Jonathan-Swift乔纳森-斯威夫特-(课堂PPT)

JonathanSwift1BackgroundJonathanSwift(1667.11.30–1745.10.19)wasanAnglo-Irishsatirist,essayist,politicalpamphleteer(firstfortheWhigs,thenfortheTories),poetandclericwhobecameDeanofStPatrick’sCathedral,Dublin.2

3HewasthesecondchildandonlysonofJonathanSwift(1640–67).Hisfather,anativeofGoodrich,Herefordshire(赫里福郡

),accompaniedhisbrotherstoIrelandtoseektheirfortunesinlawaftertheirRoyalistfather'sestatewasbroughttoruinduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Swift'sfatherdiedatDublinbeforehewasborn,andhismotherreturnedtoEngland.Hewasleftinthecareofhisinfluentialuncle,Godwin,aclosefriendandconfidanteofSirJohnTemple,whoseson(SirWilliamTemple)lateremployedSwiftashissecretary.

4TimeTable1688AftergraduatinginTrinityCollege,hebecamethesecretaryofSirWilliamTemple.1694Hehadbeenacountryparsonforoneyear.Atthesametime,hebegantoweitesatiresonthepoliticalandreligiouscorruption,suchasATaleofaTubandTheBattleoftheBooks.1710HejoinedtheconservativeTorypartyduetohisallegiancetothechurch.5aslumpinhercareer

In1714,althoughhewasfamousforhiswritings,Swiftfelloutfavor.TheTorygovernmentwasoutofpower.ReturningtoDublin,hebecamethedeanofSt.Patrick’s.SwifthadbecomefriendswithwriterssuchasAlexanderPopeinEngland.AfterhisreturntoIreland,SwiftbecameastaunchsupporteroftheIrishagainstEnglishattemptstoweakentheireconomicandpoliticalpower,writingpamphletssuchasthesatiricalAModestProposal.6

theAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason

启蒙时代或理性时代7

The18thcenturyEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichpurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theyheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrules.Theybelievedthatwhenreasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasurementofallhumanactivitiesandrelations,everysuperstition,injusticeandoppressionwastoyieldplaceto“eternaltruth,”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”.8Inthisera,thoughtwasmoreimportantandsignificantthanemotion,andtheliteratureofthedayreflectedthatchange.ThekeyconcernsofthenewEnlightenmentphilosophywereperfectionofsociety,optimism,reasonvs.rationality,order,andindividualism.Swift'swritingwasareactionagainsttherapidlychangingviewpointsoftheseventeenthcentury.9Thenewscienceraisedseriousdoubtsinthemindsofthosemoralistswhodidnotsharetheoptimisticassumptionsofthenewnaturalscientists,becausetheythoughtitthreatenedtheimportantconceptofvirtue.ThisreactionislinkedtomanyofthegreatestwritersinEnglishliterature.AfewofthemostfamouswereJonathanSwift,AlexanderPope,RomanCatholic,andSamuelJohnson,Swift,amongothers,waslargelyagainstthemoderntrends.Hisfavoritemethodofattackwassatireandhismoodwaslargelypessimisticorcynical.10Swift’sSatires

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WhatissatireAcommonformofthe18thCentury,basicallytheridiculingofanyobjectsthroughlaughterwhichwillsoftentheblowDifferenttypesanddegrees:lightorharsh讽刺是一种文学手法，用于暴露对象的缺点和可笑之处，常采用夸张或反讽（irony）等方式，从而产生幽默的效果。当然也可以用拙劣模仿,作戏,并列,对比,类似,类推等也经常用于讽刺手法种。如果说反话（反讽）就是讽刺的话，是一个很大的错误。严格来说，讽刺（satire）是一种俗称类型；而反讽（irony）则是一种比较具体的修饰手法

12Swiftisarealistwriter.Theplotofhissatiresisfromimagination.Thefeatureofhissatireisoutwardgravityandanapparentearnestness,whichmakehissatireallthemorepowerful.Thedemocraticideasareshowninhisworks,whichsetsagoodexampleforthelaterwriters,suchasFielding,Sheridan,ByronandBernardShaw.Hislanguageissimple,clearandvigorous.Justaswhathesays,“properwordsinproperplace,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle”.Therearefewornamentsinhiswriting,butitcomeshometothereader.Heseemstohavenodifficultyinfindingwordstoexpressexactlytheimpressionhewishestoconvey.Insimple,directandpreciseprose,SwiftisalmostunsurpassedinEnglishliterature.13Swift’smasterpieceTheBattleoftheBooks(writtenin1697butpunishedin1704)ATaleofaTub(punishedin1704)Gulliver’sTravel(writtenin1726)14Swift'sfirstmajorprosework,ATaleofaTub,demonstratesmanyofthethemesandstylistictechniqueshewouldemployinhislaterwork.Itisatoncewildlyplayfulandfunnywhilebeingpointedandharshlycriticalofitstargets.Initsmainthread,theTalerecountstheexploitsofthreesons,representingthemainthreadsofChristianity,whoreceiveabequestfromtheirfatherofacoateach,withtheaddedinstructionstomakenoalterationswhatsoever.However,thesonssoonfindthattheircoatshavefallenoutofcurrentfashion,andbegintolookforloopholesintheirfather'swillthatwillletthemmaketheneededalterations.Aseachfindshisownmeansofgettingaroundtheirfather'sadmonition,theystrugglewitheachotherforpoweranddominance.Insertedintothisstory,inalternatingchapters,thenarratorincludesaseriesofwhimsical"digressions"onvarioussubjects.

15《桶的故事》《桶的故事》是一部意义深远的杰出的讽刺作品。斯威夫特把矛头指向教会，通过三兄弟的形象淋漓尽致的讽刺了天主教会、英国国教和喀尔文教派（英国清教徒）自认为是基督教的正宗，遵照《圣经》行事，事实上却阳奉阳违，同时作品对当时贫乏的学术、浅薄的文学批评和社会恶习也予以了抨击。《桶的故事》是英国启蒙主义者批评教会的重要作品之一，也是斯威夫特第一部重要的文学作品。1617Gulliver'sTravels,alargeportionofwhichSwiftwroteatWoodbrookHouseinCountyLaois,waspublishedin1726.Itisregardedashismasterpiece.Aswithhisotherwritings,theTravelswaspublishedunderapseudonym,thefictionalLemuelGulliver,aship'ssurgeonandlateraseacaptain.SomeofthecorrespondencebetweenprinterBenj.MotteandGulliver'salso-fictionalcousinnegotiatingthebook'spublicationhassurvived.Thoughithasoftenbeenmistakenlythoughtofandpublishedinbowdlerizedformasachildren'sbook,itisagreatandsophisticatedsatireofhumannaturebasedonSwift'sexperienceofhistimes.Gulliver'sTravelsisananatomyofhumannature,asardoniclooking-glass,oftencriticizedforitsapparentmisanthropy.Itasksitsreaderstorefuteit,todenythatithasadequatelycharacterizedhumannatureandsociety.Eachofthefourbooks—recountingfourvoyagestomostly-fictionalexoticlands—hasadifferenttheme,butallareattemptstodeflatehumanpride.CriticshailtheworkasasatiricreflectionontheshortcomingsofEnlightenmentthought.

181920Yahoo一词发明于《格列佛游记》的作者JonathanSwift。在小说里，它代表一个在外表和行为举止上都非常讨厌的家伙-列胡。Yahoo！的创始人杨致远和雅虎联合创始人DavidFilo（大卫·费罗）选择这个名字的原因就是他们觉得自己就是Yahoo。还有一种说法，DavidFilo和杨致远坚持他们选择这个名称的原因是他们喜欢字典里对Yahoo的定义“粗鲁，不通世故，粗俗”。21Essays,tracts,pamphlets,periodicals

"AMeditationuponaBroomstick"(1703–1710):"ACriticalEssayupontheFacultiesoftheMind"(1707–1711)TheBickerstaff-PartridgePapers(1708–1709):"AnArgumentAgainstAbolishingChristianity"(1708–1711):UofAdelaideTheIntelligencer(withThomasSheridan)(1719–1788):ProjectGutenbergTheExaminer(1710):Texts:O,ProjectGutenberg"AProposalforCorrecting,ImprovingandAscertainingtheEnglishTongue"(1712):Fulltexts:JackLynch,UofVirginia"OntheConductoftheAllies"(1713)"HintsTowardanEssayonConversation"(1713):"ALettertoaYoungGentleman,LatelyEnteredintoHolyOrders"(1720)"ALetterofAdvicetoaYoungPoet"(1721):Drapier'sLetters(1724,1725):Fulltext:ProjectGutenberg"BonMotsdeStella"(1726):acuriouslyirrelevantappendixto"Gulliver'sTravels""AModestProposll",perhapsthemostnotablesatireinEnglish,suggestingthattheIrishshouldengageincannibalism.(Writtenin1729)"AnEssayontheFatesofClergymen":JaffeBros"ATreatiseonGoodMannersandGoodBreeding"22

Poems"OdetotheAthenianSociety",Swift'sfirstpublication,printedinTheAthenianMercuryinthesupplementofFeb14,1691.PoemsofJonathanSwift,D.D.TextsatProjectGutenberg"BaucisandPhilemon"(1706–1709):"ADescriptionoftheMorning"(1709):"ADescriptionofaCityShower"(1710):"CadenusandVanessa"(1713):"Phillis,or,theProgressofLove"(1719):Stella'sbirthdaypoems:"TheProgressofBeauty"(1719–1720):"TheProgressofPoetry"(1720):"ASatiricalElegyontheDeathofaLateFamousGeneral"(1722):"ToQuilca,aCountryHousenotinGoodRepair"(1