列维斯特劳斯课件

ClauseLévi-Strauss

ByZhuWenzhaoClauseLévi-StraussByZhu1Contentsofthispresentation：IntroductionofStraussStructuralismwhatisstructurewhatisstructuralismStrauss’sfourprocedurestostructuralismAnthropologicaltheoriesMythwhatismythStrauss’sstudyofmyth

Contentsofthispresentation：2IntroductionofStraussStrauss(28November1908–30October2009)wasborntoFrenchparentswhowerelivinginBrusselsatthetime,wherehisfatherwasworkingasapainter.Hestudiedlawandphilosophy,butfoundneitherinteresting.Thenhetookupanthropology.HewasaFrenchanthropologistandethnologist,andhasbeencalled,alongwithJamesGeorgeFrazer,the“fatherofmodernanthropology”IntroductionofStraussStrauss3Majorworks《野性的思维》LaPenséesauvage（1962）《忧郁的热带》Tristestropiques（1955）

《神话学I-IV》MythologiquesI-IV

《结构人类学》Anthropologiestructurale（1958）《种族与历史》Raceethistoire（1952）《结构人类学之二》Anthropologiestructuraledeux（1973）《亲属关系的基本结构》LesStructuresélémentairesdelaparenté（1949）Majorworks《野性的思维》LaPensées4列维斯特劳斯课件5WhatisStructure?

Somethingmadeupofanumberofpartsthatareheldorputtogetherinaparticularway.Thewayinwhichpartsarearrangedorputtogethertoformawhole;makeup.TheinterrelationorarrangementofpartsinacomplexentityInotherwords,structureisrulesandprinciplesoperativeintheworld,orwecansay,theworldiscomposedofmanydifferentelements,eachofwhichhasitsownfunction,arecloselyboundupwitheachotherinsortofapatternorstructure.WhatisStructure?Something6Whatisstructuralism?

StructuralismisanintellectualmovementwhichbeganinFranceinthe1950sandisfirstseenintheworkoftheanthropologistClaudeLevi-Strauss.Itsessenceisthebeliefthatthingscannotbeunderstoodinisolation----theyhavetobeseeninthecontextofthelargerstructurestheyarepartof(hencetheterm“structuralism”).ItemphasizeswholenessandsynchronicWhatisstructuralism?Struc7Strauss’sfourprocedurestoStructuralism

Straussspecifiedfourproceduresbasictostructuralism.StructuralanalysisexaminesunconsciousinfrastructuresofculturalphenomenaItregardstheelementsofinfrastructuresas“relational”,notasindependententities.Itattendssingle-mindedlytosystemItpropoundsgenerallawsaccountingfortheunderlyingorganizingpatternsofphenomenaStrauss’sfourprocedurestoS8Anthropologicaltheories

StrausssoughttoapplythestructurallinguisticsofSaussuretoanthropology.Atthetime,thefamilywastraditionallyconsideredthefundamentalobjectofanalysis,butwasseenprimarilyasaself-containedunitconsistingofahusband,awife,andtheirchildren.Nephews,cousins,aunts,uncles,andgrandparentsallweretreatedassecondary.Hearguedthatfamiliesacquiredeterminateidentitiesonlythroughrelationswithoneanother.Anthropologicaltheories

Strau9Thusheinvertedtheclassicalviewofanthropology,puttingthesecondaryfamilymembersfirstandinsistingonanalyzingtherelationsbetweenunitsinsteadoftheunitsthemselves.列维斯特劳斯课件10Kinship:

Straussthoughtthatkinshiphadfourbasicelements:brother,sister,fatherandsonfromwhichotherrelativeswerederived.Inhisownanalysisoftheformationoftheidentitiesthatarisethroughmarriagesbetweentribes.Straussnotedthattherelationbetweentheuncleandthenephewwastotherelationbetweenbrotherandsister,astherelationbetweenfatherandsonistothatbetweenhusbandandwife,thatis,AistoBasCistoD.ThereforeifweknowA,B,andC,wecanpredictD,justasifweknowAandD,wecanpredictBandC.ThegoalofStrauss'sstructuralanthropologywastosimplifythemassesofempiricaldataintogeneralized,comprehensiblerelationsbetweenunits,whichallowforpredictivelawstobeidentified,suchasAistoBasCistoD.

Kinship:Straussthoughtthat11AtraditionalstoryrootedinprimitivefolkbeliefsofculturesUsesthesupernaturaltointerpretnaturaleventsExplainstheculture’sviewoftheuniverseandthenatureofhumanity

Whatisamyth?Atraditionalstoryrootedin12Strauss’sstudyofmythMythemes(神话素）:Straussbelievedthatmyth,liketherestofthelanguage,ismadeupofconstituentunits.Butwhatconsistsoflanguageisdifferentfromthatofthemyth–theybelongtoahigherandmorecomplexorder.Forthisreason,weshallcallthemmythemeWhatStraussbelievedhehaddiscoveredwhenheexaminedtherelationsbetweenmythemeswasthatamythconsistsofjuxtaposedbinaryoppositions(二元对立).Forexample,Oedipusconsistsoftheoverratingofbloodrelationsandtheunderratingofbloodrelations.

Strauss’sstudyofmyth13Straussseesabasicparadoxinthestudyofmyth.Ononehand,mythicalstoriesarefantasticandunpredictable:thecontentofmythseemscompletelyarbitrary.Ontheotherhand