语篇连贯与衔接课件

CoherenceinParagraph

Writing

CoherenceinParagraph

Writin1CoherenceInadditiontounity,everygoodparagraphmustalsohavecoherence.Coherenceisconnectionandconsistency.Acoherentparagraphisoneinwhichallthesentencesarerelatedlogicallyandgrammaticallytomakeawholethatallowsthereadertofollowthewriter’strainofthoughtstepbystep.CoherenceInadditiontounity,2CoherenceCoherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Inacoherentparagraph,eachsentencerelatesclearlytothetopicsentenceorcontrollingidea,butthereismoretocoherencethanthis.Ifaparagraphiscoherent,eachsentenceflowssmoothlyintothenextwithoutobviousshiftsorjumps.Acoherentparagraphalsohighlightsthetiesbetweenoldinformationandnewinformationtomakethestructureofideasorargumentscleartothereader.

CoherenceCoherencemeansclear3CoherenceExample:JohnnyboughtaFord.AcarinwhichPresidentWilsonroaddowntheChampsElysees(香榭丽舍大道)wasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhassevendays.EverydayIfeedmycat.Catshavefourlegs.Thecatisonthemat.Mathasthreeletters.CoherenceExample:4CoherenceCoherencemeansthattheideasinyourparagraphshouldflowsmoothlyfromonesentencetothenexttomakeclear,logicpointsaboutyoursubject.Yourparagraphshouldnotbealistofsimplesentenceswritteninrandomorder;instead,thereadershouldbeabletofolloweasilywhatyouhavewrittenandseequicklyhoweachsentencegrowsoutofeachprevioussentenceindevelopingthesubjectoftheparagraph.CoherenceCoherencemeansthat5CoherencethroughPronounReferencePronounsYoucancreateacoherentparagraphbyusingpronounstoreferbacktoprecedingnounsintheparagraph.Forinstance,youcanuse:He/sheThey/theirIt/itsThis/that/those/these

Example:Thewriterwroteanovel.Hethensolditapublisher.CoherencethroughPronounRefe6CoherencethroughRepetition

Example：Therewasacatonthetable.Thecatwassmiling.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy.Here'sashortexampleofstructuralrepetitionfromtheplayGettingMarried,byGeorgeBernardShaw:Therearecoupleswhodislikeoneanotherfuriouslyforseveralhoursatatime;therearecoupleswhodislikeoneanotherpermanently;andtherearecoupleswhoneverdislikeoneanother;buttheselastarepeoplewhoareincapableofdislikinganybody.

CoherencethroughRepetition

7CoherencethroughRepetitionThisdeviceofrepeatingkeywordsorphrasescanbeextremelyhelpfulinlinkingsentencesandgivingcoherencetoaparticularparagraph.Butrepetitionisonlyeffectivewhenithighlightsourmainideasandmakesthereader’sjobeasier.Carelessrepetition,repetitionwithoutapurpose,clustersourwritingwithuselesswordsandphrases.

CoherencethroughRepetitionTh8CoherencethroughSuperordinate

Example:Yesterday,apigeoncarriedthefirstmessagefromPinhursttoSilbury.Thebirdcoveredthedistanceinthreeminutes.BrazilwasevenmoreseverelyhitbythedepressionthanotherLatinAmericanstatesandthecountrywasonthevergeofcompletecollapse.

CoherencethroughSuperordinat9CoherencethroughSynonymsExample:Hegotalotofpeasantsfromhisfriendsandfamily.Allthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper.Themeetingcommencedatsixthirty.Butfromthemomentit

began,itwasclearthatallwasnotwell.CoherencethroughSynonymsExam10

CoherencethroughTransitionalExpressions

Youcancreateacoherentparagraphbyusingtransitionalwordsatthebeginningofrelatedsentenceswithintheparagraph.Transitionalwordsandphrasesconnectsentencesandparagraphstoeachother.Withinaparagraph,transitionsprovidecoherence.Theygivethesensethattheparagraphcontainsonemainidea.Theyalsocreateasmoothflowfromonesentencetothenext,orbridgefromonedetailorsupportingpieceofinformationtothenext.

CoherencethroughTransition11TransitionalExpressionsTransitionalwordsandphrasesshowtherelationshipofonesentenceorclausetoanother.Thesesignalsspeedupthereader’sunderstandingandtietogetherideasbeforethereaderhasachancetoforgetthem.Hereisalistofcommonlyusedtransitionalexpressions.

TransitionalExpressionsTransi12TransitionalExpressionsTheseexpressionscanbeusedwithinparagraphstoshowtherelationshipsbetweenclausesandsentences,andtheycanbeusedwithinessaystoshowhowparagraphsrelatetoeachother.TransitionalExpressions

Toshowtimeandsequence:

meanwhile,eventually,soon,later,first,second,then,finally,

also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,tooTocompareandcontrast:

likewise,similarly,inthesameway,however,nevertheless,

still,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,evensoTransitionalExpressionsThese13TransitionalExpressionsToshowcauseandeffect:

therefore,asaresult,accordingly,consequently,thus,hence,otherwiseToofferexamplesandconclusions:

forinstance,forexample,afterall,infact,ofcourseinconclusion,inotherwords,onthewhole,inshorttoconclude,tosummarizeTogivearestatementinotherwords,inshort,insimplerterms,thatis,toputitdifferently

TransitionalExpressionsTosho14SampleForsomepeople,highschoolandcollegeareawasteoftime.Forexample,afriendofminewasanAstudentthroughouthighschool.Asaresult,hewasacceptedintocollegewithoutanytrouble.Hestudiedhardforfouryears.Eventually,hereceivedadegreeandenteredthejobmarket.However,hewasunabletogetajobinhisfieldofstudy,eventhoughheappliedeverywhere.Finally,hewasforcedtoapplyforajobwhichrequirednoneoftheskillshehadobtainedinschool.Consequently,Ihavebecomeconvincedthathighschoolandcollegearenotalwaysthebestpreparationfortherealworld.SampleForsomepeople,highs151.first,second,third,last2.firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally3.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly4.tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally5.tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally6.firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast7.mostimportantofall,moreover,finally8.ontheonehand,ontheotherhand(适用于两点的情况）9.foronething,foranother(适用于两点的情况）1.first,second,third,last16WhyIDon'tMakeMyBedEversinceImovedintomyownapartmentlastfall,Ihavegottenoutofthehabitofmakingmybed--exceptonFridays,ofcourse,whenIchangethesheets.AlthoughsomepeoplemaythinkthatIamaslob,Ihavesomesoundreasonsforbreakingthebed-makinghabit.Inthefirstplace,Iamnotconcernedaboutmaintainingatidybedroombecausenooneexceptmeeverventuresinthere.Ifthereiseverafireinspectionorasurprisedate,IsupposeIcandashintheretofluffupthepillowandslaponacabinet.Otherwise,Iamnotbothered.Inaddition,Ifindnothinguncomfortableaboutcrawlingintoarumpledmassofsheetsandblankets.Onthecontrary,Ienjoypokingoutacozyspaceformyselfbeforedriftingofftosleep.Also,Ithinkthatatightlymadebedisdownrightuncomfortable:enteringonemakesmefeellikealoafofbreadbeingwrappedandsealed.Finally,andmostimportantly,Ithinkbed-makingisanawfulwaytowastetimeinthemorning.Iwouldratherspendthosepreciousminutescheckingmyemailorfeedingthecatthantuckingincornersorsnappingthecabinet.WhyIDon'tMakeMyBed17TheWholenessofLifeOnceacirclemissedawedge(楔).Thecirclewantedtobewhole,soitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowly,itadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpieces,butnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewhole,withnothingmissing.Itincorporated（组合）themissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircle,itcouldrollveryfast,toofasttonoticetheflowersoftalkingtotheworms.Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquickly,itstopped,leftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.TheWholenessofLifeOnceaci18CoherenceExercise

LearningUnderPressure

Organizethesefivesentencesintoacoherentparagraphbyaddingappropriatetransitionalwordsandphrasestosentencesnumber2,3,and5.

1.Dr.EdwardC.Tolman,afterexperimentingwithratsoveralongperiodofyears,foundthatratsthatlearnedtorunamazeunderthepressureofhungertookmuchlongertolearnthemazethanratsthatlearnedundernon-crisisconditions.2.Thelearningthatdidtakeplacewasofanarrowtype.3.Afterlearningthe"right"route,theseratspanickedifoneavenuewereblockedoff.4.Theywerenotabletosurveythefieldtonoticealternativeroutes.5.Whentheratswerepermittedtolearnundernon-crisisconditions,theylaterperformedwellinacrisis.CoherenceExercise

Learning19RevisedVersionDr.EdwardC.Tolman,afterexperimentingwithratsoveralongperiodofyears,foundthatratsthatlearnedtorunamazeunderthepressureofhungertookmuchlongertolearnthemazethanratsthatlearnedundernon-crisisconditions.Furthermore,thelearningthatdidtakeplacewasofanarrowtype.Thatis,afterlearningthe"right"route,theseratspanickedifoneavenuewereblockedoff.Theywerenotabletosurveythefieldtonoticealternativeroutes.Ontheotherhand,whentheratswerepermittedtolearnundernon-crisisconditions,theylaterperformedwellinacrisis.

RevisedVersionDr.EdwardC.T20衔接自如，逻辑连贯。1.语法手段。如照应、替代、省略等。2.词汇手段。如在语篇中，某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词的形式重复出现，以相互衔接。衔接得当会起到“润滑剂”的作用。语篇连贯(二)衔接自如，逻辑连贯。1.语法手段。如照应、替代、省略等。2211. 用过渡词表明句子间正确的逻辑关系。有意识地使用一些表示时间、顺序、列举、增进、转折、对比、因果等意义的逻辑手段。2.重复主要词或短语并使代词指代关系明确。“连贯”存在于文章底层，能够通过逻辑推理手段来达到。作文时可采用下述三种方法达到连贯：1. 用过渡词表明句子间正确的逻辑关系。有意识地使用一些表示223. 按句子本身自然顺序或逻辑顺序安排句子。综述时 要把问题说明、说透。问题的重要性按由大到小 （递减）或由小到大（递增）的方向排列，事实按 过程或因果方式举出，使层次分明。提示：过多过滥使用逻辑关联词会使段落发展显得累赘笨拙。对逻辑关联词的选用要根据内容需要“精打细算”、疏密得当，做到自然贴切。3. 按句子本身自然顺序或逻辑顺序安排句子。综述时 要把问23你在写下列作文时，怎样注意连贯与衔接？Directions:

Sofaryouhavelearnedquitealotabouthowpsychologyworksindifferentcases.Writeacompositionentitled:CollegeStudentsShouldHaveaHealthyMindinaHealthyBody.Youshouldwriteatleast120words.Remembertowriteneatly.1.一些大学生有心理问题；2.大学生应保持心理健康；3.因此，······你在写下列作文时，怎样注意连贯与衔接？Directions:24CollegeStudentsShouldHaveaHealthyMindinaHealthyBodyWhentheyexperiencemajorturningpointsintheirlives,somecollegestudentshavehiddenmentalproblems.Theseproblemsmayresultfromacademicpressure,anxietyaboutinterpersonalr