跨文化交际学知识点唐德根版

ChapterOneIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunicationHumanbeingdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonculture,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.---ConfucianSayingDefinition:InterculturalCommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.AshorthistoryofinterculturalcommunicationTheBurgeoningPeriodTheterm"Interculturalcommunication ”notlseppijdiruntilHall'sThesilentlanguagewaspublishedin1959.From1960to1970Twopreventativebooksreflectthecontinuouseffortsmadebyscholarsinthefieldinthe1960Olive'sCultureandCommunication(1962)andSmith 'sCommunicationandCulture(1966)Thefirstcollegeclassinthisfieldtaughtin1966attheUniversityofPittsburgh.From1971to1980The1970switnessedrapiddevelopmentinthefieldofinterculturalcommunication.In1973,SamovarandPorterpublishedInterculturalCommunication:AreaderIndianaUniversityawardedthefirstdoctoraldegreeininterculturalcommunication.CondonandYousef'sIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication(1975)From1981tothePresentTimeCondonandYousef'sstressonculturalvalueorientationsandcommunicationbehaviorparallelsHofstede's(1984)laterworkonculturalvaluesc.Hall'swritingonhighontextandlow-contextculturesinBeyondCulture(1977).Scholarsintheearly1970sbegantomaketheircontributionsinresearchandteachingbythe1980s.ImportanceofInterculturalCommunicationThreedevelopmentsThenewtechnologyThenewPopulationThenewEconomicArenaStudyingInterculturalCommunicationWehavemettheenemy,andheisus.---PogoThreemainobstacles:First,Culturelacksadistinetcrystallinestructure;itisoftenriddledwithcontradictionsandparadoxes.Second,Culturecannotbemanipulatedorheldincheck;therefore,itisdifficulttoconductcertainkindsofresearchonthistopic.Third,westudyotherculturesfromtheperspectiveofourownculture,soourobservationsandourconclusionsaretaintedbyourorientation.InterculturalCommunicationThemainconceptionsininterculturalcommunication:Interculturalcommunication:Face-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferingculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationisdefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture.HostandMinorityCultureThehostcultureisthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountry.Minoritycultures:culturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture.Subcultures(Co-cultures)Subculture:asmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostculture.E.G.:BlackAmerican;NativeAmerican;Hispanic-American,Chinese-American,etc.MulticulturalismMulticulturalismistheofficialrecognitionofacountry'sculturalandethnicdiversity(Hollway,1992)Cross-culturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationisface-to-facecommunicationbetweenrepresentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentcultures.Diplomacyisoneoftheoldestformsofcross-culturalcommunication.Travelandtourismisasecondformofcross-culturalcommunication.Athirdformofcross-culturalcommunicationuniquetothishasbeenthegrowthofthemassmedia.Mostrecently,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbeenacceleratedbycross-borderinformationflowsbroughtaboutbycomputerization.PrinciplesofInterculturalCommunicationCondonhashighlightedthreeareasasmostproblematicininterculturalexchange:LanguagebarrierDifferentvaluesDifferentpatternsofbehaviors.(Condon&Saito,1974)RationaleWorldwideinterestininterculturalcommunicationgrowsoutof twoassumptions:First,changesintechnology,travel,economicandpoliticalsystems,immigrationpatterns,andpopulationdensityhavecreatedaworldinwhichweincreasinglyinteractwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Second,one'sculturalperceptionsandexperienceshelpdeterminehowonesendsandreceivesmessages.ApproachFundamentaltoourapproachtointerculturalcommunicationisthebeliefthatallformsofhumancommunicationinvolveaction.Thisbooktakesaviewofinterculturalcommunicationthatisbothpragmaticandphilosophical.PhilosophyFirst,itistotheadvantageofall5.5billionsofuswhosharetheplanettoimproveourinterpersonalandinterculturalcommunicationabilities.Second,mostoftheobstaclestounderstandingcanbeovercomewithmotivation,knowledge,andappreciationofculturaldiversity.Activities:??????????RightorWrong?Youneedtolearntoacceptandlikeothercultures.Youneedtorespectthevalidityofothercultures.Underneath,peoplearefundamentallythesame.Cultureispervasive.IcandoexactlywhatIwant.Myactionsareindependentofmyculture.Idon'thavetotalfreedomofchoiceinmybehavior.Cultureandethnicityarethesame.Ifwehavemorecontact,interculturalunderstandingwillimprove.Culturalworthisintheeyeofthebeholder.Theperceptionsoftheindividualrelatetotheperceptionsofthegroup.ChapterTwo??LanguageUseandCommunicationYoucannotspeakofoceantoawell-fog,----thecultureofanarrowsphere.Youcannotspeakoficetoasummerinsect,----thecreatureofaseason.---ChangTsuCommunication:1.ourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings2.isthebasisofallhumancontact.HumanCommunicationIntentionalandUnintentionalBehaviorThefirstonedescribescommunicationastheprocesswherebyonepersondeliberatelyattemptstoconveymeaningtoanother.Thesecondschoolofthoughtproposesthattheconceptofintentionalityfailstoaccountforallthecircumstancesinwhichmessagesareconveyedunintentionally.ADefinitionofCommunicationCommunicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior.TheComponentsofCommunicationTheSource=>B.Encoding=>C.TheMessage=>D.TheChannel=>E.TheReceiver=>F.Decoding=>G.FeedbackPragmatics:LanguageUseTheProblemWemustfirstdistinguishbetweenusingIanguagetodosomethingandusingIanguageindoingsomething.g.HelloGoodbyePassthesalt.Please.Howoldareyou?It'sraining.Whatis(successful)linguisticcommunication? Howdoes(successful)communicationwork?TheMessageModelofLinguisticofLinguisticCommunicationSpeaker HearerMessage MessageEncoding =?Sounds=? DecodingProblemswiththeMessageModelFirst,DisambiguationSincemanyexpressionsarelinguisticallyambiguous,thehearermustdeterminewhichofthepossiblemeaningsofanexpressionistheonethespeakerintendedasoperativeonthatoccasion.eg1,flyingplanescanbedangerous.eg2,A:WelivedinIllinois,butwegotMilwaukee 'sweather.B:WhichwasworseSecond,UnderdeterminationofreferenceThird,underdeterminationofcommunicativeintent(bymeaning)Fourth,nonliteralityFifth,indirectionSixth,noncommunicativeactsAnInferentialApproachtoCommunicationThebasicidea:linguisticcommunicationisakindofcooperativeproblemsolving.TheInferentialModelofcommunicationproposesthatinthecourseoflearningtospeakourIanguagewealsolearnhowtocommunicateinthatIanguage,andlearningthisinvolvesacquiringavarietyofsharedbeliefsorpresumptions,aswellasasystemofinferentialstrategies.Presumptions:1.LinguisticPresumption 2.CommunicativepresumptionPresumptionofliteraIness 4.ConversationalpresumptionInferentialTheoriesversustheMessageModelSixspecificdefects:TheMessageModelcannotaccountfortheuseofambiguousexpressionsRealworldreferenceCommunicativeintentionsNonliteralcommunicationIndirectcommunicationNoncommunicativeusesofIanguageTheCharacteristicsofCommunicationNoDirectMind-to-MindContactItisimpossibletoshareourfeelingsandexperiencesbymeansofdirectmind-to-mindcontact.WecanOnlyInferBecausewedonothavedirectaccesstothethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeings,wecanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencinginsidetheirindividualhomes,tocontinueouranalogy.CommunicationIsSymbolicSymbols,byvirtueoftheirstandingforsomethingelse,giveusanopportunitytoshareourpersonalrealities.Time-BindingLinksUsTogetherWeSeekstoDefinetheWorldCommunicationHasAConsequenceCommunicationIsDynamicCommunicationIsContextualCommunicationIsSelf-ReflectiveTheBrainIsanOpenSystemFirst,thisconceptofthebrainalertsusthatwhileeachofuscanlearnnewideasthroughoutthelife,whatweknowatanyoneinstantisaproductofwhatthebrainhasexperieneed.Second,thenotionofthebrainasanopensystemremindsusthatwecanlearnfromeachother.]Third,becauselearningisalifelongendeavor,wecanusetheinformationtowhichweareexposedtochangethewayweperceiveandinteractwiththeworld.WeAreAlikeandWeAreDifferentWearealike:First,everyonerealizesatsomepointthatlifeisfinite.Second,eachofusdiscoverssomewhatearlyinlifethatweareisolatedfromallotherhumanbeings.Third,allofusarethrownintoaworldthatforcesustomakechoices.Finally,theworldhasnobuilt-inschemethatgivesitmeaning.Wearedifferent:First,theexternalworldimpingesonournerveendings,causingsomethingtohappenwithus.Second,wethinkaboutwhatishappeningbyemployingsymbolsfromourpast.Activities:RightorWrong?? Sophisticationisasubjectiveconceptwhichis “intheeyeofthebeholder? RealizethatyourIanguagereflectsandinfluencesthewayyousetheworld.? Allculturesimposesomeconstrainsonthebody.? SomeIanguagecan'tdistinguishbetweenthepresentandthepast.? Allculturesexpresspolitenessbyusingwordslike “please”and“thankyou”? Allcultureshavestandardsforpolitenessandwaysofbeingpolite.? Allculturesareconcernedaboutface.Thisiswhatmotivatespoliteness.? Theconceptof “face”isuniversal.Withoutit,therewouldbenopoliteness.? Yourwayofshowingthatyouarepayingattentionmaybeconsideredinappropriatebyothercultures.? Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichthepolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.ChapterThreeCultureandCommunicationCultureisthemediumevolvedbyhumanstosurvive.Nothinginourlivesisfreefromculturalinfluenee.Itisthekeystoneincivilization'sarchandisthemediumthroughwhichalloflife'seventsmustflow.Weareculture.(EdwardT.Hall)Culturealsodeterminesthecontentandconformationofthemessageswesend.Thisomnipresentqualityofcultureleadshalltoconcludethat“thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture”(EdwardTHall,1977)Cultureandcommunicationaresoinextricablyboundthatmostculturalanthropologistsbelievethetermsare virtuallysynonymous.Thisrelationship isthekeyfactortounderstandinginterculturalcommunication.Studyinginterculturalcommunicationwithoutstudyingculturewouldbeanalogoustoinvestigationthetopicofphysicswithoutlookingatmatter.Inthischapter,Weshallexplainwhyculturesdevelop,defineculture,discussthemajorcomponentsofculture,andlinkculturetocommunicationbyofferingamodelofinterculturalcommunicationthatisolatesthecharacteristicsofculturemostdirectlyrelatedtocommunication.CultureisourinvisibleteacherThebasicfunctionofcommunicationPeoplemaintainculturestodealwithproblemsormattersthatconcernthem. WilliamAHavilandItservesthebasicneedoflayingoutapredictableworldinwhicheachofusisfirmlygroundedandthusenableustomakesenseofoursurroundings.Malinowski:threetypesofneeds:Basicneeds(food,shelter,physicalprotection)Derivedneeds(organizationofwork,distributionoffood,defense,socialcontrol)Integrativeneeds(psychologicalsecurity,socialharmony,purposeinlife)SomeDefinitionsofCultureE.AdamsonHoebelandEverettFrost:cultureisan“integratedsystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternswhicharecharacteristicofthemembersofasocietyandwhicharenottheresultofbiologicalinheritance(HoebelandFrost,1976.6)Forthem,cultureisnotgenetically predeterminedorinstinctive.”First,asallscholarsofculturebelieve,cultureistransmittedandmaintainedsolelythroughcommunicationandlearning,cultureislearned.Second,scholarswhotakethesweepingviewbelieve,eachindividualisconfinedatbirthtoaspecificgeographiclocationandthusexposedtocertainmessageswhiledeniedothers.g.GeertHofstede,apsychologicalperspective,definingcultureas“thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother”(Hofstede,1984).Bothofthesedefinitionsstressthementalconditioningthatcultureexperiencesimpose.DanielBatesandFredPlog:cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthememberofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.Thisdefinitionincludednotonlypatternsofbehaviorsbutalsopatternsofthought(sharedmeaningthatthememberofasocietyattachtovariousphenomena,naturalandintellectual,includingreligionandideologies),artifacts(tools,pottery,house,machines,worksofart),andtheculturallytransmittedskillsandtechniquesusedtomaketheartifacts(G.Bates,1990,7)Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.Culturecanthereforeincludeeverythingfromritesofpassagetoconceptsofthesoul.TheCharacteristicsofCultureA.Cultureisinnate;it'learned.Withouttheadvantageoflearningfromthosewholivedbeforeus,weshouldnothaveculture.Youcanappreciate,therefore,whywesaythatlearningisthemostimportantofallthecharacteristicsofculture.BatesandPlognote:whetherwefeedourselvesbygrowingyamsorhuntingwildgameorbyherdingcamelsandraisingwheat,whetherweexplainathunderstormbyattributingittometeorologicalconditionsortoafightamongthegods—suchthinsaredeterminedbywhatwelearnaspartofourenculturation(BatesandPlog,1990,19).Thetermenculturationdenotesthetotalactivityoflearningone'sculture.AsHoebelandFrostsay,“consciousorunconsciousconditioningoccurringwithinthatprocesswherebytheindividual,aschildandadult,achievescompetenceinaparticularculture”Enculturationtakesplacethroughinteraction(yourparentskissyouandyoulearnaboutkissing-whomtokiss,whentokiss,andsoon),observation(youwatchyourfatherdomostofthedrivingofthefamilycarandyoulearnaboutgenderroles-whatamandoes,whatawomandoes),andimitation(youlaughatthesamejokesyourparentslaughatandyoulearnabouthumor-itisfunnyifsomeoneslipsaslongasheorshedoesnotgethurt).e.g.Themouthmaintainssilenceinordertohearthehearttalk.ThissayingexpressesthevalueBelgiansplaceonintuitionandfeelingsininteraction.Hewhospeakshasnoknowledge,andhewhohasknowledgedoesnotspeak.ThissayingfromJapanreinforcesthevalueofsilence.Weconcludedourdescriptionofthefirstcharacteristicofculturebyremindingyouofhowourdiscussiondirectlyrelatestointerculturalcommunication.First,manyofthebehaviorswelabelasculturalareonlyautomaticandinvisible,butalsoengagedinwithoutourbeingawareofthem.Second,commonexperienceproducescommonbehaviors.CultureistransmittedfromGenerationtoGenerationForculturetoexistandendure,theymustendurethattheircrucialmessageandelementsarepassedon.RichardBrislin:iftherearevaluesconsideredcentraltoasocietythathaveexistedformanyyears,theremustbetransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother.(Brislin,1993,6).Thisideasupportsourassertionthatcultureandcommunicationarelinked:itiscommunicationthatmakescultureacontinuousprocess,foronceculturehabits,principles,values,attitudes,andthelikeare“formulated”theyarecommunicatedtoeachindividual.Thecontentofcultureiswhatgetstransferredfromgenerationtogeneration.e.g.Americantelleachgenerationtoalwayslookforward.InChina,themessageistolooktothepastforguidanceandstrength..ForMexicansandNativeAmericans,themessageisthatcooperationismoreimportantthanthecontest.InKorea,themessageistorespectandtreasuretheelderly.C.CultureisbasedonSymbolsOursymbol—makingabilityenableustobothlearnourcultureandpassitonfromindividualtoindividual,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration.Theportabilityofsymbolsallowsustopackageandstorethemaswellastransmitthem.Themind,books,pictures,films,videos,computerdiskandthelikeenableaculturetopreservewhatitdeemstobeimportantandworthyoftransmission.CultureIsthereforehistoricalandpreservable.DCultureissubjecttoChangeCulturesaredynamicsystemsthatdonotexistinavacuum,sotheyaresubjecttochange.Cultureschangethroughseveralmechanisms,thetwomostcommonareinnovationanddiffusion.Innovationisusuallydefinedasthediscoveryofnewpractices,tools,orconceptsthatmanymembersofthecultureeventuallyacceptandthatmayproduceslightchangesinsocialhabitsandbehaviors(Nanda,1994,26)DiffusionistheborrowingbyoneculturefromanotherandanotherwayinwhichchangesoccursE.CultureisintegratedThenatureoflanguagemakesitimpossibletodootherwise,yetinrealityculturefunctionsasanintegratedwhole.ThisoneaspectofculturehasalteredAmericanattitudes,values,andbehaviors.FCultureisEthnocentricWilliamSumner:definedethnocentrismas“thetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone'sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(Sumner,1940,13)Ethnocentricistheperceptuallensthroughwhichculturesinterpretandjudgeeachother.Ethnocentricisfoundineveryculture.ThelogicalextensionsofEthnocentricaredetachmentanddivision,whichcantakeavarietyofforms,includingwar.e.g.EastIndianslookingdownonthePakistanis,theJapanesefeelingsuperiortotheChinese,andethnicrivalriescausingstrifebetweenSerbsandCroatsintheformerYugoslavia.Whycultureissuchapuissantinfluenceonallourlives?Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecanhethelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitieshisimpossibilities.LanguageandCultureLanguageandcultureareinextricablylinked,sothatlearninglanguagemeanslearningcultureandviceversa.Withlanguageandculturesoinextricablylinked,itisobviousthatalanguagelearnerhasmoretodothanmasteranewgrammarandvocabulary.Hemustalsolearnwhatutterancesareappropriatetoparticularsituations.TeachingCultureInordertosuccessfullyintegrateconsiderationsofculturalappropriacyintolanguageteaching,itisnecessarythatbothteacherandstudentsexaminetheirownassumptionsofwhatisnatural.Thismutualexploration,andtheestablishmentoftherelativityofwhatisconsideredtobenatural,allowsparticipantsfrombothculturestobebothteachersandlearners.Themayorskillsinvolvedaretheabilitytosuspendjudgment,toanalyzeasituationasanativeofthatculturewouldanalyzeit,andchooseacourseofactionthatismostculturallyappropriatetothesituation.FormsofInterculturalCommunicationInterracialcommunicationoccurswhensourceandreceiverarefromdifferentraces.Theteamracepertainstophysicalcharacteristics,suchascolorofskin,contourofhead,shapeofeyes,textureofhair,andthelike.Interethniccommunicationoccurswhentheparticipantsareofthesameracebutofdifferentethnicoriginsorbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture.Twothingsshouldbeobviousatthispointinourdescriptionoftheformsofinterculturalcommunication.First,manypeopleholdmembershipinanumberofdifferentgroupsandco-culturesarealsoinfluencedbythenormsandvaluesofthedominantculture.AsJuliaWoodpointsout,theseaffiliationscanbebasedonrace,ethnicbackground,gender,age,sexualpreference,andsoforth(Wood,1994,157).Second,althoughtheremightbeminordistinctionsamonginstancesofinterracial,interethnic,andinterculturalcommunication.Theyallsharethesameprocessesandelements.Twoessentialcharacteristicsofculturecanbeappliedtoco-cultures.First,theprocessbywhichculturedictateswhatoneexperiences.Second,theprocesswherebyculture,throughcarrierstransmitstheseexperiencessothattheyarelearnedbyeachnewsetofmembers-betheychildrenoradults.AnInterculturalCommunication(P119)Inthisfigure,threeculturesarerepresentedbythreegeometricshapes:CulturesAandBaresimilartooneanotherandarerepresented,respectively,byasquareandanirregularoctagonthatresemblesasquare;andCultureC,whichisquitedifferentfromCulturesAandB,isdistinguishedfrombothbyitscircularshapeanditsdistaneefromCulturesAandB.Culture'sinfluenceoninterculturalcommunicationisafunctionofthedissimilarityofthecultures,whichisindicatedinthemodelbythedegreeofchangeinthepatternofthemessagearrows.ThechangethatoccursinmessagesbetweenCulturesAandBismuchlessthanthatinmessagesbetweenCulturesAandCandbetweenCulturesBandC.ThisisbecauseCulturesAandBaresimilar.Hence,therepertoriesofsocialreality,communicativebehaviors,andmeaningsaresimilarandthedecodingprocessproducesresultscompatiblewiththeoriginalcontentofthemessage.BecauseCultureCisquitedifferentfromCulturesAandB,thedecodedmessageisdifferentandresemblesmorecloselythepatternsofCultureC.ElementsofInterculturalCommunicationTheseelementsfallintothreegeneralgroupings-perception,verbalprocesses,andnonverbalprocesses.PerceptionMarshallSingersays:“theprocessbywhichanindividualselects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld”(Singer,1987,9)PerceptionisaninternalprocesswherebyweconvertthephysicalenergiesoftheworldintomeaningfulinternalexperiencesFirst,peoplebehaveastheydobecauseofthewaysinwhichtheyperceivetheworld.Second,onelearnstheseperceptions,andthebehaviorstheyproduce,aspartofone'sculturalexperiences.Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluencethemeaningsweattachtoourperceptionsareasfollows:beliefs,values,andattitudes;worldview;andsocialorganization.ABeliefs‘Values,andAttitudeSystemsBeliefsaresubjectiveprobabilitiesthatsomeobjectoreventisrelatedtosomeotherobjectoreventortosomevalue,concept,orattribute.Forexample,wehavebeliefsaboutreligion(JesusisthesonofGod),events(theDesertStormwarwasnecessary),otherpeople(IknowJohnissmart),andevenourselves(Iamverywitty).Valuesaretheevaluativecomponentsofourbelief,value,andattitudesystems.Valuesgenerallyarenormativeinthattheyinformamemberofaculturewhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Anattitudeisalearnedtendencytorespondinaconsistentmannertoagivenobjectoforientation.Ourattitudesprepareustoreacttotheobjectsandeventsinourenvironment.B•WorldViewWorldviewismostimportantbecauseitisaculture'sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andtheotherphilosophicalissuesconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandexistence.Worldviewinfluencesacultureataverydeepandprofoundlevel.Itseffectsoftenarequitesubtleanddonotrevealthemselvesinobviousways.Itmightbehelpfultothinkofaculture'sworldviewasapebbletossedintoapond.CSocialOrganizationThemannerinwhichacultureorganizesitselfisreflectedinthatculture'sinstitutions.Theseinstitutionshaveavarietyofconfigurationsandcanbeformalorinformal.Ourschools,families,andgovernmentsallhelpdeterminehowweperceivetheworldandbehaveinit.Thefamilyisalsoimportantbecausebythetimetheothermajorculturalinstitutionsinfluencethechild,thefamilyhasalreadyexposedittocountlessexperiences.School,whetheritbeaprivateacademicinstitutionorathatchedhut,isanothersocialorganizationthatexertsitsinfluenceonperceptionandcommunication.VerbalProcessesA.VerbalLanguageLanguageisanorganized,generallyagreedupon,learnedsymbolsystemusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinageographicorculturalcommunity.B.PatternsofThoughNonverbalProcessesABodilyBehaviorInGermany,womenaswellasmenshakehandsattheoutsetofeverysocialencounter;intheUnitedStates,womenseldomshakehands.BConceptofTimeTheGermansandtheSwissareevenmoreawareoftimethanweare.Forthem,trains,planes,andmealsmustalwaysbeontime.CUseofSpaceAmericans prefertositface-to-faceoratrightanglestooneanother,whereasChinesegenerallypreferside-by-sideseating.Chapter4:CultureDiversityinPerceptionWarmingExercisesWhatarethedifferentopinionsaboutmoonbetweencultures?RE:Americanperception:theyoftenseeamaninthemoon,manyNativeAmericansperceivearabbit.Chineseperception:theyclaimthataladyChangErwholivesonthemoonisfleeingherhusband.Samoans'percepn:they