?2.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?第3页II.Thedefinitionofbadness(4-6)Neutral←

→BadBadnessMarginallybad←→extremelybadOnthespectrumThetrainarrives5minuteslate第4页Reasonsforbadthingshappeninginthree

(7-10)1.ThemostimportantofallDurationandmemorability(Paras7-8)2.tendency(Para9)lookforexampleswhichconfirmandignorethosewhichdon’t.第5页3.RationalexplanationProbabilityandindependence(Para10)第6页Matchtheexampleswiththetypeofevents

1,burstwaterpipe2.caraccident3.loseweddingring4.beredundant5.dropapreciousvaseA.sthmighthappenwhenyoufeeldepressedB.memorableandunfortunateeventC.eventthatconfirmsthebadlucktheoryD.unluckyeventthatmakespeoplesufferdepression第7页Key

1B2,3C4D5A第8页SpecificExamples

Specificbadluck1---MapreadingmisfortunesSpecificbadluck1---ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI'minahurry第9页Judgingstatements(I)1.Thechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapismuchhigherthanyouexpect.2.Peoplealwaysforgetthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardly.第10页Judgingstatements(I)3.30%ofthemappageisduplicatedbecauseofselectivememory.4.Mapreadingmisfortuneisatypicalselectivememory.第11页Judgingstatements(II)5.Therelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourneyisanotherexampleofselectivememory.6.Trafficlightissimplifiedasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50%chanceofbeingred.第12页Judgingstatements(II)7.Redlightscomeupnotsooftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry.8.Redlightsareforgottenimmediatelywhilegreenlightsstickinpeople’sminds.第13页Key

1-4√√×√5-8√√××第14页Numberthestatementsinacorrectorder

1.Aswithcoincidence,inbadluck,thereisatendencytolookforexampleswhichconfirmthetheoryandignorethosewhichdon’t.2.Badluckcanbepartlyexplainedfromtheangleofmathsandpsychology.第15页3.Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthree,itmaybeduetothedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.4.Thereisatleastonereasonwhybadeventsclustertogether,thatis,probabilityandindependence.第16页5.Thelongerthefirsteventsticksinthemind,themoreopportunityyoumayhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.6.Badluckisaproblematicconceptbecauseitisrelative.第17页Key

5-1-3-6-4-2第18页课后练习答案ReadingandUnderstanding2.1)a2)b3)a4)b5)d6)a

7)b8)a3.1)b2)e3)d4)c5)a第19页DealingwithUnfamiliarWords

4.

1)a2)b3)a4)a5)b5.1)duration2)ignore3)Unfortunately,Alotofpeoplehavealreadybeensacked.

4)overlapped5)Ihaven’ttakenanynotesforthreeconsecutivelessons.6)duplicate第20页6.1)misfortunes2)coincidence3)latter4)ajacent5)situated6)frequency7)reminder第21页Canbadluckbeexplained?1

Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbankholidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeopleyouknowseemto...Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.WeallliketobelievethatMurphy'sLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).Text第22页2

Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnectionbetweenpeople'sperceptionofbadluckandinterestingcoincidences.3

Forexample,takethebeliefthat“badthingsalwayshappeninthrees”(justlikebuses...!)

Thispopularnotionwouldbeunlikelytostandthescrutinyofanyscientificstudy,butitmusthavesomebasisinexperience,otherwisethephrasewouldneverhaveariseninthefirstplace.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?Text第23页4

Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5

Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.Text第24页6

Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.Text第25页7

Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainaliveandkickingformanymonths,withthecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.Text第26页8

Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.Amonthlatersomeonebumpsthebackofyourcarandaweekafterthatyouloseyourweddingring.Themindwhichisalreadyonalowfromthefirsteventwillquicklyleaptoconnectthesubsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Text第27页Itwouldn'tmatterthattherecouldbeatwo-monthtimescaleoverwhicheverythinghappened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.Thetimescalehasbeenextendedaslongasisnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.Text第28页9

Aswithcoincidences,inbadluckthereisatendencytolookfortheexampleswhichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdon’t(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.Thataloneshouldbeenoughtodisprovethetheory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isn’tthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappenedtome,whichjustprovesthatthetheorydoesn’twork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!Text第29页10

Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybadeventsmightclustertogether.Itisrelatedtoprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalwaysindependentofeachother.Anybodywhoismaderedundant

isboundtosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebody’sdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Text第30页Sowhiletheprobabilityofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceofbothoccurringisalmostcertainlyhigherthantheproductofthetwoprobabilities.

Mapreadingmisfortunes11

Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcropupinlife.Let’sgetontoaspecificonethateveryonehasencountered.Text第31页12

Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherendofthecity.Youlookuptheroadinthestreetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.Thismeansthatfindingthepreciseroutebecomesachoreofflickingbackwardsandforwardsfromonepagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,orit'sspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifit’sanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.Text第32页13

Itdoesn’tseemfair.Afterallamaponlyhasatinybitof“edge”butplentyof“middle”inwhichyourdestinationcouldbesituated.Orhasit?Infactthechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Text第33页14

Takealookatthemapinthediagram.

Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywhereintheshadedareamarkedonthemap.Thisshadedareaisjust1cmintothepageallthewayaround.Itlooksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Text第34页Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageofthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(that'snearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardbeingwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpectthismisfortunetooccuronalmosteveryotherjourney.Text第35页15

Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardlyandrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbeforelongyouareboundtobecursingyourmisfortune,orthemap’sprinter,orboth.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicatedelsewhere.Text第36页

ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI'minahurry16

Oneofthebestexamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“IalwaysseemtogetredlightswhenI’minahurry”istrueandverifiable.Text第37页Tosimplifythesituation,thinkofatrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percentchanceofbeingred,and50percentofbeinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred).Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.Text第38页17

Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry;it’sjustthatthedisadvantageoftheredlightisconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Text第39页Thereasonforthisissimplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinseconds–andindeedisanexperiencenodifferentfromjustdrivingalongtheopenroad–theredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertionandstress,andthenadeprivationoffreedomforaminuteorso.Redlightsstickinthemind,whilegreenlightsareinstantlyforgotten.Text第40页生活中倒霉事能解释吗？1每次吐司掉到地上总是抹了黄油那一面贴地。每逢公假日必定下雨。你买彩票从来没中过大奖,不过你认识人里似乎有些人……你有没有以为自己生来就是个倒霉蛋？即使是最理智人有时候也会对此深信不疑，认为冥冥之中有一个力量让他们在最糟糕时期里灾祸连连。我们都愿意相信墨菲定律是正确（“该犯错，终将犯错”）。Text第41页2人之所以走背运，部分是概率问题,部分是心理上问题。确实，人们对背运感知和一些有意思巧合之间有着紧密联络。3就拿“坏事成三”这种想法来说吧（就像等公交车一样，要么不来，要么一下来三辆！）。这种流传甚广观念可能根本经不起科学检验，不过它必定有一些现实依据,不然话也不会有这么个说法了。那么，什么样解释才是合理呢？Text第42页4我们要考虑第一个问题是“什么是坏事？”5有些事情只是稍稍有点不好，比如火车要晚点五分钟。有些事情则是糟糕透顶，比如考试不及格，或是被炒鱿鱼了。所以我们更应该把事情好坏看成是一个程度问题，而不是非好即坏。Text第43页6某件事情有可能因为相关一些原因而变成了不幸事。火车要晚点五分钟，假如你边读着报纸上一篇有趣文章边等车，并不赶时间，那么这就是一件无关紧要事。不过假如你要去参加一个主要会议，而且马上要迟到了，那火车晚点就变成坏事了。Text第44页7谈到坏事成三问题，其中最关键原因是第一件倒霉事连续时间有多长以及给人印象深不深。比如说，你外出度假期间家里水管爆裂了。可能不到一个小时你家就变成了一片汪洋，而在接下来几个月中你脑子会不停地想起这桩倒霉事，因为你要把房子清理洁净，还要和保险企业就赔偿问题讨价还价，这些都会让你不停地想起这件事。Text第45页8第一件倒霉事困扰你时间越长，你再碰到两件倒霉事机率就越大。说不定一个月之后，有些人开车追尾撞了你车。又过了一个星期，你结婚戒指不见了。出了第一件倒霉事，你情绪原来就很低落，这时你会很快地把以后发生事情联络到一起，把它们看作是相关联一连串事件。Text第46页即使这几件事情时间跨度可能长达两个月之久，那也不会改变你看法。等你从浸水事件中平复过来时候，你已经在主动地等候下一个灾难发生了。这个时间跨度已经被拉长了，直至能够证实你之前预言是正确。Text第47页9人们碰上倒霉事时候会像碰到巧合时候一样，去寻找一些事例来验证他们先入为主想法，而忽略掉与这种想法有出入事情（因为那些事情不是那么有趣）。孤立倒霉事每时每刻都在发生。光凭这一点就能够推翻“坏事成三”理论了。坏事也能够是成双。不过你朋友很可能会对你说：“我一连碰到了三件倒霉事，可真是应了那句俗话！”，而不是说：“我只碰上了两件倒霉事，这不恰好证实了‘坏事成三’这个说法不成立吗？”毕竟，说后一个话是要冒风险！Text第48页10不过，最少有一个合理解释能够说明为何坏事会扎堆。这包括到概率和独立性问题。并不是全部倒霉事都互无关联。任何一个人在被辞退之后都会心情抑郁，这会降低他们身体抵抗力，使他们更轻易得病，而身体反应也不像以前那么警觉敏感（所以他们就更有可能遇上打坏珍贵花瓶这么事）。Text第49页所以，即使人们在某一天被裁员和在某一天生病概率都很小，不过这两件事同时发生概率必定要高于它们分别发生概率。看地图时碰到倒霉事11关于日常生活中突发普通倒霉事我们就说到这里。下面让我们来看一个每个人都会碰到事情。Text第50页12你要去造访一个朋友，他住在城市另一头。你在街道地图册上寻找去他家路线，结果发觉这条路恰恰就在这页地图边上。这意味着要找到一条准确路线，你就必须从这一页翻到下一页，不停地翻来翻去，很是麻烦。这条路线不是二分之一在这一页二分之一在下一页，就是被地图中间书脊夹着。假如你手里拿是全国地形测量局地图，那么你目标地可能恰好就在地图册折合处。Text第51页13这似乎很不公平。毕竟一个地图“边缘”只有那么一点儿，而“中间”地方那么大，你要去地方完全能够在中间啊！事实果真如此吗？实际上，你随便挑一个地方，它出现在靠近地图边缘机率比你想象要大得多。Text第52页14看一看下面地图。

假如你目标地在地图上标出那个阴影区域里，你就碰到麻烦了。这个阴影区域离地图四面边缘处只有一厘米距离，这似乎微不足道。不过这些阴影区域面积加起来有56平方厘米。Text第53页差不多占了整页地图面积28%，这意味着任何一个你要找地方都有28%（差不多是三分之一）机率出现在离页边不到一厘米尴尬地方。假如你设定离页边两厘米为阅读不便话，那你遇上坏运气机率就攀升到了52%。换句话说，差不多每隔一次你就会碰到这么倒霉事。Text第54页15在大多数相关倒霉事故事中，你会忘记路线好找次数，只记得路线不好找次数，在这种情况下，你倒霉机率必定会很高，以致于过不了多久你就又会诅咒自己运气，诅咒地图出版商，或者两个一起诅咒。顺便说一下，这正是现在许多地图允许相邻两页有很大重合部分原因。一份制作精良地图册，每页最少有30%部分会在其它页上重复出现。Text第55页我赶时间时候总是碰上红灯16关于选择性记忆，即人们对好运气和坏运气所做不公正比较，最好一个例子就是路上红绿灯相对频率问题。有那么一次，“我赶时间时候，总是碰上红灯”这种说法是真实可靠。Text第56页为了便于了解，我们能够把红绿灯看作是投掷一枚硬币，出现红灯和绿灯机率各为50%。（实际上大多数红绿灯，红灯时间更长一点。）假如在路上碰上六个红绿灯，全部是绿灯就和扔硬币连续六次都是人头朝上概率是一样，为六十四分之一。Text第57页17司机不赶时间时候碰到红灯其实和赶时间时候一样多；只是假如时间不紧急，红灯带来不便要小得多。认为红灯出现次数比绿灯多其实是一个错觉。Text第58页产生这种错觉原因很简单，因为司机有更多时间去想红灯，而绿灯时候，车子几秒钟之内就飞奔而过了——这其实和在通畅公路上开车没有任何区分——而红灯却迫使司机改变行为，一小会儿时间里要强迫自己努力一下，承受点压力，还要失去一两分钟自由。所以红灯会深深地印在司机脑海里，而绿灯转瞬间就被抛到脑后了。Text第59页Words&Phrasesbankholidayunluckymathematicalcoincidencescrutinymarginallysacktimescalesubsequentreminderinsurermemorabilitydurationneutralatlasproductvaseresponsivevulnerableredundantprobabilitybadnessspectrummisfortuneclusterdisproveprophecyflickchoreroute第60页Words&Phrasesordnanceordnancesurveymapsituateinsignificantawkwardlyprinterexertionconsiderablyconsecutiveverifiablefrequencyselectiveduplicateincidentallyoverlapadjacentdeprivation第61页Words&PhrasesaliveandkickingbeboundtocropupMurphy’sLaw

墨菲定律第62页bankholidayn.[C](BrE)

apublicholidaywhenshops,businesses,andbanksareofficiallyclosed,keptasapublicholiday（商店、企业、银行均关门）银行假日，法定假日，公众假日AbankholidayisapublicholidayintheUK,socalledasthebanksarealwaysclosed.TheychangeslightlybetweenEngland,Wales,andScotland,buttheyusuallyincludeChristmasDay,thedayafterChristmas,NewYear’sDay,GoodFriday,theMayBankHolidayandoneattheendofAugust.e.g.EasterMondayisabankholiday.复活节是银行停业日。TheAmericanversionisnationalholiday.Words&Phrases第63页unluckya.1)

ifyouareunlucky,sth.badhappenstoyou,orsth.gooddoesnothappen,especiallybychance（尤指偶然发生情形）不幸，倒霉，运气不好e.g.Shewasunluckytocatchacoldonthefirstdayofherholiday.她太倒霉了，休假第一天就感冒了。2)usedfordescribingsth.thatisbelievedtomakebadthingshappen不吉利e.g.13issupposedtobeanunluckynumber.

13是个大家认为不吉利数字。Antonym:lucky Synonym:unfortunateWords&Phrases第64页mathematicala.relatingtoorinvolvingmathematics数学e.g.

1.Einsteinwasamathematicalgenius.爱因斯坦是数学天才。2.Mathematicallawsgoverntheuniverse.

数学规律统治着整个宇宙。Wordfamily:mathematics

n. mathematiciann.Words&Phrases第65页coincidence

n.1)

[C,U]asituationinwhichseparatethingshappenbychanceatthesametimeorinthesameway巧合e.g.Byanunfortunatecoincidence,theirhousewasburgledonthedayhelosthisjob.不幸是，在他丢了工作那天，他们家又偏巧遭人偷窃。2)[sing,U](fml)asituationinwhichideasoropinionsarethesame

（想法或意见）一致，相符e.g.Isthereanycoincidencebetweenhisopinionsandyourown?

他意见与你自己意见有没有一致之处?Words&Phrases第66页scrutiny

n.[U]carefulexaminationofsomeoneorsomething

仔细检验e.g.

1.Aclosescrutinywillrevealthelinesatthecornersofhereyes.仔细端详会发觉她眼角皱纹。2.Itissafeassumptionthatthequalityofproducts

willbeunderseverescrutinybygovernmentsintheyearstocome.完全能够必定，在今后多年中，产品质量将会受到政府严格检验。Words&Phrases第67页Wordfamily:

scrutinize

vt.examinesomeoneorsomethingverycarefully仔细检验，认真查看，详审e.g.

1.Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.她身子前倾，仔细查看他们脸。2.Tomaintainalowsodiumdiet,youneedtoscrutinizethe"NutritionalInformation"boxesonfoodcartons.

要保持低钠饮食，你需要仔细查看食品包装盒上“营养信息”内容。Words&Phrases第68页marginally

ad.byonlyaverysmallamount

少许地e.g.

1.Thisyear’sprofitsweremarginallyhigherthanlastyear’s.

今年利润比去年稍微高些。2.Theteamthatismarginallyaheadismoreafraidtomakemistakes,andlesswillingtotakerisks.

稍微领先球队更怕犯错，更不愿冒险。Wordfamily:marginn.marginala.Words&Phrases第69页sack

vt.&n.

1)

vt.(BrE)(infml.)tellsomeonethattheycannolongerworkattheirjob

辞退；开除e.g.

1.Hewassackedforpettythieving.他因小偷小摸遭到了辞退。2.Hesackedhissolicitorafteranargumentovercost.在发生关于费用争论后，他辞退了律师。2)

n.

(the~)

asituationinwhichthemanagementofacompanyendssomeone’sjob辞退；开除e.g.They'veneveractuallygivenanyonethesack.他们从未真解聘过什么人。Words&Phrases第70页badness

n.[U]thequalityofbeing

bad

坏；恶；不良e.g.Withthehighpricesandthebadnessofthetimes,wefindithardtogetalong.因为物价高涨，时机不好，生活真是愈来愈难过了。Antonym:goodness

n.thequalityofbeinggood善良,美德,精华e.g.Shehasthedesiretoseegoodnessandjusticeintheworld她渴望看到世界上美好与公正。Words&Phrases第71页spectrumn.(sing.)

thewholerangeofideas,qualities,situationsetcthatarepossible系列；范围；幅度e.g.

1.There'sawidespectrumofopinionsonthisproblem.对这个问题说法众说纷纭，莫衷一是。2.Hehasawidespectrumofinterests.他有广泛兴趣兴趣。3.Thecoursescoverthefullspectrumoflevels.这些课程从初级到高级，各个水平都有。Words&Phrases第72页misfortunen.[C]badluck厄运；不幸事e.g.1.Thehurricanewasagreatmisfortuneformanypeopleinthearea.飓风给这一地域许多人带来很大灾难。2.Hehadthemisfortunetobreakhisleftarm.他不幸把左胳臂折断了。Antonym:fortuneWords&Phrases第73页neutral

a.1)acountrythatisneutraldoesnotgetinvolvedinawarbetweenothercountries

中立e.g.Neutralnationsintheareahavetriedtobringanendtothewar.该地域中立国为结束战争作出了努力。2)notsupportinganyofthepeopleorgroupsinvolvedinanargumentordisagreement

中立，不偏不倚e.g.Sheexplaineditallinamatteroffact,offhand,neutralway.她以就事论事、即席、不偏不倚口气做了解释。Words&Phrases第74页3)havingnostronglymarkedcharacteristicsorfeatures;indistinct;vague没有显著特征；含糊e.g.1.

Hehasaratherneutralcharacter.他品性平平。2.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.

火车要晚点五分钟，假如你边读着报纸上一篇有趣文章边等车，并不赶时间，那么这就是一件无关紧要事。（即：算不上好，也算不上坏事。）Wordfamily:neutrality

n.Words&Phrases第75页duration

n.[C,U](fml.)

theperiodoftimeduringwhichsomethingcontinuestohappenorexist

连续期间e.g.1.

Thedurationoftheexaminationisthreehours.

考试时间为三个小时。2.Wetookfourtrains,andtheoveralldurationofthejourneywas72hours.

我们乘坐了4次火车，整个旅程为时72小时。Wordfamily:durable

a.

Words&Phrases第76页memorability

n.[U]thequalityorstateofbeing

memorable值得记忆；忘不了；易记得e.g.Brandingcreatesmemorability,butitalsoestablishespreferences,habits,andloyalties.

品牌塑造既创造了轻易记住品牌，也建立了消费者偏好、习惯和忠诚。Wordfamily:

memorablea.verygood,enjoyable,orunusual,andworthremembering极好，难忘，值得纪念e.g.Thealbumcontainsmanymemorablesongs.

这张唱片中收录了许多令人难忘歌曲。Words&Phrases第77页insurer

n.[C]

apersonorcompanythatsellsinsurance

承保人；保险企业e.g.1.Hesubmittedaclaimtotheinsurer.

他向保险企业提出索赔。2.Thefullcostofstormdamagewillbepaidbytheinsurer.

暴风雨所造成损失将由保险企业全额理赔。Words&Phrases第78页Wordfamily:

insurev.e.g.1.

Itiswisetoinsureyourpropertyagainststormdamage.为防风暴损毁而给财产保险是明智。2.Histalentanddedicationwillinsurehissuccess.他才气和执着将确保他成功。Words&Phrases第79页reminder

n.[C](usu.sing)1)sth.thatremindsyouofsth.thathappenedinthepast提醒记忆之物e.g.Theseruinsareaneloquentreminderofthehorrorsofwar.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争恐怖。2)aletterornotethatremindsyouofsth.thatyouneedtodoorneedtoremember

（提醒人记住某事）提醒信件；提醒便条e.g.Ifthecustomerdoesn'tpay,wesendareminderwitharedstickeronit.

假如客户不付款，我们寄去一份上面贴有红条催缴单。Wordfamily:

remind

v.Words&Phrases第80页subsequent

a.(fml.)happeningorcomingaftersth.else

随即；继……之后e.g.1.TheeventsI'mspeakingofweresubsequenttothewar.我说事情都是战后发生。2.

Theproblemwillbediscussedatlengthinsubsequentchapters.这个问题将在后面几章详细讨论。Wordfamily:

subsequence

n.Words&Phrases第81页timescale

n.[C]

theperiodoftimewhensth.happensorisdone

（某事发生或完成）时间段，时标e.g.1.Wehopethenegotiationswillbecompletedwithinasix-monthtimescale.我们希望谈判在六个月期间之内完成。2.

Thetimescaleforcompletingtheworkwouldbefairlytight.完成这项工作时间很紧。Words&Phrases第82页prophecy

n.1)[C]

astatementaboutafutureeventmadebysomeonewithreligiousormagicpowers

（某人认定会发生事情）预言e.g.Thisprophecyhasnowbeenamplyfulfilled.

这个预言今天已完全成为现实了。2)[U]

theabilitytoseewhatwillhappeninthefuture预知未来能力e.g.Heseemedtohavethegiftofprophecy.他似乎有预言天赋。Wordfamily:

prophetn.[C]预言者，先知Words&Phrases第83页disprove

vt.provethatsth.isnotcorrectortrue

证实……不正确；证实……虚假；反驳e.g.1.Someoftheinformationistrue,someisfalse,andsomeisimpossibletoproveordisprove.这些消息有些是真，有些是假，有些则完全无法证实真假。2.Ouropponentstriedtomakeagreatdealofasmallmistakeinourcalculationsinordertodisproveourwholeargument.我们对手们想利用我们计算中一个小小失误来反驳我们整个论点。Antonym:

proveWords&Phrases第84页cluster

v.&n.

1)v.formasmallclosegroup

群集；聚集e.g.Themenclusteredtogetherroundthefireandsangsongs.人们聚集在篝火周围唱歌。2)n.[C]agroupofthingsofthesamekindthatareveryclosetogether

串，束，簇；群，组e.g.Hefoundaclusterofmushroomsintheforest.他在树林里发觉一簇蘑菇。3)n.[C]agroupofpeopleallinthesameplace

（聚集在同一地方）一群人e.g.Therewasalittleclusterofadmirersaroundtheactress.女演员周围拥著一小群崇敬者。Words&Phrases第85页probability

n.1)[C,U]acalculationofhowlikelysth.is

概率；几率e.g.Everyeventhasaparticularprobabilityofoccurring.每个事件都有其特定发生率。2)[sing,U]ameasureofhowlikelysth.istohappen

可能性e.g.1.Theprobabilityofmakingamistakeincreaseswhenyouaretired.

2.Inallprobabilityshewouldn’tcomeevenifweinvitedher.

即使我们邀请她，她十有八九也不会来。Wordfamily:probable

a.Words&Phrases你累时候犯错误可能性就会增加。第86页redundant

a.1)(BrE)ifsomeoneisredundant,theyhavebeentoldtheymustleavetheirjobbecausetheyarenolongerneeded

被辞退；被裁员e.g.Thecompanyhaspaidoffsomeredundantemployees.企业在付清工资后辞退了一些雇员。2)

notneeded

多出；无须要e.g.Changesintechnologymaymeanthatonce-valuedskillsarenowredundant.技术革新意味着曾经宝贵手工技艺已经变得多出。Words&Phrases第87页vulnerablea.1)

easilydamagedbysth.negativeorharmful

易遭毁坏；易损坏；脆弱e.g.Thevirusattackstheimmunesystem,leavingyourbodyvulnerabletoinfections.

这种病毒攻击人免疫系统，使身体轻易受到各种感染。2)someonewhoisvulnerableisweakoreasytohurtphysicallyormentally

（身体或精神）脆弱，易受伤e.g.Theirconstantargumentsleftherfeelingincreasinglyvulnerableandinsecure.

他们不停争吵让她日益脆弱、越来越没有安全感。Wordfamily:vulnerability

n.

[U]Words&Phrases第88页responsivea.quicktoreactinthewaythatisneeded,suitable,orrightforaparticularsituation

反应快；灵敏；敏感e.g.1.

PresidentRooseveltwasresponsivetotheneedsofthemillionsindistress.罗斯福总统对于数百万贫困人士需求做出了快速回应。2.Thiscar'ssteeringisn'tveryresponsive.这辆汽车方向盘不太灵活。Wordfamily:respond

v. responsen.Words&Phrases第89页vasen.[C]

(AmE)acontainerforcutflowers花瓶e.g.1.Hesmashedthevaseintopieces.他把花瓶砸成碎片。2.Thevaseisofmatchlessworkmanship.这只花瓶做工精美无比。Words&Phrases第90页product

n.[C]

(technical)

anumberthatistheresultofmultiplyingtwoothernumbers

（乘）积e.g.1.

Theproductof4and10is40.

4与10乘积是40。2.48istheproductof6and8.48是6和8乘积。Words&Phrases第91页atlas

n.[C]

abookofmaps

地图册e.g.1.Theatlaswaspublishedbyourcompany.这个地图册是由我们企业出版。2. Pleasereachmetheworldatlasdownfromthebookshelf.请把那本世界地图册从书架上取下来递给我。Words&Phrases第92页route

n.[C]1)

awaythatbuses,trains,ships,orplanestravelregularly

（公共汽车、火车、船或飞机所经过）路线，航线e.g.1.IsthereabusroutethroughtheRockies?有公共汽车穿过落基山脉吗？2.Theytookacircuitousroutetoavoidreporters.他们绕道避开了记者。3.ItwasthequickestroutefromRometoNaples.那是从罗马到那不勒斯最快路线。Words&Phrases第93页2)

awayofdoingsomethingthatproducesaparticularresult方法；路径；渠道e.g.1.

Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.(CET4--09)假如你明确了解自己意向，找到工作最正确方法就是接收专业培训。2.Therewasnoalternativerouteopentoher.她别无选择。Words&Phrases第94页chore

n.[C]

anunpleasant,boring,ordifficultthingthatmustbedone

（烦人）杂务，麻烦事e.g.1.Peelingbagsofpotatoesisreallyachore.给一袋袋马铃薯削皮真是件苦差事。2.Hisheadachehasaffec