High-Energy-Heavy-Ion-Collisions-from-RHIC-to-LHC：高能重离子碰撞从RHIC的大型强子对撞机教学课件

PresentandFuturePerspectivesofRelativisticHeavy-IonCollisions고려대학교홍병식2019년10월8일1서울대학교콜로퀴움MotivationofHICollisionsInvestigatingtheQCDpredictionofadeconfined(&chiralsymmetryrestored)high-energy-densityphaseofnuclearmatterQGP

isthoughttohaveexistedtenmillionthsofsecondafterthe

BigBang;creatingtheprimordialmatterofuniverseinthelaboratory.High-energynuclearcollisionswill

compress

and

heat

theheavynucleisomuchthattheirindividualprotonsandneutronsoverlapandlotsofpionsarise,creatingthe

Quark-GluonPlasma(QGP)2019년10월8일2서울대학교콜로퀴움Quark-GluonPlasmaBigBangEW&QCDSeparate(GUT)WI&QEDSeparateHeFormation

AtomFormationGalaxy&StarFormationFirstSupernovae

Present2019년10월8일3서울대학교콜로퀴움Heavy-IonCollisionsSomeoftheenergytheyhadbeforeistransformedintoheatandnewparticlesrighthere!Approaching99.95%cCollisionsPassingthroughExpansion2019년10월8일4서울대학교콜로퀴움PhasesofNuclearMatterT(MeV)Density(n0)~150~10EarlyUniverse(RHIC,LHC)ColorSuperconductorNeutronStarHadronGasQuark-GluonPlasmaPhaseTransitionAtomicNuclein0=0.17/fm31fm=10-15m

1MeV~1010K2019년10월8일5서울대학교콜로퀴움Heavy-IonAcceleratorsAcceleratorc.m.Energy(GeV)StatusSIS18(GSI,Germany)2A(A=massnumber)RunningAGS(BNL,USA)5AFinishedSIS200(GSI,Germany)8AJustapproved;Plantorunfrom~2019SPS(CERN,Switzerland)20AFinishsoonRHIC(BNL,USA)200ARunningsince2000LHC(CERN,Switzerland)5500APlantorunfrom~20192019년10월8일6서울대학교콜로퀴움RelativisticHeavyIonColliderBrookhavenNationalLab.inNewYork

Circumference:3.83kmFirstcollision:2000100AGeVAu+Au(2X1026/cm2/s)250GeVp+p(2X1032/cm2/s)2019년10월8일7서울대학교콜로퀴움MoreaboutthePHENIX

PHENIX=PioneeringHighEnergyNuclearInteraction

eXperiment2019년10월8일8서울대학교콜로퀴움PHENIXtheReality

May20192019년10월8일9서울대학교콜로퀴움ShoppingList

1.DeconfinementR(U)~0.13fm<R(J/Y)~0.29fm<R(Y’)~0.56fm(Electrons,Muons)2.ChiralSymmetryRestorationMass,width,branchingratioofFtoe+e-,K+K-withdM<5MeV

(Electrons,Muons,Hadrons)Baryonsusceptibility,colorfluctuations,anti-baryonproduction

(Hadrons)DCC’s,Isospinfluctuations

(Photons,ChargedHadrons)3.ThermalRadiationofHotGasPromptg,Promptg*toe+e-,m+m-

(Photons,Electrons,Muons)4.StrangenessandCharmProductionProductionofK+,K-mesons(Hadrons)ProductionofF,J/Y,Dmesons(Electrons,Muons)5.JetQuenchingHighpTjetvialeadingparticlespectra(Hadrons,Photons)6.Space-TimeEvolutionHBTCorrelationsofp±

p±,K±K±

(Hadrons)Summary:Electrons,Muons,Photons,Hadrons2019년10월8일10서울대학교콜로퀴움12nations57institutes460people2019년10월8일11서울대학교콜로퀴움SelectedResultsGlobalFeaturesParticleMultiplicityTransverseEnergyFlowIdentifiedParticlesHadronsElectronsStudiedvsCentralitySystemSizeBeamEnergyAllresultspresentedhereareforp+p&Au+Aucollisionsat

=130and200GeV2019년10월8일12서울대학교콜로퀴움ParticleMultiplicityPHOBOSCompilation(PRL88,022302(2019))HIisproducingmoreparticlesthanelementaryp-porp-pbaratthesamebeamenergyNpart=#ofparticipantnucleons2019년10월8일13서울대학교콜로퀴움EventCharaterizationUsethecombinationofZeroDegreeCalorimeters(energyofunboundspectatorneutrons)Beam-BeamCounters(chargedmultiplicity)todefinecentralityclassesUse

GlauberModelingtoextractthenumberofparticipants0-5%5-10%10-15%etc.CentralityCollisionsParticipants0-5%94515%34715%5-15%67315%27115%15-30%38315%17815%30-60%12315%7615%60-80%1960%1960%80-92%3.760%560%2019년10월8일14서울대학교콜로퀴움GlobalVariablesYieldsgrowsignificantlyfasterthanNpartEvidenceforthehardscattering(Nbin)termPhys.Rev.Lett.86,3500(2019)FirstPHENIXpaper2019년10월8일15서울대학교콜로퀴움GluonSaturation?r/gggEskola,Kajantie,andTuominen:hep-ph/0009246Kharzeev,Nandi:nucl-th/0012025Gluonbeginstofusewithhighenoughgluondensity;limittheparticleproduction

GluonSaturationdoesnotsetinforperipheralcollisions:needtolookforthecentralcollisions

2019년10월8일16서울대학교콜로퀴움InitialEnergyDensity

Bjorken’s1-Dhydrodynamicmodel~4.6-23GeV/fm3PRL87,52301(2019)

Timetothermalizethesystem(~1.0-0.2fm/c?)EnergydepositioniscertainlylargeenoughtoreachtheQGPLatticeeceBj

~4.6GeV/fm3J.NagleeBj

~23.0GeV/fm32019년10월8일17서울대학교콜로퀴움QGPProbesExpectationquarksandquarkoniumstatesmayresponddifferentlytoaplasmacomparedtoordinarynuclearmatterHardProbesFormedininitialcollisionswithhighQ2CalculableinpQCDgivenPartonstrunturefunctionHardscatteringrateFragmentationfunctionqqHadronjetHadronjet2019년10월8일18서울대학교콜로퀴움PartonicEnergyLossinQGPqqBaier,Dokshitzer,Mueller,Schiff,hep-ph/9907267Gyulassy,Levai,Vitev,hep-pl/9907461Wang,nucl-th/9812021andmanymore…..PartonsareexpectedtolooseenergyviagluonradiationintraversingaQGP(jetquenching)

HadronsabovepT>2GeVexpectedtobefromjetfragmentationLookforasuppressionofleadinghadronsinthatpTregion2019년10월8일19서울대학교콜로퀴움OtherNuclearEffectsPredictionforRHICTheyenhancethehighpT

hadronssoft/hardtransition?

CroninEffect+Shadowing2019년10월8일20서울대학교콜로퀴움HadronSpectraat130AGeVCentralScaledppPeripheralPeripheralCentralScaledpp2019년10월8일21서울대학교콜로퀴움SuppressionObservedratioofpT-spectraAAcentral/ppRAA=1forscalingwithnumberofbinarycollisionsRAA<1forcentralreactionsat130AGeVobservedinneutralpionsandchargedhadrons

(PHENIXandSTAR)Phys.Rev.Lett.88,022301(2019)2019년10월8일22서울대학교콜로퀴움ComparisonwithSPSDataRAA>1forreactionsatSPSandISRWA98,Eur.Phys.J.C23,225-236(2019)2019년10월8일23서울대학교콜로퀴움DatavsTheoryShadowing+CroninEnergyLossScaledppPeripheraldataCentraldataEnergyLossShadowing+CroninScaledpp<dE/dx>=7.3GeV/fm

15xhigherthanin

coldnuclearmatter(HERMES)X.N.WangPRC61,064910(2000)E.Wang&X.N.Wang,hep-ph/0202105Centraldata2019년10월8일24서울대학교콜로퀴움NewResultsat200AGeVppandAAmeasuredinthesamedetector2019년10월8일25서울대학교콜로퀴움Suppressionstrongsuppressioninp0:decreasingwithpT

factor6atpT=6-8GeV/csimilarsuppressioninchargedhadronsRAAslightlyhigheratintermediatepT?discrepanciesinchargedRAAbetweenexperimentsGlaubercalculations?NN-reference?betterconsistency

betweenSTARandPHENIX

forcentral/peripheral!PHENIX,PRL91,072301(2019)2019년10월8일26서울대학교콜로퀴움JetCorrelationatRHICEstablishnear-side(trigger-jet)andfar-side(counter-jet)correlationinppAnsatz:correlationinAAassuperpositionofppdataandellipticflowppsignalfromppdataellipticflowfromreactionplaneanalysisquantifydeviationsfromppbyintegralsaroundDf=0andp

back-to-backcorrelationdisappearsincentralAuAuPRL90,082302(03’),STARCollaboration2019년10월8일27서울대학교콜로퀴움d+AuControlExperimentCollisionsofsmallwithlargenucleiwerealwaysforeseenasnecessarytoquantifycoldnuclearmattereffects.Recenttheoreticalworkonthe“ColorGlassCondensate”modelprovidesalternativeexplanationofdata:Jetsarenotquenched,butareapriorimadeinfewernumbers.ColorGlassCondensate

hep-ph/0212316byKharzeev,Levin,&NardiSmall+Largedistinguishesallinitialandfinalstateeffects.Nucleus-nucleuscollisionProton/deuteron-nucleuscollisionVS.2019년10월8일28서울대학교콜로퀴움d+AuSpectraFinalspectraforchargedhadronsandidentifiedpions.Dataspan7ordersofmagnitude.2019년10월8일29서울대학교콜로퀴움RAAvs.RdAforIdentifiedp0d+AuAu+AuInitialStateEffectsOnlyInitial+FinalStateEffects

d-AuresultsruleoutCGCastheexplanationforJetSuppressionatCentralRapidityandhighpT2019년10월8일30서울대학교콜로퀴움ChargedHadronResultsStrikingdifferenceofd+AuandAu+Auresults.ChargedHadronshigherthanneutralpions.CroninEffect:MultipleCollisionsbroadenhighPTspectrum2019년10월8일31서울대학교콜로퀴움CentralityDependenceDramaticallydifferentandoppositecentralityevolutionofAu+Auexperimentfromd+Aucontrolone.JetSuppressionisclearlyafinalstateeffect.“PHENIXPreliminary”results,consistentwithPHOBOSdatainsubmittedpaperAu+AuExperimentd+AuControlExperimentPreliminaryDataFinalData2019년10월8일32서울대학교콜로퀴움SummaryatPresentRHICcollisionsproducemoreparticlesandenergythaneverproduced.Thereisanevidencethatthedensematterbehavescollectively.Fireballisclosetotheconditionforearlyuniverseintheenergydensityestimateandantiproton/protonratio(>0.6).Jetquenchingisobservedwithhighptsinglehadronsandjetcorrelations(Croninind+Au).Firstspectraforelectronandimplicationsforcharmproduction.2019년10월8일33서울대학교콜로퀴움FutureEstablishthattheQGPisformedviaBlackbodyradiationfromhotQGPPresenceofcolorDebyescreeningofQGPExploretheenergyandsystemsizedependencesSpinstructurefunctionofantiquarksandgluonsbypolarizedprotoncollisionsFutureProjectCBM/SIS200/GSIheavy-ioncollisionsExplorethehighestbaryondensitynuclearmatterCMS/LHC/CERNheavy-ioncollisionsbproductionviamuondetectionandjetproduction2019년10월8일34서울대학교콜로퀴움ExploringNuclearMatteratthehighest-density

B.Frimanetal.,Eur.Phys.J.A3,165(2019)2019년10월8일35서울대학교콜로퀴움Motivation-StrangenessWhenthisenhancementofhyperonsstarts?QGPalreadyat30AGeV?UniquemaximuminAA

2019년10월8일36서울대학교콜로퀴움Motivation-e+e-pair2019년10월8일37서울대학교콜로퀴움Motivation-CharmSIS18:strangenessproductionnearthreshold(1-3n0)SIS200:charmproductionnearthreshold(5-10n0)In-mediumeffects2019년10월8일38서울대학교콜로퀴움MoreMotivationsIndicationsfordeconfinementathighbaryondensityAnomalouscharmoniumsuppressionTemperatureofHotNuclearMatterVirtualphotonsdecayingintoe+e-pairsEquation-of-StateFlowmeasurement(direct,v2,radial,etc.)CriticalPointEvent-by-EventfluctuationsColorSuperconductivityPrecursoreffectsatT>TC2019년10월8일39서울대학교콜로퀴움How?AcceleratorSideRequirehighintensityforrareparticlemeasurements:~109ions/sec(cf.~107ions/secattheSPS)Highspillfraction:0.8(cf.0.25attheSPS)DetectorSideIdentificationofhadronsathighmomentumwithhightrackdensityenvironment(~1000for25AGeVAu+Au)Identificationofelectronswithpionsuppressionby104–105(needtwoelectrondetectors)ReconstructionofparticleverticeswithhighresolutionLargeacceptance2019년10월8일40서울대학교콜로퀴움2ndGenerationFixedTargetExp.Magneticfield:1-2TSiliconPixel/Strip:hyperonsandD’sRICH:electrons,highmomentumpions&kaonsTRD:electronsfromtheJ/PsidecayTOFStart:diamondpixelStop:RPCCBMDetectorConcept2019년10월8일41서울대학교콜로퀴움FutureFacilityatGSIHADESat2-8AGeV

CBMat8-40AGeV

2019년10월8일42서울대학교콜로퀴움WhatisLHC?100munderground9kmdiameter27kmcircumferenceUsethealreadyexistedLEPtunnel

Runp-pcollisionsfrom2019RunPb-Pbcollisionsfromabout20192019년10월8일43서울대학교콜로퀴움CMS(CompactMuonSolenoid)2019년10월8일44서울대학교콜로퀴움KoreainCMSKoreaItalyFRPCTotalArea1,400m22019년10월8일45서울대학교콜로퀴움KoreanRPC:BeamTestatCERN2019TestSetup

2019년10월8일46서울대학교콜로퀴움KoreanRPC:PerformanceSummaryCharacteristicsCMSRequirementsTestResultsTimeResolution<3nsec<1.5nsecEfficiency>95%>95%RateCapability>1kHz/cm2>1kHz/cm2NoiseRate<15Hz/cm2<15Hz/cm2PlateauRegion>300V>400V2019년10월8일47서울대학교콜로퀴움MoreDetailsBeamtestresultsofalargeforwardresistiveplatechamberfortheCMS/LHC,Nucl.Instum.MethodsA443,31(2000)Temperatureandhumiditydependence