美国能源类型与应用规划课件

EnergyResourcesChapter10EnergyResourcesSupplementingfreesolarenergy99%ofheatcomesfromthesunWithoutthesun,theearthwouldbe–2400C(-4000F)Wesupplementtheother1%withprimarilynon-renewableenergysourcesEnergyResourcesRenewable(16%)SolarWindFalling,flowingwaterBiomassNon-renewable(84%)OilNaturalgasCoalNuclearpowerEnergysourcesandusesEnergyusesindevelopedcountriesindustrialdomestictransportationNote:Electricityisnotanenergysource,convertedfromanothersource(coal,hydro,nuclear,etc.).1stLawofThermodynamics-Youcan’tgetmoreenergyoutofsomethingthanyouputin2ondLaw–Inanyconversionofheatenergytousefulwork,someenergyisalwaysdegradedtoalowerqualityenergyEvaluatingEnergyResourcesRenewableFutureavailabilityNetenergyyieldIttakesenergytogetenergyHabitatdegradationCost(initialandongoing)CommunitydisruptionPoliticalorinternationalissuesSuitabilityindifferentlocationsPolluting(air,water,noise,visual)EachtypeofpowerprojectneedstobeevaluatedforthebenefitsandcostsTheenvironmentalcostsofhydroelectricityaremuchdifferentthanwindpower,forexampleImportantNonrenewableEnergySourcesNorthAmericanEnergyResourcesAverageAmericanusesinonedaywhatapersoninthepoorestcountriesuseinoneyearUShasonly2.4%ofworld’soilreservesOILandNATURALGASAccumulationsofdeadmarineorganismsontheoceanfloorwerecoveredbysediments.Muddyrockgraduallyformedrock(shale)containingdispersedoil.Sandstoneformedontopofshale,thusoilpoolsbegantoform.Naturalgasoftenformsontopofoil.PrimarycomponentofnaturalgasismethaneOilPetroleum(crudeoil)Costs:RecoveryRefiningTransportingEnvironmentalHighestrisksareintransportationRefiningyieldsmanyproductsAsphaltHeatingoilDieselPetrochemicalsGasoline…BasedonboilingpointsConventionalOilAdvantagesRelativelylowcostHighnetenergyyieldEfficientdistributionsystemDisadvantagesRunningout42-93yearsLowpricesencouragewasteAirpollutionandgreenhousegasesWaterpollutionArcticNationalWildlifeRefugeControversy:Trade-offsWouldcreatejobsOilresourcesareuncertainUSsupply7-24monthsUncertainenvironmentalimpactsOilShaleandTarSandsTarSand:Mixtureofclay,sandwaterandbitumen-athickandstickyheavyoil.Extractedbylargeelectricshovels,mixedwithhotwaterandsteamtoextractthebitumen.Bitumenheatedtoconverttosyntheticcrudeoil.OilShale:Oilyrocksthatcontainasolidmixofhydro-carbons.Globalsupplies~240timesconventionaloilsupplies.NaturalGas50-90%methaneCleanestoffossilfuelsApproximate200yearsupplyAdvantagesanddisadvantagesCoal–Whatisit?SolidfossilfuelformedinseveralstagesLandplantsthatlived300-400millionyearsagoSubjectedtointenseheatandpressureovermanymillionsofyearsMostlycarbon,smallamountsofsulfurCoalFormationandTypesCoal–whatdoweuseitfor?Stagesofcoalformation300millionyearoldforestspeat>lignite>bituminous>anthracitePrimarilystrip-minedUsedmostlyforgeneratingelectricityUsedtogenerate62%oftheworld’selectricityUsedtogenerate52%oftheU.S.electricityEnoughcoalforabout200-1000yearsU.S.has25%ofworld’sreservesHighenvironmentalimpactCoalgasificationandliquefactionCoal:Trade-offsWorld’smostabundantfossilfuelMiningandburningcoalhasasevereenvironmentalimpactAccountsforover1/3oftheworld’sCO2emissionsNuclearEnergy–Whatisit?A

nuclearchangeinwhichnucleiofcertainisotopeswithlargemassnumbersaresplitapartintolighternucleiwhenstruckbyneutrons.Nuclei–centerofanatom,makingup0mostoftheatom’smassIsotopes–twoormoreformsofachemicalelementthathavethesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentmassnumbersbecausetheyhavedifferentnumbersofneutronsintheirnuclei.Neutron–elementaryparticleinallatoms.Radioactivity–Unstablenucleiofatomsshootout“chunks”ofmassandenergy.NuclearEnergyFissionreactorsUranium-235FissionResultingheatusedtoproducesteamthatspinsturbinestogenerateelectricityProducesradioactive fissionfragmentsLightwatergenerator–usedinallU.S.and85%worldwide.Greatdangeroflosingcoolant!LocationsofU.S.NuclearPowerPlantsTheNuclearFuelCycleProduceshighlyradioactivematerialsthatmustbestoredsafelyfor10,000-240,000years.

ConventionalNuclearPower:Trade-offsNonewplantsinU.S.since1978.All120plantsorderedin1973havebeencancelled.Costover-runsHighoperatingcostsThreeMileIslandChernobylThreeMileIsland-PennsylvaniaMarch28,1979-PartialCoreMelt-Down.NoDeaths.VeryLittleRadiationVented.PublicRelationsDisaster.Chernobyl–Ukraine(FormerUSSR)April26,1986Oneoffourreactorsexplodes.31immediatedeaths.116,000peopleevacuated.24,000evacueesreceivedhighdosesofradiation.Thyroidcancerinchildren.Damagedreactorentombedinconcrete,otherreactorsreturnedtoservicewithinmonths.Eventually,remainingreactorsoutofservice.DealingwithNuclearWasteHigh-andlow-levelwastesTerroristthreats–storagecaskshold5-10Xmoreling-livedradioactivitythanthenuclearpowerplantDisposalproposalsUndergroundburialDisposalinspace(illegalunderinternationallaw)Burialinicesheets(““)Dumpingintosubductionzones(““)Burialinoceanmud(““)Conversionintoharmlessmaterials(nowaytodothiswithcurrenttechnology)YuccaMountainIn1982,Congresscalledforahigh-levelradioactivedisposalsitetobeselectedbyMarch1987,andtobecompletedby1998.FinalSiteSelectionOccurredin1989.YuccaMountain,NevadaNottobecompletedbefore2015.WastesstoredandguardedinoneplacePossiblelong-termgroundwatercontaminationSecurityandsafetyconcernsduringwastetransporttothesiteCriticscontenditissafertostorewastesatexistingnuclearpowerplants.PermanentUndergroundDisposalofNuclearWastesStorageContainersFuelrodPrimarycanisterOverpackcontainersealedUndergroundBuriedandcappedGroundLevelUnloadedfromtrainLowereddownshaftPersonnelelevatorAirshaftNuclearwasteshaftLow-LevelWaste–(materialsotherthantheradioactiveisotopes)Includescoolingwaterfromnuclearreactors,materialfromdecommissionedreactors,protectiveclothing,andlikematerials.Priorto1970,USaloneplaced50,000barrelsoflow-levelradioactivewasteontheoceanfloor.Moratoriumin1970,Banin1983.EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy84%ofenergyiswastedintheUnitedStates41%degradation(2ondlawofThermodynamics)43%unnecessaryFuelwastingvehiclesFurnacesPoorlyinsulatedbuildingsU.S.unnecessarilywastes2/3oftheenergythattherestoftheworld’spopulationconsumes!EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyFourprimaryenergywasters:Incandescentlightbulb95%NuclearPower–86%Cars–75-80%Coal–66%EnergyEfficiencies–domorewithless!WaystoImproveEnergyEfficiencyCogeneration–combinesheatandpowerTwoformsofenergy(ex.steamandelectricity)areprovidedfromthesamefuelsource.UsedinWesternEurope,U.S.produces9%ofelectricityusingcogenerationplants)EfficientelectricmotorsHigh-efficiencylightingIncreasingfueleconomyAlternativevehiclesInsulationPlugleaksHybridandFuelCellCarsHybridcarsstillusetraditionalfossilfuelsEnergyotherwisewastedchargesbatterywhichassistsaccelerationandhillclimbingMoreefficientthaninternalcombustionenginealone,butstillusesnon-renewableresourcesFuelcellcarsnotyetavailableHydrogengasisfuelVeryefficientLowpollutionMajorinfrastructurechange neededforfuelingstationsRenewableenergysourcesSolarFlowingwaterWindBiomassGeothermalHydrogenUsingSolarEnergytoProvideHeatPassivesolarheatingActivesolarheatingUsingSolarEnergytoProvideHigh-TemperatureHeatandElectricitySolarthermalsystemsPhotovoltaic(PV)cellsProducingElectricityfromMovingWaterLarge-scalehydropowerSmall-scalehydropowerTidalpowerplantWavepowerplantProducingElectricityfromWindProducingEnergyfromBiomassBiomassandbiofuelsBiomassplantationsCropresiduesAnimalmanureBiogasEthanolMethanolGeothermalEnergyGeothermalheatpumpsGeothermalexchangeDryandwetsteamHotwaterMoltenrock(magma)Hotdry-rockzonesTheH