解剖学 神经系统总论、脊神经

Introductionofthenervoussystem

神经系统总论

ContentsFunctionsofNervousSystem(功能)

ReflexandreflexArcs

(反射和反射弧)

OrganizationofNervousSystem(分类)ElementsofNervoussystem(组成)Teminology

(术语)2FunctionsofNervousSystemSensation感觉Monitorschanges/eventsoccurringinandoutsidethebody.Suchchangesareknownasstimuliandthecellsthatmonitorthemarereceptors(感受器).

Integration整合TheparallelprocessingandinterpretationofsensoryinformationtodeterminetheappropriateresponseReaction反应Motoroutput.

Theactivationofmusclesorglands(typicallyviathereleaseofneurotransmitters)3ReflexandReflexArcsReflexesaresubconsciousstimulus-responsemechanism.神经系统对内、外刺激作出适宜的反应。结构基础是反射弧。4OrganizationofNervousSystemCentralnervoussystem中枢神经系统

1.Brain

脑

2.Spinalcord

脊髓Peripheralnervoussystem周围神经系统Cranialn.脑神经（12pairs)Spinaln.脊神经(31pairs)Visceraln.内脏神经5ElementsofNervoussystemNeurons神经元Basicfunctioningunitsofthenervoussystem

Neuroglia神经胶质Supportingcells6Neuron神经元Cellbody(胞体)：perikaryon(核周体)Dendrites(树突)：receivemessagesfromotherneuronsandsendthemtothecellbodyAxons(轴突)：carrymessagesawayfromthecellbodySilverStainNisslStain（甲酚紫）7Typesofnervecells(1)

accordingtonumberoftheirprocessesBipolarneuron双极神经元

Pseudounipolarneuron假单极神经元

Multipolarneuron多极神经元8Typesofnervecells(2)sensoryneuron感觉神经元relayneuron中间神经元motorneuron运动神经元accordingtotheirfunctions9SensoryneuronsReceiveinformationSendimpulsestothebrainorspinalcord10Relayneuron(Interneurons)Carriesimpulsesfromsensorynervestomotornerves.11MotorneuronConductimpulsesfromthebrainorspinalcordtomusclesorglandsthroughoutyourbody12Transmissionofsignals-Synapse

(突触)突触前膜突触间隙突触后膜30-50nm13Typesofsynapse

(突触)Chemicalsynapse

(延迟、单向)Electricsynapse

(快、双向)Axodendritic

(轴-树)Dendrodendritic

(树-树)Axosomatic

(轴-体)Somatosomatic

(体-体)传递方式连接方式14Oligodendrocyte少突胶质细胞Microglia小胶质细胞NeuronAstrocyto星型胶质细胞Epndymocyte室管膜细胞Neuroglia神经胶质INCNS（4种）神经冲动在有髓纤维中跳跃传导。传导速度与髓鞘厚度及神经纤维直径大小成正比。15Schwanncells(雪旺细胞)Formmyelinsheathsaroundthelarger

nervefibersinthePNS.VitaltoneuronalregenerationSatellitecells(被囊/卫星细胞)SurroundclustersofneuronalcellbodiesinthePNSUnknownfunctionNeuroglia神经胶质INPNS（2种）16INCNS：oligodendrocyte少突胶质细胞：形成髓鞘

astrocyto星型胶质细胞：参与血脑屏障

microglia小胶质细胞：吞噬防御

epndymocyte室管膜细胞：构成脑室壁INPNS：

schwanncell雪旺氏细胞：形成髓鞘

capsularcell被囊细胞神经胶质小结17中枢部神经元胞体集聚灰质皮质神经核神经纤维集聚白质髓质纤维束神经元胞体集聚——神经节神经纤维集聚———神经周围部TheTeminology18掌握神经系统功能、结构基础、分类及组成掌握神经元组成（胞体、突起）及分类胶质细胞种类及作用本章节小结19TheSpinalNerves

脊神经PeripheralNervousSystemContentsGeneralDescriptionCervicalplexus颈丛

Brachialplexus臂丛

Thoracicnerves胸神经

Lumbarplexus腰丛

Sacralplexus骶丛GeneralDescription

Thereare31pairsofspinalnervesCervicalnerves(8pairs)Thoracicnerves(12pairs)Lumbarnerves(5pairs)Sacralnerves(5pairs)Coccygealnerves(1pairs)22

Therearefourtypesoffibersinthespinalcord.脊膜支Plexus（神经丛）：各部脊神经前支在到达所支配器官前，相邻神经干相互交织成神经丛并重新编织成新的神经干。除胸神经外，共4个神经丛：颈丛、臂丛、腰丛、骶丛。23Cervicalplexus颈丛formedbyanteriorbranchesofC1-C4position:coveredbythesternocleidomastoid

(胸锁乳突肌).branches：

superficialbranches：

lesseroccipitaln.枕小神经

greatauricularn.耳大神经

transversnerveofneck颈横神经

supraclavicularn.锁骨上神经

deepbranches:phrenicn.膈神经24Superficialbranches25Deepbranches26Phrenicnerve

(隔神经)27Brachialplexus臂丛formedbyanteriorbranchesofC5-C8、T1position:passesthroughthescalenefissure斜角肌间隙

branches：

branchesofsupraclaviculargroup(锁骨上部分)dorsalscapularn.肩胛背神经

suprascapularn.肩胛上神经

longthoracicn.胸长神经

branchesofinfraclaviculargroup

(锁骨下部分)

musculocutaneousn.

肌皮神经

mediann.正中神经

ulnarn.尺神经

radialn.桡神经

axillaryn.腋神经28臂丛锁骨下部分来源与分布神经纤维来源神经分支名称分布

Lateralcord

（外侧束）musculocutaneousn.

肌皮神经

上臂前群肌：喙肱肌、肱肌、肱二头肌；前臂外侧皮肤；mediann.正中神经前臂前群肌：前臂屈肌（除肱桡肌、尺侧腕屈肌和指深屈肌尺侧半）、旋前肌；手肌：第1、2蚓状肌、大鱼际肌（除拇收肌）；桡侧半掌面、三个半手指掌面皮肤和中远节指背皮肤；Medialcord（内侧束）ulnarn.尺神经前臂前群肌：尺侧腕屈肌和指深屈肌尺侧半；手肌：第3、4蚓状肌、小鱼际肌、拇收肌、骨间肌；尺侧半掌面、一个半手指掌面和指面皮肤；Posteriorcord

（后束）radialn.

桡神经上臂后群肌、前臂伸肌群、肱桡肌；桡侧半手背面、三个半手指近节指背皮肤axillaryn.腋神经三角肌、小圆肌2930ape-likehand

(猿手)X31clawhand

(爪形手)XX32Wrist-drop

(垂腕症)XX33方肩

lossofshoulderabdutionandexternalrotationX34Thetypicalclinicalsignsofradial,ulnar,mediannervesinjuries35Branches:Intercostaln.肋间神经11对行于肋沟内。

Subcostaln.肋下神经1对Distribution:节段性

T2Sternalangle胸骨角

T4Nipple乳头

T6Xiphoidprocess剑突

T8Costalarch肋弓

T10Umbilicus脐

T12MidpointbetweenumbilicusandsymphysispubisAnteriorbranchesofthoracicn.胸神经前支36Segmentaldistribution

ofthoracicn.T2--SternalangleT4--NippleT6--XiphoidprocessT8--CostalarchT10-UmbilicusT12-Midpointbetweenumbilicusandsymphysispubis37Fomation：formedbyanteriorramiofL1-L3,apartofanteriorramiofT12andL4

Position：

coveredbythepsoasmajor

(腰大肌)：

iliohypogastricn.髂腹下神经

ilioinguinaln.髂腹股沟神经

genitofemoraln.生殖股神经

lateralfemoralcutaneousn.股外侧皮神经

femoraln.股神经

obturatorn.闭孔神经Lumbarplexus腰丛3839隐神经股神经肌支：大腿前群肌（髂肌、耻骨肌、股四头肌、缝匠肌）；40闭孔神经肌支：大腿内侧肌群（长/短/大收肌、股薄肌）、闭孔外肌；41Fomation：formedbyanteriorramiofL4andL5spinalnerves(thelumbrosacraltrunk腰骶干)andanteriorramiofsacralandcoccygealnerves.

Position：liesinpelviccavity,anteriortosacrum

(骶骨)andpiriformis

(梨状肌)

Branches：

superiorglutealn.臀上神经

inferiorglutealn.臀下神经

pudendaln.