2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.______involvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy2.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?3.Doestheconstancyundernegationtestworkasameansoffindingthepresuppositionofthefollowingsentences?Whatarethepresuppositions:

(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.

(c)Hisbrotherisbald.4.Whatarethedeicticexpressionsintheutterance"I'mbusynowsoyoucan'tdothathere.Comebacktomorrow"?5.TheideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownastheprincipleofCOMPOSITIONALITY.6.ThedisjunctioninlogiccorrespondstotheEnglish"or".Itstruthtableshowsthatonlywhenandaslongasoneoftheconstituentsistrue,thecompositepropositionwillbe______.7.Textualcohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingallthefollowingcohesivedevicesexcept______.A.conjunctionB.ellipsisC.collocationD.lexicalrepetition8.Whichofthefollowingisnotaminimalpair?______

A.

B.[sip]

[zip]

C.[sai]

[sei]

D.[keit][feit]9.Systemic-functionalGrammar.10.Whatisyourdefinitionofassimilation?Howisitusuallyclassified?11.foregrounding12.______isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.13.InDreiser'sSisterCarrie,hedescribesapennilessgirl'swaytosuccess.14.[Focusonsemanticroles]A.goalB.rhemeC.instrumentD.causative15.Thecheeseburgerdidn’torderonions.16.SupposethatJohnSmith,happilymarriedtoMarySmith,addresseshiswifeas"MarySmith,howmanytimeshaveIaskedyounottoflipthroughtheTVchannels?"Therewouldbereasontolookbeyondthewordsforthe"meaning"ofthisunusualformofaddress.Mr.Smithmayaddresshiswifeas"MarySmith"toshowhisexasperation,asinthisexample.Byaddressingheras"MarySmith"insteadoftheusual"Mary",heconveysfrustrationandannoyance.Hischoiceofnamethus"means"thatheisexasperated.ContrastthetoneofthatsentencewithasimilaroneinwhichJohnSmithaddressedMarySmithas"dear".

Thelevelofmeaningthatconveysthelanguageuser'sfeelings,includinghisattitudeorevaluationinshapinghisuseoflanguageiscalledaffectivemeaningoremotivemeaning.Itislargelyaparasiticcategoryinthesensethattoexpressouremotionswedependonthemediationofothercategoriesofmeaningasconceptual,connotativeorsocial.Forexample,nigger,originallyaworddenotingacertainrace,hasvirtuallybecomeatermofabuseorcontempt;andasimilardevelopmenthasoccurredwithpartofthepoliticalvocabulary,suchasfascist.17.Howistheillocutionaryactdifferentfromtheperlocutionaryact?18.Saussuretooka(n)______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma______pointofview.A.sociological...psychologicalB.psychological...sociologicalC.applied...pragmaticD.semantic...linguistic19.______studiestheinternalstructureofsimplepropositions.A.PredicatecalculusB.PropositionalcalculusC.Sententialcalculus20.amusing21.langueandparole22.InHalliday'sSystemicGrammar,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled______.23.constative24.Businessisbusiness.25.Compare:linguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance.26.caveat27.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis

andperformance.28.Erroristhegrammaticallyincorrectform;______appearswhenthelanguageiscorrectgrammaticallybutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.29.Thesound[d]canbedescribedwith"______,alveolarstop/plosive".30.Makecommentsupontherelationshipbetweenarbitrariness,convention,andmotivation.31.InEnglish,thephoneme/p/ispronounceddifferentlyinwords.suchaspat,spat,ortap.

Canyouformarulethatcangeneralizethislinguisticphenomenon?32.beta33.Inwordslike"unthinkable",thesuffix"able"meansmorethan"abletobeX-ed".ThinkofTWOmorewordsofthistype.34.attentive35.Ininvestigatingsomeoftheprocessesinreading,______islesslikelytobetakenintoaccount?A.eyemovementB.theperceptualspanC.gardenpathD.theimmediacyassumption36.Whatissyntax?37.Assimilation38.Chomskyclaimsthatitisthelinguist'stasktocharacterizewhatspeakersknowabouttheirlanguage,i.e.,their______,notwhattheydowiththeirlanguage,i.e.,their______.39.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?A.Languageisameansofvocalcommunication.B.Languageisinstrumental.C.Languageissocialandconventional.40.I'mthelastofficeontheCorridor.41.AnETICsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunityratherthanviaappealtotheinvestigator'singenuityorintuitionalone.42.TheIllocutionaryActwasdevelopedby______.A.JohnAustinB.LevinsonC.JohnLyonsD.JohnSearle43.Boundmorpheme44.Itisbelievedthatthestudyoflanguage(linguistics)isclaselyrelatedtolanguageteaching.Inwhatwaysdoyouthinklinguisticstudiescontributetotheresearchandpracticeoflanguageteaching?45.root46.duality47.Dissimilation48.Instudyingthemannersofarticulation,[|]isconsideredtobetheonly______inEnglish.A.stopB.fricativeC.approximateD.lateral49.Verbaldueling,theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyOfusingit,ismainlytodowiththe______functionoflanguage.A.performativeB.interpersonalC.informativeD.recreational50.Theprincipalandmostobviouscontrastbetweenthelasttwocenturieshasbeentherapidriseof______linguistics,asopposedto______linguistics.A.descriptive,historicalB.structural,generativeC.functional,formalistD.structural,historical第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：B2.参考答案：Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns.Tocommunicateideas,signsmustbepartofasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignistheunionofaform(signifier)andanidea(signified),anditisthecentralfactoflanguage.

Byprovidinganswerstoquestionsconcerningmanyaspectsoflanguage,Saussuremadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.[解析]此题考查的是对现代语言学之父——索绪尔的了解。我们之所以把索绪尔看作现代语言学之父，是因为他是第一个注意到语言的复杂性的语言学家。他认为语言是一个符号系统。为了交流思想，符号必须是整个符号系统的一部分，即“惯例”。他指出符号是形式(能指)和意义(所指)的结合，是语言的核心事实。通过回答与语言多方面相关的文体，索绪尔明确了语言作为一门科学所要研究的对象。他关于符号的任意性和语言单位的相关性的思想，以及对“语言”和“言语”、“历时”和“共时”的区分等等，把语言学推进到一个崭新的阶段。3.参考答案：Whataspeakerassumesistrueorisknownbythehearercanbedescribedasapresupposition.IfsomeonetellsyouYourbrotheriswaitingoutsideforyou,thereisanobviouspresuppositionthatyouhaveabrother.

Constancyundernegationtestforpresuppositionisoneofthetestsusedtocheckforthepresuppositionsunderlyingsentencesinvolvingnegatingasentencewithaparticularpresuppositionandconsideringwhetherthepresuppositionremainstrue.TakethesentenceMycarisawreck.Nowtakethenegativeversionofthissentence:Mycarisnotawreck.Noticethat,althoughthesetwosentenceshaveoppositemeanings,theunderlyingpresupposition,Ihaveacar,remainstrueinboth.Thepresuppositionsareasfollows:

(a)Youhaveacomputer;Johnbrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Theengineerisfemale;Theengineerispregnant.

(c)Hehasabrother.[解析]本题考查语用学中的预设。4.参考答案：Deicticexpressionsrelatethecontentofanutterancetothespeaker,theaddressee,andthetimeandplaceofutterance.Thedeixisisatermforawordorphrasewhichdirectlyrelatesanutterancetoatime,place,orperson(s).Inthesentence"I'mbusynowsoyoucan'tdothathere.Comebacktomorrow",therearemanydifferenttypesofdeixis.Forexample,persondeixisreferstoformsusedtopointtopeople,suchas"I"and"you".Spatialdeixisreferstoformsusedtopointtolocation,suchas"here".Temporaldeixisreferstoformsusedtopointtotime,e.g."now"and"tomorrow".Socialdeixisreferstoformsusedtoindicaterelativesocialstatus.5.参考答案：T[解析]本题考查组合原则。句子意义通常由成分词的意义及其组合方式所决定的观点通常叫做组合原则。6.参考答案：true7.参考答案：C8.参考答案：A9.参考答案：Systemic-FunctionalGrammarwasfirstproposedbyHalliday,whichisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachIthastwocomponents:systemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.Theformeroneindicatesthewaylanguageistreated,thatis,languageisasystemnetworkwhichconsistsofsub-systemsfromwhichchoicesaremade.Thelatteroneindicatesthewaylanguageisdefined,thatis,languageisseenasameansofsocialinteraction,andtomeanistofunction.Thegrammarofhumanlanguageisfunctionallydefinedbecauseitevolvesfromanddevelopsduringtheuseoflanguageinthesocialsystem;itissystemicallyorganizedsincetheactualizationandrealizationofthemeaningpotentialinfactresultsfromthechoicemakingfromasetofavailableoptions.

Thistheoryfirstofallseeslanguageassociallydefined,thatis,itisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Then,languageisonewayofmeaning,ofrealizingtheunderlyingsocialsystem;therefore,languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.

Basedonsuchasociologicalpointofview,Systemic-Functionallinguisticshasmadegreatinfluenceonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage,suchaslanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylistics,andsoon.10.参考答案：Aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenusedsynonymouslywith"coarticulation".Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalledregressive"assimilation";theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressive"assimilation".11.参考答案：Foregrounding.Thistermismeantforwhatisunusual,attractive,unconventional,salient.Inliterature,foregroundingisoftenachievedthroughunconventionalexpressionswhichattractthereaders'attention.Themainmanifestationsofforegroundingaredeviationandparallelism.12.参考答案：Synonymy[解析]

考查同义关系的定义。13.参考答案：InDreiser'sSisterCarrie,theauthordescribesapennilessgirl'swaytosuccess.[解析]没有上下文，“he”指代不明。将其改为“theauthor”，意思明确。14.参考答案：B[解析]从语义角色来看，只有rheme是语用学术语，其他三项均是语义学术语。15.参考答案：Thesubject"cheeseburger"hasnoactingpowerandcannotperformanyactions.

Theagentshouldbethepersonwhoorderedthecheeseburger.Butthesentenceisunderstandablealthough"cheeseburger"isplacedinthesubject'spositionbecausewethinkinametonymicway.Suchanexpressionmightbeusedwhenthecheeseburgerisservedtothepersonwhodidnotorderonewithonions.16.参考答案：假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快!”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。在这个例子中，史密斯先生称呼他妻子为“玛丽·史密斯”用以表达他的愤怒。用这样的称呼而非“玛丽”，正传达了史密斯先生的不满和恼怒。因此可以说这样用词的“隐含意义”是：他被激怒了。假设有另外一个类似的句子，其中约翰·史密斯称呼妻子为“亲爱的”，我们就可以进行比较并发现两个句子语气的不同。

用以表达语言使用者的情感，包括调整其在语言使用过程中的态度及评价的这层意义就叫感情意义。这类意义实际上是依附于其它意义之上的。要表达情绪，总是要依靠其它类别的意义——概念意义，内涵意义，又或者社会意义——来调节。例如，“黑鬼”一词最初是某个特定种族的名字，而现在已变成用来辱骂他人或者是表达对他人的蔑视。同样，某些政治词语也经历了相似的发展，比如“法西斯”。17.参考答案：Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Thus,ifsomeonesays"Morning",wecanaskquestionslike"Whatdidhemean?"andtheanswercouldbe"Heofferedagreeting."

Aperlocutionaryact,however,istheeffectoftheutterance.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,andsoon.Therefore,theperlocutionaryactofthesaying"Morning"couldbetokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.18.参考答案：A19.参考答案：A[解析]本题考查谓词演算。谓词逻辑，也叫谓词演算，它研究简单命题的内部结构。20.参考答案：amusing-amusement21.参考答案：Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbya"speechcommunity",whileparolereferstotheparticularrealizationsoflangue.22.参考答案：options[解析]本题考查系统功能语法中的选项。一个系统就是一个选择。所以它们是语法能够辨别的意义。系统中的项目被称为选项。23.参考答案：Incontrasttoperformative,sentenceslike"Ipoursomeliquidintothetube."isadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Thespeakercannotpouranyliquidintoatubebysimplyutteringthesewords.Hemustaccompanyhiswordswiththeactualpouring.Otherwiseonecanaccusehimofmakingafalsestatement.Thetypesofutteranceswhichareintendedfornarration,description,etc.,arecalledconstatives.[解析]本题考查语言使用中的叙事句的概念，考生也应知道施为句，以及发话行为、行事行为、取效行为、会话含义等概念。24.参考答案：Thissentenceneitherprovidesmoreinformationnorconveysless.Suchanexpressionmightbeusedwhenyourfriendasksyoutoofferconvenienceforsomebusinessbecauseyourrelationshipisveryclose.25.参考答案：(1)InChomsky'sopinion,linguisticcompetencereferstoalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules,andlinguisticperformanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

(2)Hethinksthatlinguistictheoryisconcernedprimarilywithanidealspeaker-listener,inacompletelyhomogeneousspeechcommunity,whoknowsitslanguageperfectly.Toputitsimple,thisdistinctionisbetweenwhatpeopleknowandwhattheyreallydo.

(3)Aspeaker'scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Thefactorsthatcausethediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformancemayvaryamongindividuallanguageusers,butmostofthemmayfallintocategorieslikeethnicbackground,socioeconomicstatus,regionsofthecountryandotherphysicalstatechangeswithintheindividual.

(4)Forexample,ESLandEFLlearnersmayhaveagoodknowledgeofEnglishbutstilltheymaymakemistakesintheauthenticuseoflanguage.Thewords"he"and"she"byEnglishlearnersalwaysoratleastveryoftenconfusethelisteners.Otherexamplesmayincludetheuseofarticles,tenseandpluralformsofnouns.26.参考答案：27.参考答案：competence28.参考答案：mistake[解析]本题考查语用错误的相关概念。语用错误是指语法上正确但在特定的交际情境不得体的语言现象，语用错误一般发生在母语操持者的身上。29.参考答案：voiced30.参考答案：Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative;aconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration,andmakeslearningalanguagelaborious.Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.

Thetermsmotivationandconstraintdescribetheextenttowhichthesignifieddeterminesthesignifier.Theformofthesignifierofageneralizedcaroratrafficsignisdeterminedbytheconventionthatisacceptedbytheusersofthecode.

Motivatedsignsareiconicsigns;theyarecharacterizedbyanaturalrelationbetweensignifierandsignified.Aportraitoraphotographisiconic,inthatthesignifierrepresentstheappearanceofthesignified.Thefaithfulnessortheaccuracyoftherepresentation—thedegreetowhichthesignifiedisrepresentedinthesignifier—isaninversemeasureofhowconventionalizeditis.Itisimportanttorecognizethat(ⅰ)insignsofhighmotivation,thesignifiedisthedetermininginfluence,and(ⅱ)insignsoflowmotivation,conventiondeterminestheformofthesignifier.Therefore,conventionplaysakeyroleinourunderstandingofanysign.Conventionservesasthesocialdimensionofsigns.WemaynotunderstandtheunmotivatedverbalsignforcartheFrenchuse,butweunderstandtheroadsignsinFranceinsofarastheyareiconic.31.参考答案：InEnglish,thephoneme/p/ispronounceddifferentlyinpat,spat,andtap,canyouformarulethatcangeneralizethislinguisticphenomenon?

InEnglish,thereisarulethat/p/isunaspiratedafter/s/butaspiratedinotherplaces.So/p/inpat,tapisaspiratedbutunaspiratedinspatsinceitisafter/s/.Tobringoutthephoneticdifference,anaspiratedsoundistranscribedwitharaised"h"afterthesymbolofthesound.Soaphonetictranscriptionforpeakis[phi:k]andthatforspeakis[spi:k].So[p,ph]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.Theallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheyneveroccurinthesamecontext:[p]occursafter[s]while[ph]occursinotherplaces.Wecanpresentthisruleas:

/p/→[p]/[s]______

[ph]elsewhere

(note:______isthepositioninwhich/p/appears)

Inadditionsometimesaphonememayalsohavefreevariants.Thefinalconsonantoftapmaynotberealizedbysomespeakerssothereisnoaudiblesoundattheendofthisword.Suchphenomenoniscalledfreevariation.32.参考答案：beta—//33.参考答案：unbelievable;unpredictable[解析]本题旨在考查后缀“-able”的意义，考生也应了解其他的后缀、前缀甚至中缀的意义。34.参考答案：35.参考答案：C[解析]本题考查阅读的基础过程，即眼部移动、感知时距和即时假定。36.参考答案：Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures．Eversincesyntaxcameintobeing,ithaslongbeenthecentreofgrammaticalstudybecausesentenceisthelargestgrammaticalunitwhilesyntaxrevolvesaroundwords,andmorespecificallyitfocusesonhowwordsarearrangedinasentence．[解析]本题考查考生对句法学的理解。37.参考答案：Assimilation.Itisaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Itisoftenusedsynonymouslywithco-articulation.Nasalization,dentalizationandvelarizationareallinstancesofassimilation.Therearetwopossibilitiesofassimilation:ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itisregressiveassimilation;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressiveassimilation.Forexample,in"mink","n",whichisoriginallypronouncedas/n/,willbevelarizedbythefollowing"k"/k/,andthereforethewordwillbepronouncedas38.参考答案：competence;performance39.参考答案：A[解析]本题考查语言的定义。语言是言语交流的一种方式；它是实用性的；语言又是社会的、约定俗成的。40.参考答案：Thesubject"I"isnotequaltothepredicative"thelastoffice",butthereisacloserelationshipbetweenthem—Iamtheownerofthelastoffice.Wecanusetheperson'snamefortheperson'sthingwiththehelpofthecognitivemechanism—metonymy.Suchasentencemightbeusedinasituationinwhichmyofficeisthelastonthecorridor.41.参考答案：F[解析]本题考查“非位的”(Eric)和“位学的”(Emic)的区别。这两个术语来自于美国语言学家派克(Pike)对于语音学和音位学的区别。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。42.参考答案：D43.参考答案：Boundmorphemereferstothosewhichcannotoccuraloneandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Forexample,theworddistemperedhasthreemorphemes,namely,dis-and-edaretwoboundmorphemes.Therearetwotypesofmorphemeswhichfallintothe"bound"category:derivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes.[解析]本题考查黏着语素的定义，考生也应了解计算机辅助教学与学习、机器翻译、语料库语言学研究的方法。44.参考答案：Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguage,or,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.Whilelanguageteachingisconcernedwithhowlanguagecanbetaughtmoreeffectively.Therefore,therelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandlanguageteachingisquiteobvious.Languageteaching