美国文学笔记

美国文学笔记ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期)(约1607-1765)TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命时期):(1765-18世纪末)BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)TheRomanticperiod (浪漫主义时期)：(1800-1865)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)HermanMelville(1819-1891)WaltWhitman(1819~1892)EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)TheRealismandNaturalism(现实主义和自然主义)(1865-1918)MarkTwain(1835-1910)HenryJames(1843-1916)StephenCrane(1881-1900)TheModernperiod(现代主义时期)：佃18-佃45F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)ErnestHemingway(1899—1961)EzraPound(1885-1972)RobertFrost(1847-1963)EugeneO'Neil(1888953)Contemporaryliterature(当代文学):(佃45-)ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期)(约1607-1765)TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命时期):(1765-18世纪末)BenjaminFranklin(仃06-1790):Summary:OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationFirstgreatself-mademaninAmericaTheembodimentofAmericandreamMajorworks:TheAutobiograph《自传》:thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenrePoorRichardsAlmanack《穷人理查德的年历》TheRomanticperiod (浪漫主义时期)：(1800-1865)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)Summary:Novelist,poet,criticgoodatwritingGothic(哥特式) anddetectivefictionFatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticismMajorworks:PoetryTheRaven《乌鸦》ToHelen《献给海伦》ShortstoriesHorror(suspense,terror,Insanity,dea，Revengeandrebirth)TheFalloftheHouseofUsher«厄舍古屋的倒塌》TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《红色死亡的化妆舞会》TheBlackCat《黑猫》TheCaskofAmontillado一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective/ratiocinative(推理的)(originator)ThePurloinedLetter《窃信案》TheMuderintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》TheMysteryofMarieRog《玛丽.罗热疑案》TheGoldBug《金甲虫》AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)(1830s-CivilWar)SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissanceAppearance1836,Nature”byEmersonFeaturesofTranscendentalism.Spirit(思想)/Oversoul(超灵).importaneeofindividualism.nature-symbolofspirit/God;garmentoftheoversoul.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):Summary:Americanessayist,lecturer,poetTheFounderofTranscendentalismMajorworks:Nature《论自然》：themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalismTheAmericanSchola《r论美国学者》:American'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceSelf-relianee《论自助》HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)Summary:AmerieanEssayist,Poet,PhilosopherMajorWorksCivilDisobedienee?论公民之不服从?Walden,orLifeinthewoods《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》 ：WaldenisarecordofThoreau'stwoyearexperimentoflivingaloneatWaldenpondinaself-builthouseattheedgeofthewoods.LateRomanticismNathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)：Summary：AmericannovelistandshortstorywriterHispointofview:HawthorneisinflueneedbyPuritanism(清教主义)deeply..Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevileanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Eviledueates..Hehasdisgustinseienee.Onesoureeofevilisoverweening(自负的)(tooproudofoneself)intelleet.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandeold-bloodedMajorWorksTheScarletLette《r红字》HermanMelville(1819-1891):Novelist,PoetMajorworks:MobyDick《白鲸》,1851Maineharaeters:Ishmael(以实玛禾U) :thenarratorAhab(埃哈伯)：theprotagonistMobyDiekWaltWhitman(1819~1892)Summary:Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist/Thefatheroffreeverse(自由诗)Majorworks:LeavesofGras《s草叶集》FamouspoemsSongofMysel《f自我之歌》OnesSelfISing《我歌唱一个人的自己》OCaptain!MyCaptain!《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》Writingthemes(almosteverything):equalityofthingsandbeingsdivinityofeverythingImmanence(无所不在) ofGoddemocracyevolutionofcosmos(宇宙)multiplicityofnatureself-reliantspiritdeath,beautyofdeathexpansionofAmericabrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(团结一致)(unityofnationsintheworld)pursuitofloveandhappinessStyle: “freev@自由诗)：theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.(".Parallelism(排比).phoneticrecurrenee(同字起句法)(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend).theuseofacertainpronoun “I”(thefirstpersonnarrator).strongtendencytouseoralEnglish.thehabitofusingsnapshots.alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure.useofconventionalimage.vocabulary-powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong.sentences-cataloguetechnique:longlistofnames,longpoemlinesSignificanceofLeavesofGrassLeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:fItsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.fItsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewwayforAmericanpoetry.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)Summary:AmericanpoetShewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.Somefamouspoems:IDiedforBeautyBecauseICan'tStopforDeathANarrowFellowintheGrassIHeardaFlyBuzz—WhenIDiedToMakeaPrairieI'mNobodyThemeMainlybasedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows(innerworld):.Deathandimmortality.Love—sufferingsandfrustrationcausedbylove.Nature-Kindandcruel.Religion-doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects.Beauty(beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone).physicalaspectofdesire.freewillandhumanresponsibilityStyle.Poemswithouttitles.Useofcapitalletters—mphasisanddashes-createcadend®畅顿挫).Economyofexpression.(Plainestwords,directness,brevity).Shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas.Freshandstrangeimages.Boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors.Rhetorictechniques:personification—makesomeabstractideasvivid.off-rhyme(半韻)anddefamiliarization(陌生化)TheAmericanRealism现实主义时期(1865-1918)ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriodWilliamDeanHowells-DeanofAmericanRealism”HenryJamesMarkTwainComparison:Theme:Howells-middleclassJames-upperclassTwain-lowerclassTechnique:Howells-smiling/genteelrealismJames-psychologicalrealismTwain-localcolourismandcolloquialismMarkTwain(1835-1910):Summary:Americanwriter,shortstorywriter/HumoristMajorworks:TheCelebratedjumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》InnocentsAbroad(1869)《傻子国外旅行记》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)《汤姆.索亚历险记》LifeontheMississippi(1883)《密西西比河上》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromhismasterpiece“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”——ErnestHemingwayStyle:.colloquiallanguage(口语)，vernacular(本土的)language,dialects.localcolour.syntacticfeature:sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical.humour.talltales(highlyexaggerated)(荒诞不经的故事).socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)ContributionOneofMarkTwain'sigsnificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.HenryJames(1843-1916)Summary:AnAmericanandBritishnovelist,literarycriticFounderofpsychologicalrealismFirstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelistInitiatoroftheinternationaltheme:AmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophisticationMajorworks:DaisyMiller(1878)《戴茜米勒》ThePortraitofaLady(1881)《贵妇的肖像》TheWingsoftheDove(1902《)鸽翼》TheAmbassadors(1903《)专使》TheGoldenBowl(1904)《金碗》TheArtofFiction(1884)《小说的艺术》HisPointofview.Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness.Psychologicalrealism.Highly-refinedlanguageStyle-“stylist”.Language:highly-refined,polished,insightful,andaccurate.Vocabulary:large.Construction:complicated,intricateNaturalism(自然主义)Background:.Darwin'stheory:“naturalselection”.Spenser'sidea:“socialDarwinism ”.FrenchNaturalism:ZoraFeatures.environmentandheredity.scientificaccuracyandalotofdetails.generaltone:ironicandpessimistich,opelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesocietyStephenCrane(1881-1900)Summary:Novelist,poetPioneerinthenaturalistictraditionPrecursors(先驱)ofImagistpoetryMajorWorks:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎麦姬》:thefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmericaTheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》AMERICANMODERNISM(1918-1945)

(美国现代主义)F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)Summary:FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayisttherepresentativeofthe1920sthespokesmanfortheJazzAgeoneofthe“lostgeneration”writersMajorWorksThisSideofParadise(1920)《人间天堂》TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)《爵士乐时代的故事》TenderIstheNight(1934)《夜色温柔》TheGreatGatsby(1925)《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrativepointofview-NickCarrawayTheme:ThedeclineoftheAmericanDreamHisPointofview.Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature..Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople'csharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethinksmoneybroughtonlytragedyandremorse..Hisnovelsfollowapattern:dream-lackofattraction—failureanddespair.Hisideasof“AmericanDream”Itisfalsetomostyoungpeople.Onlythosewhoweredishonestcouldbecomerich.WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)Sumary:AnAmericannovelistandpoetInitiatorofAmericanSouthernRenaissanceOneofthemostinfluentialmodernnovelistsof20thcenturyNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1949MajorWorks:TheSoundandtheFury《喧哗与骚动》AsILayDying《在我弥留之际》LightinAugust《八月之光》Absalom,Absalom《押沙龙，押沙龙！》GoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》BarnBurning《烧牲口棚》YoknapatawphaCounty(约克纳帕塔法县)：---AfictionalcountyinnorthernMississippi,thesettingformostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsandshortstories,andpatterneduponFaulkn'esractualhomeinLafayetteCounty,Mississippi.MajorThemesofhisWorks.historyandrace.Deterioration.Conflictsbetweengenerations,classes,races,manandenvironment.Horror,violenceandtheabnormalFaulkner'snarrativetechnique.Withdrawaloftheauthorasacontrollingnarrator.Dislocationofthenarrativetime：Themostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstoriesistofragmentthechronologicaltime..themodernstream-of-consciousne(意识流) techniqueandtheinteriormonologue(内心独白)：.Multiplepointsofview(多重视角).symbolismandmythologicalandbiblical(圣经的) allusionsErnestHemingway(1899—1961)Summary：Novelistandshort-storywriterOneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcenturyTheSpokesmanofthe“LostGeneration”(AmericanwritersafterWorldWarIself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerelostgeneration,devoidoffaithandalienatedfromtheWesterncivilization．)NobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1954(forhis“masteryoftheartofmodernnarration)”MajorworksTheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》AFarewelltoArms《永别了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》/《战地钟声》TheOldManandtheSea《老人与海》AClean,Well-lightedPlace《一个干净，明亮的地方》MajorThemes.TheNada”虚无)Concept.Graceunderpressure压力下的优雅)“Manisnotmadefordefeats.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeate”d. TheOldManandtheSea(3).CodeHero(准则英雄/硬汉)TheHemingwayheroisnotathinker;heisamanofaction.“Graceunderpressureistheirmotto.TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructible不可毁灭的)spirit.Artisticfeatures.Theiceberg(冰山)techniqueThedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater..Languagestylesimpleandnaturaldirect,clearandfreshleanandeconomicalsimple,conversational,commonfound,fundamentalwordssimplesentencesIcebergprinciple:understatement,impliedthingsSymbolismEzraPound(1885—1972)Summary:Aleadingspokesmanofthe“ImagistMovement”意(象主义运动)OneofthemostinfluentialAmericanpoetsandcriticMajorworks:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》HughSelwynMauberley《休赛尔温毛伯利》Cantos/《诗章》Imagism(1909-1917).Background:ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature “haiku”.Defintion:Theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthethesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.:ManifestoofImagism:?Directtreatment?Economyofexpression?NewrhythmInastationoftheMetr《在一个地铁站》：aquintessential典型的)imagisttextRobertFrost(1847-1963)Summary:themostpopularAmericanpoetWonPulitzerPrizefourtimesReceivedhonorarydegreesfromforty-fourcollegesanduniversitiesRead“TheGiftOutright”attheinaugurationofPresidentJohnF.Kennedyin1961FamousPoems:FireandIce《火与冰》TheRoadNotTaken《未选择的路》StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪夜伫立林边有感》MendingWall《补墙》AfterApple-Picking《摘罢苹果》Frost'swritingfeatureHiscombinationofthetraditionalversepatternandacolloquialdistinctivelanguage(NewEnglandSpeech)EugeneO'Neil(188-81953)Summary:America'sgreatestplaywrightWonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesWonNobelPrizein1936FounderoftheAmericandramaMajorWorksBeyondtheHorizon(1920)《天边外》TheEmperorJones(1920)《琼斯皇帝》TheHairyApe(1922)《毛猿》DesireundertheElms(1924)《榆树下的欲望》Imagism:ImagismisaliterarymovementwhichcameintobeinginBritainandU.S.around1910asareactiontothe