豆腐8 10月机经大范围综合写作答案

130215NAW1【13年2月15日托福机经写作第1题-综合写作ThereadingpassageproposesthreehypothesesregardingthefunctionsoftheErdstall,anarrow,undergroundstructurebuiltin[nameofcementionedinthereading].However,thelecturepointstotheweaknessofthethreehypotheses.First,theErdstallcouldhavebeenusedtokeeplivestockortostorefood.However,thelecturerarguesthattheErdstallisnotrainwater-proof.Particularlyinthewinter,theErdstallcouldhavebeenflooded.Soitisnotanidealcetostorefood.Furthermore,notracesofgrainhavebeenfoundintheErdstall.Therefore,thestoragehypothesisisunlikely.Second,theErdstallcouldbeashelteragainstattackorburglary.Thisisalsonotpossibleinthelecturer’sopinion,because,asheargues,theErdstallissosmallthatitcouldbarely onefamily,andtheoxygeninsidetheErdstallissufficienttosustainonlyone .AnotherobviousweaknessofthishypothesisisthattheErdstallhasonlyoneentrypointanddoesnothaveanexit,makingitunlikelytoserveasanescaperoute.Finally,itistheorizedthattheErdstallcouldhavereligiousfunctions,servingasachamberofsoulforthedeceased.Yetifthisweretrue,accordingtothelecture,theErdstallshouldhavebeenfoundineveryvillageacrossthewholeregionwhichsharesthesamereligion.Thefact,however,isthattheErdstallisonlypresentinsome,notall,ofthevillages.Sothereligionhypothesisisunconvicing,W1【08151题-Thereadingpassageexinsthenegativeeffectsofintroducingforeignspeciesintoalocalecosystem.Thelecture,ontheotherhand,offerscounrgumentstoprovethatintroducedspeciesmanynotnecessarilybeharmful.First,accordingtothereading,importedspeciesmaydestroytheexistingbalancewithinanecosystem.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesespeciesdon’talwaysdoharmtothelocalecosystem.Insteadtheymaybringbenefitstolocalagriculture.Second,thereadingstatesthatimportedspeciesmaydestroytheusefulaspectsoflocalspecies.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthatthisisnotalwaysthecase.Hepointsoutthatitdependsonlocalcircumstances.Forexample,thecanetoadsintroducedintothestateofFloridahavehelpedtoexterminatepeststhathaveinfestedlocalharvest.Finally,thereadingcontendsthatimportedspeciesmayaddtothelocaleconomicburden.Again,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthattheimpactonlocaleconomyvariesfromcetoce.He/Sheusestheexampleofmesquitetoillustratethispoint.ThisntimportedintoAfricahasbeenusedasfoodandfirewoodbythelocalpeople,ausefulcontributiontothelocalW1【11年3月19日托福机经综合写作ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetosupportauthorGavinMenzies’sclaimthatitwaswhofirstvisitedtheAmericas.However,thelecturerdismissesthisclaimasFirst,astothemarkingsresemblingcharactersdiscoveredonarockonBiminiRoad,thelecturerarguesthatthesemarkingsarenaturalformationratherthanhumanengraving.Itlooksasiftheywerecarvedbyhumansbutacloserexaminationbygeologistswouldimmediayrevealthattheyareformedbynaturals.Second,regardingthedonut-likeanchorfoundofftheCoastofBimini,whichseemstobemadeby,thespeakersuggeststhatthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanhadbeentherefirst,becausesimilaranchorshadlongbeenusedinnavigationbymanyothercountries.Finally,thelecturerefusestoviewthestonetowersonBiminiIslandasevidenceofthearrivalofsailorsearlierthanothers.Hepointsoutthatalthoughthesetowerslooklikealighthousefromadistance,theyareinfactbuiltinanEnglisharchitecturalstyle.Furthermore,carbondatingtechniquehasindicatedthattheconstructionbysailorstookcemuchlaterthanthe15thcentury.W1【091181题-ThelecturerarguesagainstthetheorypresentedinthereadingthattheinhabitantsofEasterIslandoriginallycamefromSouthAmerica.ThefirstpointinthereadingisthatsettlersfromSouthAmericancouldhavearrivedatEasterIslandbytakingaraftandsailingwithwind.However,thelecturerarguesthattherewerenoremainsofraftsorboatsontheislandthathadsignsofaSouthAmericanorigin.Secondly,thereadingrefersthestonewallsonEasterIslandasevidencebecausetheyhadsimilarstructurewiththeIncastonewallsinSouthAmerica.However,thelecturersaysthattheyonlyhavesuperficialsimilarity.AcloserstudyrevealsthatthestonewallsonEasterIslandwerehollowinside,unlikethoseinSouthAmerica.Finally,thereadingstatesthatsomentsonEasterIslandclearlycamefromSouthAmerica,butthelecturerthrowsdoubtsonthatevidence.HeexinsthattheseedsofnativeSouthAmericanntscouldhavedriftedacrosstheoceanandreachedEasterIsland,andthengerminatedandpropagatedthere.Studiesshowthatevenafterseveraldaysofbeingimmersedinseawater,theseedscanstillgrow.W1【092221题-SomedinosaurfossilswerediscoveredinGhostRanchwhich,accordingtothereadingpassage,couldexinthedeathofaheardofdinosaursinthatarea.Threepossiblehypothesesweregivenastowhythesedinosaursdied,butthelecturerchallengestheseexnations.Thefirsthypothesisisthatthedinosaursmayhavebeenstuckinthemudandeventuallydiedtherebecausetheycouldnotescape.Thistheorywassupportedbyevidencethatmudwasfoundaroundthebones.Weixin:laoxikou.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthedinosaursdidindeeddiestuckinthemud,theirbonesfoundatthesitewouldhavebeenfoundlyingdowninsteadofstandingup.Thesecondhypothesisisthatthedinosaursdiedafterdrinkingpoisonedwatersincetherewerepoisonouschemicalsfoundintheirbodies.However,thelecturerpointstotheremainsoffishalsofoundinthesamesite,arguingthatthesefishshowednosignsofbeingpoisoned,indicatingthatpoisonedwatermaynothavebeenthecauseofdeath.Thelasthypothesisisasuddenfloodwhichhaddrownedthedinosaurstodeath.Thisissupportedbyevidencethattheskeletonofthedinosaursremainedcomplete.Theopposingevidence,however,isthatthedinosaursappearedtohavediedwiththeirneckscurvedinward.Thispostureindicatesthattheirdeathoccurredbeforetheflood.W1【096131题-Thereadingpassageprovidesthreereasonstoargueagainstpayingadmissionchargestonationalparks.However,inthelecture,theprofessorstatesthatadmissionchargesarereasonable.sotheyshouldprovideaccesstoeverytaxpayer.Theprofessor,ontheotherhand,pointsoutthatnoteverytaxpayerwouldpayavisittothenationalpark,soitwouldonlybefairifthosewhodovisittheparkarechargedwithsomeadmissionfees,andthosewhonevervisittheparkarenot.Second,thereadingclaimsthatthenumberofvisitorstonationalparkswilldeclineiftheyarenot.However,thelecturerdoesnotagreewiththis.Hearguesthat,onthecontrary,parksthatchargeadmissionwillreceiveevenmorevisitors.ThisisbecausepeoplewillthinkofparksthatchargehighadmissionfeesasmoreworthvisitingthanthoseparksthatchargelessorprovideFinally,accordingtothereading,workrelatedwithticketsalesanddisposalmaydistractstaff’sattentionfromngmoreimportantthingssuchasprovidingsafetymeasuresandprotectingparkenvironment.Yetthelecturerregardssuchworkasbeneficialbecauseitgivesemployeesattheparkopportunitiestogetclosetovisitors,learnabouttheirneeds,andlistentotheirsuggestionsonhowtoimprovethepark. ThereadingpassagechallengesaclaimthatacavediscoveredinNorthAmericahasahistoryof20,000years.However,thelecturesupportsthisclaim.Firstthereadingarguesthatcarbondatingdoesnotnecessarilyproduceconvincingdataaboutthetrueageofthiscave,becausethecarbonsamplesusedfordatingmighthaveoriginatedfromsomewhereelse.However,theprofessorquestionsthisargument.Hesaysthat,ifthesecarbonelementsindeedcamefromothersources,thereshouldhavebeensignsoferosionorindicationsinthegroundwater.(由于机经回忆不详，无法还原答案细节，考试时请注意听)Second,thereadingstatesthatthelasticeagewasabout20,000yearsago.Thentsandhandicraftsexcavatedfromthiscavecouldnothavedatedsolongagobecausetheyrequirewarmconditionsforpreservation.However,theprofessorarguesthatthecavecouldhavesupportedawarmcondition,becauseitwaslocatedatloweraltitudes,andtemperaturestendedtoincreaseatsuchaltitudes.Third,thereadingpointsoutthathumanoranimalactivitiesovertheagesmighthavemovedlowerlayersofarchaeologicalobjectstoupperlayers,makinginterpretationoftheageoftheseobjectslessaccurate.However,thelecturerrefutesthistheorybysayingthathumanoranimalactivitiescouldonlyhaveaffectedstratificationsclosetothesurfaceofthesoil.Excavationofthecavewasdeepbeneaththesoil,sodestructionatthatdepthwaslessthanpossible.W1【09年10月18日陆托福机经综合写作ManyfarmsintheUSsuffercropdamagefromhail.Cloudseedingisacommontechniqueusedtopreventsuchdamage.Cloudseedingworksbydispersingchemicalssuchassilveriodideintothecloud,turninghailintolightsnow.Threepiecesofevidenceinthereadingpassageprovethatcloudseedingisveryeffectiveinpreventinghaildamagetocrops.However,thelecturerefuteseachofFirst,thelecturerarguesthatsuccessinlabexperimentisnotsufficienttoprovethatcloudseedingisbeneficialinreality.Silveriodidenotonlyreduceshail,butalsoreducesnaturalphenomenonsuchassnowandrain,whichmayleadtodrought.Thisisevenworseforthecrops.Second,successinAsiacannotberepeatedinotherces.Asiancitieshaveahighlevelofpollutionsotherearelargeamountsofparticlesintheairwhichreactwithsilveriodideforcloudseedingtowork.Weixin:laoxikou.However,intheUS,theskiesoverfarmlandsarenotpollutedanddonothavetheseparticles.Socloudseedingisnotlikelytoworkwellintheseregions.Finally,localstudyisnotconvincingeither.Indeedlocalrecordsshowthatinsomecesthatusecloudseeding,occurrencesofhaildamagearereduced.Butinotherceswherecloudseedingisnotused,thereisalsoadecreaseinhaildamage.Sotheimprovedsituationmaynotbetheresultofcouldseeding.Theymaybeduetootherenvironmentalfactors.W1【0910251题-Somehighschoolsrequirestudentstoparticipateinvolunteeractivitiesforatleast2hourseveryweek.Thereadingpassageclaimsthatsuchrequirementisnotmeaningful,whilethelecturearguesthatvolunteerworkisbeneficialtohighschoolstudentsandthereforejustified.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatsomehighschoolstudentscaneasilyfulfilthisrequirementbyreportingthattheyhavedonesomeworkincesliketheirgrandparents’gardens.Thereisnowaytheschoolcanmonitortheirwork.However,thelecturersaysthatstudents’ownreportisonlypartoftheevaluation.Theschoolalsocheckswithrelevantlocalatthestudents’ceofwork,askingforofficial asproofofthestudent’srecordofvolunteerservice.Secondly,thereadingraisestheconcernthatvolunteerworkmandatedbytheschoolmayinstillaconceptinstudents’mindthatvolunteerworkisactuallytiedwithsomeformsofbenefits.Thismaypreventstudentsfromparticipatinginvolunteerworkinthefuturewhenthereisnosuchbenefit.Yetthelecturerexinsthatmanystudentswhohavedonesometypesofvolunteerworksuchasworkinginthehospitalregardsuchexperienceasverypowerfulandrewarding.Theyfeelmotivatedtocontinuengvolunteerworkinthefuture.Finally,accordingtothereadingpassage,requiringstudentstodovolunteerworkisaviolationofstudent’domandrights,whichisillegal.Thelecturer,however,drawsanogybetweenvolunteerworkandacademiccurricula.Hearguesthatifthereisnothingwrongwithschoolsrequiringstudentstotakeacademiccoursessuchasmath,thentheyarenotviolatinganystudent’srightwhentheydemandthestudenttodosomevolunteerwork.W1【0911211题-ThereadingpassagestatesthatitisimpossibletoestablishpermanenthumanpresenceonVenus,duetosignificantchallengescausedbythent’shostilesurfaceenvironment.Yetthelecturerarguesthattherearewaysto ethesechallenges.Thefirstchallengeispressure.TheatmosphericpressureonthesurfaceofVenusisfargreaterthanonEarth,soanyspacecraftthattriestolandonVenusformorethanonehourwouldinevitablycrush. ]However,thelecturerarguesthat50metersabovethesurfaceofVenus,theatmosphericpressureissimilartothatonEarth,sohumanscanprobablyestablishfloatingstationsaboveVenuslikeballoons.Furthermore,waterandoxygen,bothessentialforhumansurvival,arealmostabsentfromVenus.Butthelecturerstatesthatwaterandoxygencanbeproducedbychemicalprocess.VenusprovidesplentyofrawmaterialstoallowsuchprocesssothereisnoneedtotransportwaterandoxygenfromEarthtoVenus.ThefinalchallengeisthedenselayerofcloudsoverVenus,whichblockssunlight,makingnavigationbasedonsolarpowerunlikelyoverVenus.However,thelecturerexinsthatsolarcellscanbeusedeffectivelybecausethereisplentyofsunlightabovethecloudsandthesecloudsalsoreflectsunlightdownbelow,providingabundantsourcesofelectricity ThedodobirdisanextinctspeciesnativetotheislandofMauritius.ThereadingpassageattributestheextinctionofthedodototheDutchsettlementontheisland.However,thelecturerejectsthisFirst,thereadingstatesthatthedodoisaflightlessandsodefenselessbird,buttheywereunafraidofhumans,makingiteasypreyfortheDutchsettlersontheisland.However,thelecturerarguesthattheDutchsettlersfoundthatthedodomeatwasunpleasanttoeat.Actually,theDutchcalledthedodo,intheirnativelanguage,thedisgustingbird.Second,thereadingclaimsthatwhentheDutchsettledontheisland,theyhaddestroyedthe,whichseverelyreducedtheterritoryinwhichdodoscouldliveandreproduce.Thelectureradmitsthattherewasdeationontheisland,buthearguesthatdeationdidnotcovertheentireisland.Healsopointstothefactthatmanyotherbirdspeciesdidnot eextinctbecauseofFinally,incontrasttothereading’sargumentthatadiseasebroughtbytheDutchmayhavekilledthedodos,theprofessorsaysthedodopopulationmayalreadyhavebeendeclining.Hethenblamestheextinctionofthedodoonnaturaldisasterssuchasmassivecyclonesthatdestroyedtheirnestsandeggs.W1【102211题-Thelecturerejectsviewspresentedinthereadingpassageregardingtheeffectivenessofironfertilization.Contrarytowhatthereadingsays,thelecturerarguesthatironfertilizationisapromisingsolutiontoglobalwarning.First,thereadingcriticizesthatironfertilizationisanineffectivesolutionbecauseexperimentsshowthatonlyasmallamountofcarbondioxidecanbeabsorbed.Yetthelecturerrejectsthiscriticism,arguingthatexperimentslasttooshort(onlyamonth)fortheeffectofironfertilizationtobevisible.IncreasedCO2absorptionwouldonlybesignificantinthe2ndor3rdmonth.Second,thereadingwarnsusthattoxicchemicalsreleasedintheprocessofironfertilizationwillharmlocalfisheryaswellashumanswhoeatcontaminatedfish.However,thelecturerarguesthatcontaminationislimitedwithincertainareasonly.Bypracticingironfertilizationinisolatedareasawayfromthefishpopulationwouldhelptoreducesuchrisk.Finally,regardingthereading’sworrythatironfertilizationmaycauseunpredictabledamagetoaregion’smarineeco-system,thelecturerarguesthatsuchriskisworthtakingbecauseironfertilizationaddressamoreimportantissue–globalwarming,whichcausesamuchhigherlevelofrisktotheoceanenvironmentacrosstheentireglobe.Soironfertilizationiscompleyjustifiable.ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidenceformicroscopiclifeinameteoritefromMars.However,thelecturerchallengesthisview,claimingthattheevidenceisflawed.First,microscopicimageofmeteoritefragmentsshowfossilsoftube-likeorganismswhichsuggeststhataprimitiveformoflifemayhaveexistedonMars.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesefossilsmayhaveappearedasaresultofchangesinthemeteoritesample’sshapeandcharacteristicfeatureasitwaspreparedformicroscopicscanning.Second,achemicalcompoundfoundonthemeteoriteisverysimilartoachemicalcompoundonEarthcalledboron(硼),anecessaryingredientforlife.Weixin:laoxikou.YetthisviewiscontestedbythelecturerwhostatesthatthischemicalsubstancedoesnotnecessarilyoriginatefromMarsThemeteoritecouldhavecontainedthischemicalduetoitsimpactwithEarthduringperiodofvolcanicFinallygrainsofmagnetitewerefoundonthemeteoriteresemblingthoseproducedbybacteriaonEarth（类细菌生命体所产生的磁铁矿颗粒）,whichcanbetakenassignsofbiologicalactivityonMarsHoweverthelecturersaysthatcomparedwithEarththemagneticfieldonMarsistooweak,soit’sunlikelythatthesegrainsofmagnetitewereusedbymicrobesonMarstofollowitsmagneticGophertortoisesarelistedasanendangeredspeciesintheUnitedStates.Thereadingpassagethelecturerejectseachofthemeasuresasunlikelytosucceed.Thefirstmeasurementionedinthereadingistheconservationoflongleaf,avitalhabitatforgophertortoises.However,thelecturerarguesthattheabundanceoflongleafpinetreesmayactuallyhaveanegativeimpactontheecosystem,becausetheyblockthesunlightthatisnecessaryforthegrowthofatypeofgrassthatgophertortoisesdependon.Thesecondmeasureistobringyounggophertortoisestoresearchlaboratorieswheretheyarefedandtheirdiseaseiscured,beforereleasingthemtothewild.However,thelecturerconsidersthisasariskypracticebecausegophertortoisesbroughtupinlaboratoryenvironmentismoresusceptibletodiseaseswhentheyarereleasedintothewild,andthesediseasesmayspreadveryquicklyamongthetortoisepopulation.Thethirdmethodistotranslocategophertortoisestoothercarefullyselectedces.Thelecturerejectsthismeasureasevenmoredangerous.Gophertortoise,theprofessorargues,haveastronghominginstinctandwilltrytoreturntotheiroriginalhabitatnomatterwheretheyaretaken.Ontheirwayback,theymayrunintoaseriesofrisks,likebeingrunoverbyacarwhiletheytrytocrossabusyroad.W1【115141题-ThereadingpassagepresentthreetheoriesaslikelyexnationsforthefirstmassextinctionofspeciesonEarth,whilethelecturerejectsthesetheoriesasunfounded.Thefirsttheoryisthatdecliningsealevelscausedtheextinctionofcoastallivingandeventuallymassextinctionofallspecies.However,thelecturersuggeststhatthesealevelflucuationwasagradualprocess,socoastallivesshouldbeabletoadapttosuchchange.Thistheory,therefore,isnotvalidbecauseitdoesnotexinwhythemassextinctionwassorapid.Thesecondtheoryattributesthemassextinctiontovolcanicactivitieswhichproduceexcessiveamountofsulfurdioxide(SO2)inEarth’satmosphereandsubsequentlyinitiatedadropintemperature.YetthelecturerarguesthattheincreaseinSO2levelswasnotsosignificant,andthatanyincreasedamontwouldeventuallyfallbacktothegroundintheformofacidrain.Thethirdtheorylinksthemassextinctiontoanasteroidimpact.Agiantcraterwasformedandthedustanddebrisfromsuchimpactblockedthesunlight,causingntsandanimalstodieout.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatapossibleasteroidimpactwasrecordedaround12millionyearsago,whichcametooearlytohavebeenthecauseofextinction.W1【11年5月29日陆托福机经综合写作Thereadingpassagesupportsdeep-seaminingformineralsnearvolcanicventswhilethelectureraisesdoubtsaboutsuchpractice.Thespeakerarguesthatthebenefitsmentionedinthereadingoverlookseveralimportantconcerns.First,thereadingpassagestatesthatthereareabundantmineralresourcesthatcouldbeexploitednearvolcanicvents.However,thelecturersaysthatthesemineralsmaynotbeeasilyavailablebecausecurrentlythetechnologyneededforseparatingandtransportingthemineralsisnotsufficientlydeveloped.Second,accordingtothereadingpassage,deep-seaminingisenvironmentallysafebecausetheminingsiteisconsiderablyfarawayfromtheshore.Yetthelecturerarguesthatcontaminationcouldspreadoveralargeareaoftheoceanbecausecontaminatingmineralscoulddriftalongway.Someofthecontaminantsmayevenmovebacktothevolcanicvent,endangeringtheanimalspeciesthatinhabitthere.Finally,thereadingpassagementionsthatinternationallawsandagenciescanhelptoensurethesaferunningofminingfacilitiesandpreventaccidents,towhichthelecturerexpressedhisdoubts.Hepointsoutthatmanydeep-seaminingfacilitatesareoperatedoffthecoastthatbelongstoaparticularcountry,inwhichcaseinternationallawsandagenciesarenotapplicablebecausetheyonlyerninternationalseawaters.W1【11年6月19日陆托福机经综合写作】Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothaddressthequestionwhyhumansneedsleep.Thereadingproposesthreetheoriestoexinthepurposeofsleep,butthelecturethrowsdoubtsoneachofthem.Thefirsttheoryisthatpeopleneedsleepinordertoorganizeandconsolidateinformationthathasbeenacquiredduringtheday.ThereadingcitesREMasevidenceofthistheorybecausepeople’sbrainsaresoactiveduringREMsleep.However,thespeakerarguesthatsleepmaynotbeessentialformemory,becausesomepeopledon’tthinkabouttheirdaytimememoriesduringsleep.Theydon’tshowREMeither.Thesecondtheorysuggeststhatsleepisneededforrevitalizingenergy,asisillustratedbysomenocturnalanimalswhichpreyduringthenightandsleepduringtheday.Yetthelecturerstatesthattorestoreenergy,onesimplyneedstorestawake.Sorestorationmaynotbeanessentialfunctionofsleep.Thirdly,someexperimentshaveshownthatsleephelpstoremovetoxinsthathavebeenaccumulatedinthebodysodamagedbraincellscanberepaired.However,thelecturerpointsoutthattheseexperimentresultsmaynotbevalid,becausetheyarebasedonextremecases,inwhichsubjectsarekeptawakeforseveraldaysbeforebeingallowedtosleep.W1【116251题-ThelecturethrowsdoubtsovertheclaimmadeinthereadingpassagethatT.rexwasnotabletorun.Itchallengesthethreepiecesofevidencepresentedinthereadingpassage.ThefirstpointinthereadingisthatT.rexhadsuchahugebodythatifitcouldrun,thenwhenitfell,thedangercouldbefatal.However,thelecturerarguesthatsuchriskwasmuchlessthanthebenefitthatT.rexcouldgainfromtheabilitytorun,becauseitwouldenableT.rextochaseitsprey,askillneededforsurvival.Thisappliestomanyotheranimals,forexamplethemonkey,whichwouldswingfromtreetotreeattheriskofgettingfatallyhurtifitdropstotheground.ThesecondpointinthereadingisthatT.rexhadlongandthinlegs,whichwerenotstrongenoughtosustaintheimposedonthemwhenT.rexwasrunning.Thelecturerrefutesthisargument,usingtheexampleofmoderndayanimalssuchashorses,whichhadthinlegsbutarestillfastrunners.Thehorseisabletoadjustitsrunningposturestominimizeimpactonitsbones.Itdoessobymakingsmallstepsandrepeatingthemfastinordertomoveforward.Weixin:laoxikou.Thethirdpointisthatitiscalculatedthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhave86%ofitsbodyweightspreadamongitslegs,whichwasnotpossible.ButthelecturepointsoutthatthiscalculationisbasedonahypotheticalmodelofT.rex.Underthismodel,manyparameterscouldbewrong.Wecoulddrawatotallyoppositeconclusionifsomeoftheparameterswerechanged,suchasthesizeofT.rex’sinternalorgans,orthepostureofitsbodywhenitwasrunning.W1【119181题-综合写作】Thereadingpassagediscusseswhyawhalesometimesstrandsitselfonthebeach.Itattributeswhales’beachingbehaviortothreepossiblecauses,butthelecturerdoesnotbelieveanyofthesecausestobetrue.First,thelecturersaysthatdisorientationcausedbysicknesscouldnothavebeenthecauseofwhales’beachingbehavior,becausewhenbeachedwaleswerediscoveredandtheirbodieswereexamined,peoplefoundthattheirbodiesdidnotshowanysignsofdiseaseorillness,indicatingthatthewhalesmusthavebeenhealthybeforetheywerestranded.Second,thelecturerarguesthatalthoughmilitaryshipsdoemitpowerfulsonarsignals,theyareunlikelytodisruptwhales’navigationsystem.Thisisbecausetheship’ssonarusesmid-frequencysoundwhilewhalesuselow-frequencysoundfornavigation,somilitarysonarcouldnothavebeenthecauseofwhalestranding.Last,theearth’smagneticfieldchange,fromthelecturer’spointofview,isunlikelytobetherealcauseeither.Manywhalesarestrandedatatimewhenthere’snoearthquake.Eveniftherearecaseswhenstrandingfollowsanearthquake,thelecturerarguesthatthismayonlybeacoincidence. TheReadingliststhreereasonsforthecollapseofMayanculture.However,theprofessorinthelecturethinksthatnoneofthetheseexnationsisadequate.Firstofall,thereadingsuggeststhatthecollapsewascausedbyextremedrought.However,theprofessorinthelectureclaimsthatthefactthatsswerefoundscatteredoverlargestretchesoflandindicatesthattheMayanregionsuffereddroughtevery200years,sinceMayasurvivedpreviousdroughts,itshouldnothavehadanyproblemcomingoutofthisdroughtunaffected.Secondly,thereadingindicatesthatthewritingsystemwasdisruptedandthecitieswereabandonedbecausemanypeoplemovedelsewherebecauseofseveredrought.However,theprofessorinthelecturerefutesbysayingthattheMayawasatwarwithitsneighboringregionsatthattimeandvictorsalwaystookawayeducatedpeoplewhowereabletowrite,causingabreakageinthewritingHowever,theprofessorinthelecturesaysthattheMayanpeoplehadexcellentwatersystemwhichcanstoreupwaterthatcouldsustaintheMayanpeopleforupto15years,sowatercould’thavebeenaproblemforthem.ThereadingpassageproposesthreetheoriesastowhatcausedtheredrainphenomenonFirst,thelecturerdiscreditsthecomettheoryasapossibleexnationforthecoloredrain.HeexinsthatthreeoccurrencesofredrainwerereportedinKeraladuringthepast100years.Ifeachtimeitwascausedbyacomethittingtheearth,therewouldhavebeenthreemeteorexplosionsinornearKerala.Thechancesofthishappeningareextremelyrare.Second,thelecturerarguesthatsanddustsfromthedesertsofArabiacouldnothavebeenthecauseoftheredraineither.Heexinsthatthedustcloudsfromthatregioncontainedgreattiesofelementssuchasironandphosphorus.However,chemicalysisoftherainwatershowedonlysmallamountsoftheseelements.Finally,thepossibilityofsporeproliferationcausingtheredrainisalsoruledoutbythelecturer.Thewidespreadgrowthoflichenscouldspreadredsporesintotheatmosphere.However,fortheselichentoreleasetheirsporesinlargetiesandsimultaneously,itisnecessaryforthemtoentertheirreproductivephaseataboutthesametime,whichisquiteimprobable,becausethelifecircleoflichenisveryshort.W1【1112101题-ThereadingpassageopposesalawintheU.S.thatprohibitstheimportationandsalesofnonnativespecies,whilethelecturedefendssuchlawasjustified.First,thereadingstatesthatmanypetownersfearthat,underthislaw,theexoticanimalstheykeepintheirhomewillbetakenawayby.However,thelecturerreassuresthatthelawonlyprohibitsthetradingofnon-nativespecies,itdoesnoternthecurrentpossessionofexot