2023年考研考博考博英语中南大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案

2023年考研考博考博英语中南大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Severalhundredmillionyearsago,plantssimilartomodemfernscoveredvaststretchesoftheland.Somewereaslargeastrees,withgiantfrondsbunchedatthetopoftrunksasstraightaspillars.Otherswerethesizeofbushesandformedthicketsofmeundergrowth.Stillotherslivedintheshadeofgiantclubmossesandhorsetailsalongtheedgesofswampylagoonswheregiantamphibiansswam.Agreatnumberoftheseplantsweretrueferns,reproducingthemselveswithoutfruitsorseeds.Othershadonlytheappearanceofferns.Theirleaveshadorgansofsexualreproductionandproducedseeds.Althoughtheir“flowers”didnothavecorollasthesefalseferns(todaycompletelyextinct)usheredintheeraoffloweringplants.Tracesofthesefloraoftheearliesttimeshavebeenpreservedintheformoffossils.Suchtracesaremostcommonlyfoundinshaleandsandstonerockswedgedbetweencoalbeds.Todayonlytropicalforestsbearlivingproofoftheancientgreatnessofferns.ThespeciesthatgrowtherearenolongerthoseoftheCarboniferousperiod,buttheirvarietyandvastnumbers,andthegreatsizeofsome,remindusofthetimewhenfernsruledtheplantkingdom.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacharacteristicoftheplantsdescribedinthepassage?2.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?问题1选项A.Theyoncespreadoverlargeareasofland.B.TheyvariedgreatlyinsizeC.Theycoexistedwithamphibians,mosses,andhorsetailsD.Theyclungtotreetrunksandbushesforsupport问题2选项A.Plantreproduction.B.Howtolocatefossils.C.Anancientformofplantlife.D.Tropicalplantlife.2.单选题Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding-Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Whatismore,becausepeptidehormonescannotcrosstheblood-brainbarrier;researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.Furthermorethismethodcannotbeusedtodeterminethelocationinthebodywherethedetectedsubstancesareactuallyproduced.Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.Ifbraincellsaremakingthehormones,thecellswillcontainthesemRNA’s.Iftheproductsthebraincellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecDNA’sshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.ThecellscontainingthesemRNA’scanthenbeisolatedandtheirmRNA’sdecodedtodeterminejustwhattheirproteinproductsareandhowcloselytheproductsresemblethetruepeptidehormones.ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.Roberts,expressingthesentimentofmanyresearchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyinput.Theprocessofgrindingoutproteinpurificationsisjusttooslow.”If,astheinitialtestswithcDNAprobessuggest,peptidehormonesreallyaremadeinthebraininareasotherthanthehypothalamus,atheorymustbedevelopedthatexplainstheirfunctioninthebrain.Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.Anumberofotherresearchersproposethattheymightbeusedforintercellularcommunicationinthebrain.1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthepassage?2.Thepassagesuggeststhatasubstancedetectedinbrainbyuseofantiserumstopeptidehormonesmay（

）.3.Thepassageimpliesthat,indoingresearchonratbrains,Rosendiscoveredthat（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisawayinwhichtheimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesdiffersfromthemolecularmethod?问题1选项A.IsMolecularBiologytheKeytoUnderstandingIntercellularCommunicationintheBrain?B.MolecularBiology:CanResearchersExploitItsTechniquestoSynthesizePeptideHormones?C.TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheImmunologicalApproachtoDetectingPeptideHormones.D.PeptideHormones:HowScientistsAreAttemptingtoSolveProblemsofTheirDetection.问题2选项A.havebeenstoredinthebrainforalongperiodoftimeandtoUnderstandTheirFunctionB.playnoroleinthefunctioningofthebrainC.havebeenproducedinsomepartofthebodyotherthanthebrainD.playanimportantroleinthefunctioningofhypothalamus问题3选项A.peptidehormonesareusedforintercellularcommunicationB.complementaryDNA’sdonotbindtocellsproducingpeptidehormonesC.productscloselyresemblingpeptidehormonesarenotidenticaltopeptidehormoneD.somepeptidehormonesdonotfunctionasgrowthregulators问题4选项A.Theimmunologicalmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithproductsofhormone-producingcells,whereasthemolecularmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithaspecificcomponentofthecellsthemselves.B.Theimmunologicalmethodhasproducedresultsconsistentwithlong-heldbeliefsaboutpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodhasproducedresultsthatupsetthesebeliefs.C.Theimmunologicalmethodusesprobesthatcanonlybindwithpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodusesprobesthatbindwithpeptidehormonesandsubstancessimilartothemD.Theimmunologicalmethodcanonlybeusedtotestforthepresenceofpeptidehormoneswithinthehypothalamus,whereasthemolecularmethodcanbeusedthroughoutthebrain.3.单选题Blusterywindsknockedoffhatsandrattledwindows,andtheadventurousboyswere（

）.问题1选项A.terrifiedB.delightedC.exclamatoryD.deceitful4.单选题Thepurchaseofanewmansionandabrand-newautomobilehasbecomethe（

）ofthenewgenerationofwhite-collarworkeralongwiththeirdesireofholidaysoverseas.问题1选项A.tenacityB.attractionC.inspirationD.aspiration5.单选题Thehumanintelligencethatcreatedindustrialcivilizationnowhastheassignmentofmakingthatcivilization（

）man’sbasicprerequisites.问题1选项A.compatiblewithB.warrantableforC.assignabletoD.reducibleto6.单选题AlthoughthefeedingactivitiesofwhalesandwalrusesgivetheseaflooroftheBeringShelfadevastatedappearance,theseactivitiesseemtobeactually（

）tothearea,enhancingitsproductivity.问题1选项A.destructiveB.rehabilitativeC.beneficialD.detrimental7.单选题Thenewbiologicalpsychiatrydoesnotdenythecontributingroleofpsychologicalfactorsmayactasacatalystonexistingphysiologicalconditionsand（

）suchillnesses.问题1选项A.disguiseB.impedeC.consummateD.precipitate8.单选题Theirmindsandbodiesworkfasterthanmost（

）races,makingthemseemrestlessorhyperactive.问题1选项A.sapientB.cleverC.smartD.brave9.单选题AsbefitsanationmadeupofimmigrantsfromallovertheChristianworld,AmericanshavenodistinctiveChristmassymbols;butwehavetakenthesymbolsofallthenationsandmadethemourown.TheChristmastree,thehollyandtheivy,themistletoe,theexchangeofgifts,themythofSantaClaus,andthecarolsofallnations,theplumpuddingandthewassailbowlareallelementsintheAmericanChristmasofthemid-twentiethcentury.ThoughwehavenoChristmassymbolsofourown,theAmericanChristmasstillhasadistinctiveaurabyvirtueoftwocharacteristicelements.Thefirstoftheseisthat,asmightbeexpectedinanationasdedicatedtothecarryingonofbusinessastheAmericannation,thedominantroleoftheChristmasfestivitieshasbecometoserveasastimulustoretailbusiness.ThethemesofChristmasadvertisingbegintoappearasearlyasSeptember,andtheopenseasononChristmasshoppingbeginsinNovember.Fiftyyearsago,ThanksgivingDaywasregardedastheopeningdayoftheseasonforChristmasshopping;today,theseasonopensimmediatelyafterHalloween.Thus,virtuallyawholemonthhasbeenaddedtotheChristmasseason-forshoppingpurposes.Second,theChristmasseasonoffestivitieshasinsensiblycombinedwiththeNewYear’scelebrationintoonelengthenedperiodofSaturnalia.Thisstartswiththe“officeparties”afewdaysbeforeChristmas,continuesonChristmasEve,nowtheoccasioninAmericaofoneoftwolarge-scalerevelsthatmarktheseason-savethattheChristmasEverevelsareoftenpunctuatedbyavisittooneofthelargerchurchesformidnightMass,whichhasincreasinglytendedtobecomeblendedintoapartoftheentertainmentaspectoftheseason-andcontinuesinspiritedeuphoriauntilNewYear’sEve,thesecondofthelarge-scalerevels.NewYear'sDayisspentresting,possiblyregrettingone’sexcesses,watchingafootball“bowl”game,andindulginginthelenitiveofone'schoice.January2marks,formost,thereturntotemperanceanddecorumandbusinessasusual.1.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthemannerinwhichChristmasiscelebratedintheUnitedStatesisoneof（

）.2.Whichofthefollowingwouldbemostinaccordwiththemainideasofthepassage?3.WhatwouldtheauthorofthepassagelikelysaybywayofanalysisoftheuseofChristmascardsbyAmericanstocelebrateChristmas?4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestbeinferredfromthepassage?问题1选项A.greatdisapprovalB.humorousconfusionC.laudatoryacclaimD.objectiveanalysis问题2选项A.InPuritanMassachusettsBayColony,itwasacrime,punishablebythestocks,tofailtoobserveChristmas.B.ChristmascustomsinEuropeandAmericathatareassociatedwiththeFeastoftheNativitywerenotoriginallyChristian.C.RudolphtheRed-nosedReindeerhasbecomeatraditionalaspectofChristmas,yetwascreatedonlyafewyearsagobycommercialinterests.D.Inwidelyseparatedareasoftheworld,religiousobservancestendtoclusteraroundstrikingnaturalphenomena.问题3选项A.ThesendingoflargenumbersofexpensivecardsislargelyanextensionofthebusinessaspectoftheAmericanChristmascelebration.B.Thereachingouttomanyfriends,bothcloseandfar,throughthecards,isanextensionofthefestivespiritoftheAmericanChristmascelebration.C.ThemultiplicityofcardsandformsisareflectionoftheveryheterogeneousviewsofAmericansonthecelebrationofChristmas.D.TheextensionoftheChristmasseasonhaspermittedmorecardstobesentandhandledbytheoverworkedpostalsystem.问题4选项A.Thegreatwavesofimmigrantsfrommanycountriesinthelate1800’sandearly1900’shadasignificanteffectontheAmericancelebrationofChristmas.B.OnlytheearliestsettlersbroughttraditionsonwhichtheAmericanChristmascelebra-tionisbased.C.EveryyearseesthestartofanewChristmas“tradition.”D.TheSaturnaliaofChristmasweekisa,releasefromthehardworkoftheChristmasshoppingseason.10.单选题Heatisnothingmorethantheenergyofatomsinmotion;so,ifyoucanslowdownatoms,youarecoolingthem（

）.问题1选项A.ineffectB.nexttoC.atrandomD.inhand11.单选题Britain’spressisunusual（

）itisdividedintotwoverydifferenttypesofnewspapers:thequalitypressandpopularpress.问题1选项A.inhowB.inthatC.inwhatD.inwhich12.单选题Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge（

）ourthinking.问题1选项A.whichtobebasedonB.uponwhichtobaseC.towhichtobebasedonD.whichtobaseupon13.单选题Itisregrettablethatstudentsdonot（

）theirstudentloansandtherebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.问题1选项A.reimburseB.refurbishC.relinquishD.recount14.单选题Onestrategyissimplytopersuadepeopletostaylonger,whichprovidesmoretimeforemployerstospotand（

）thebestperformers.问题1选项A.extinguishB.siegeC.seduceD.estimate15.翻译题ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.宇宙间繁星密布，人们以为这之中有一些如我们的太阳一样为行星环绕，而在这些行星上可能存在有智能的生物，或许他们比我们更先进。所以有可能在百万年左右某些生物乘坐自己的飞船穿越太空时，会发现我们的某艘“旅行者(Voyager)”号飞船。星球之间的距离十分遥远，这样的一次相聚可能性极小，但这并不是完全不可能的。科学家希望有机会和我们遥远的邻居传递信息，让他们知道我们这个蓝色的星球曾经是相当聪明的、多少有点文明的人类的家园。16.单选题Amajorgoaloflaw,todeterpotentialcriminalsbypunishingwrongdoers,isnotservedwhenthepenaltyissoseldominvokedthatitceasestobea（

）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.credibleD.deceptive17.翻译题ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

Oncethemonologuebegins,theKnowledgeableOnedronesonandon.TheKnowledgeableOneisafactperson.（1）

ShemaybethehistoryprofwhoknowsthedeathtollofeveryCivilWarbattle,thebiologyprofwhocandiagramallthecommonbiologicalmolecules,theaccountingprofwhoenumerateseveryclauseofthefederaltaxform.Oblivioustostudents’tiredeyesandstifledyawns,theKnowledgeableOnedelivershermonologue,dispensingonedryfactafteranother.（2）Theonlyadvantagetobeingonthereceivingendofthisboringmonologueisthatstudentsdonothavetoworryaboutbeingcalledontoquestionapointorprovideanopinion;theKnowledgeableOneisnotwillingtogiveuponeminuteofhertimebygivingstudentsavoice.Assumeforonemomentthatstudentactuallymanagestostayawakeduringthemonologueandisbraveenoughtoaskaquestion.Insuchacase,theKnowledgeableOnewilladdressthequestioningstudentas“Mr.”or“Miss.”（3）Thisformalitydoesnot,assomestudentsmistakenlysuppose,indicaterespectforthestudentasafledglingmemberoftheacademiccommunity.Notatall.ThisimpersonalityrepresentstheKnowledgeableOne’sdesiretokeepaswideadistanceaspossiblebetweenherandherstudents.TheKnowledgeableOne’smonologuealwayscomestoacloseattheprecisesecondtheclassisscheduledtoend.（4）

NosoonerhasshedeliveredherlastforgettablewordthantheKnowledgeableOnepacksuphernotesandshootsoutthedoor,headingbacktotheprivacyofheroffice,whereshecanpursueherspecializedacademicinterestfreeofanypossibleinterruptionfromstudents.TheKnowledgeableOne’shastydeparturefromthelecturehallmakesitclearshehasnodesiretotalkwithstudents.（5）

Inhereyes,shehasmetherobligations,shehastakentimeawayfromherresearchtotransmittostudentswhatsheknow.Anyclosercontactmightmeanshewouldriskcontagionfromstudents,thatgreatunwashedmass.Suchadangeristobeavoidedatallcosts.18.翻译题ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

What’sthebestteacher?Experience,ofcourse!It’spriceless.

Itcomesfromwhatyouyourselfhaveseen,heard,tasted,smelledandfelt—whatyouyourselfhavelivedthrough.Takeacloserlook.Lookatourlimitations.

Nowonderexperienceissopreciousinthatwecan’tbegintogetenoughofit,evencannotexperienceagainwhatwejustlivedthrough.We’renotbornwithinstantreplay.Wecan’tactuallyreliveanymoment.And,obviously,we’relimitedtoonelifetime.Spaceandtime!Howtheylimitus.Whohasatimemachinetocarryhimbackintohistory?Noone.It’sthesamewithspace.

Wecan’tliterallybeintwoplacesatthesametime.Rightnow,youcan’tbesittingwhereyouareandatthesametimebestrollingdownthefamedChampsElyseesinParis(巴黎香榭丽舍大道).Andthere’ssomuchexperienceweneed.What’sitreallyliketoworkonanassemblyline?What’sitreallyliketobeasecretary?Here’swherereadingfits.

Itcanbringus,personally,almostunlimitedadditionalexperience;tobesure,it’ssecondhandexperience.Butit’softenso,vividitseemsfirsthand,justasifwe’relivingthroughitourselves,beingmovedtotears,laughterorsuspense.Thatrichrangeofexperienceprovidestheidealsupplementtoourownlimitedexperience;bydoingso,readingbecomesoneofourmostprofoundmind-shapingactivities.Furthermore,allthisexperienceisavailablewhenwewantit.Booksneverimposeonus.Whenwewantthem,wereachoutandpullthemofftheshellortable.Atourconvenienceweinvitethemtosharetheirunbelievablewealthwithus.19.单选题Themaglevwillactuallyracealongaguidewayatalmost500kilometersperhour,（

）onthemagneticfield.问题1选项A.acceleratingB.duplicatingC.floatingD.roaring20.单选题Onecan’tbeapersonwithuprightfacialfeaturesiffilledwithenvyinhisheart,ifdishonest,or（

）saying.问题1选项A.skimpyB.abstruseC.iniquitousD.mendacious第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Severalhundredmillionyearsago,plantssimilartomodemfernscoveredvaststretchesoftheland.Somewereaslargeastrees,withgiantfrondsbunchedatthetopoftrunksasstraightaspillars.Otherswerethesizeofbushesandformedthicketsofmeundergrowth.Stillotherslivedintheshadeofgiantclubmossesandhorsetailsalongtheedgesofswampylagoonswheregiantamphibiansswam.几亿年前，类似于现代蕨类植物的植物覆盖了大片土地。有些和树一样大，树干顶端的大叶子像柱子一样直。有的像灌木丛那么大，形成了灌木丛。还有一些生活在巨大的俱乐部苔藓和马尾草的阴影下，沿着巨大的两栖动物游泳的沼泽泻湖的边缘。”可知A项“它们曾经遍布大片土地”；B项“它们的大小差别很大”；C项“它们与两栖动物、苔藓和马尾草共存”都有提及。故D项符合题意。2.主旨大意题。第一段提到的是这类植物的生存环境，和植物体特征；第二段说到繁殖情况，第三段说的是到现在只能通过热带的化石才能寻找到它们以前的生长足迹。因此，文章通篇讲的是这类植物的发展形态。故C项符合题意。2.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。解答此类题必须找到文章主旨，文章第一段说到了之前关于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段开头就出现了转折关系词but，本文的讨论点必然是在but之后出现。第一句说到“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”因此下文不会讨论A选项中分子生物学与大脑间通讯，也不会研究B选项技术合成肽激素，也不是讨论C选项检测肽激素的优缺点，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎样去检测它的位置，因此D选项“肽激素:科学家如何试图解决他们的检测问题”符合文意。2.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章第二段首句“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”说明这些物质是在下丘脑以外的地方结合形成的，因此C选项“是在身体的其他部位产生的，而不是大脑”符合题意。3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“ratbrains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.有些人认为这些激素都是生长调节剂，但Rosen对老鼠大脑的研究表明这不是真的。”Rosen的研究表明这些激素并不是生长调节剂，因此D选项“有些肽激素没有生长调节剂的功能”符合题意。4.判断推理题。题干中提到了两个检测肽激素的方式对比，文章第二段详细说明了第一种方法“Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.然而，用抗血清来测定肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的，可能产生交叉反应。而且这种方法不能确定抗血清检测到的物质是否真的是激素，有可能仅仅是近亲。”免疫学的方法是用能和产生激素的细胞的产物发生反应的物质检测。第二个方法的描述出现在第三段中“Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.然而，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了答案。科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(CDNA’s)，以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。”此处说的“问题”就是第一种方法中说到的“近亲”问题，分子生物学的新技术可以用能和细胞本身的某个特定成分发生反应的物质来检测。因此A选项“免疫学方法使用与产生激素的细胞产生反应的物质，而分子方法使用与细胞自身特定成分发生反应的物质”符合文意。3.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。terrified恐惧的；delighted高兴的，快乐的；exclamatory叫喊的；deceitful骗人的。句意：狂风吹落了帽子，震得窗户格格作响，那些大胆的孩子们觉得好玩。由theadventurousboys“喜欢冒险的孩子”可知这些孩子喜欢这样的场景，他们很开心。4.【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。tenacity“初性；不屈不挠”；attraction“吸引；吸引人的事物”；inspiration“灵感；吸气”；aspiration“渴望；抱负”。句意：购买一个新的宅第和一辆全新的汽车，去海外度假已经成为了新一代的白领工人的愿望。由alongwiththeirdesireofholidaysoverseas.中的desire可知空格处所填单词应与其意思接近，故D项正确。5.【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。compatiblewith“与······兼容的；与······和谐相处的”；warrantablefor“对······是可担保的”；assignableto“分配到”；reducibleto“简化为；归于”。句意：如今，创造工业文明的人类智慧的任务是让文明与人类的基本先决条件和谐相处。由“industrialcivilization”与“man’sbasicprerequisites”可知A项符合语境，故A项正确。6.【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。destructive“破坏的；有害的”；rehabilitative“复原的”；beneficial“有益的；有利的”；detrimental“不利的”。句意：尽管鲸和海象的觅食活动给白令海大陆架的海底带来表面上的毁坏，但是这些活动似乎在实际上对这个区域是有益的，提高了它的生产力。由enhancingitsproductivity可知C项符合语境。7.【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。disguise掩饰；隐瞒；impede阻碍；阻止；consummate完成；作成；使达到极点；precipitate使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入。句意：新生物精神病学没有否定心理因素的帮助作用可能充当现存生理状况的一种催化剂，从而加速这样的疾病。由mayactasacatalystonexistingphysiologicalconditions可推断D符合题意。8.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。sapient聪明的，有智慧的；clever机灵的；smart敏捷的；brave勇敢的。句意：他们的心智与身体比大部分智人种类运作的还快，使他们显得有些性急或亢奋。只有A项符合句意。Sapientrace指“智人种类“9.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段“AsbefitsanationmadeupofimmigrantsfromallovertheChristianworld,AmericanshavenodistinctiveChristmassymbols.以及ThoughwehavenoChristmassymbolsofourown,theAmericanChristmasstillhasadistinctiveaurabyvirtueoftwocharacteristicelements.作为一个由来自基督教世界各地的移民组成的国家，美国人没有独特的圣诞符号。以及虽然我们自己没有圣诞节的象征，美国圣诞节仍然有独特的气场的两个特征元素。”由此可知作者对于美国庆祝圣诞节的方式的态度是客观的，没有掺杂主观情绪在其中。故D项正确。A项“不同意”；B项“幽默的混乱”；C项“赞美的赞誉”；D项“客观分析”。2.判断推理题。A项“在马萨诸塞湾的殖民地，某清教徒犯罪，被处罚金，不能庆祝圣诞节”不符合题意。B项“在欧洲和美国，与耶稣诞生节相关的圣诞节习俗最初并不是基督教的。”不符合原文。C项“红鼻子驯鹿鲁道夫(Rudolph)已经成为圣诞节的传统元素，但它是几年前才由商业利益创造出来的。”圣诞老人的出现并不是由于商业原因。D项“在世界广泛的区域，宗教纪念活动往往与惊人的自然现象紧密相连。”由Second,theChristmasseasonoffestivitieshasinsensiblycombinedwiththeNewYear’scelebrationintoonelengthenedperiodofSaturnalia.其次，圣诞节的庆祝活动与新年的庆祝活动不知不觉地结合在一起，成为一个延长的农神节。”可知D项符合题意。3.判断推理题。这篇文章主要说明了美国圣诞节的两个特色：一方面促进零售业的大发展，另一方面整个节日时间变长了。根据第一个特色，可知寄送大量昂贵的贺卡是为了拓展圣诞节期间的生意。A项“寄大量昂贵的贺卡在很大程度上是美国圣诞节庆祝活动商业方面的延伸。”B项“通过贺卡向许多远近的朋友伸出援手，是美国圣诞节庆祝活动节日精神的延伸。”C项“卡片和形式的多样性反映了美国人对庆祝圣诞节的不同看法。”D项“圣诞假期的延长使得超负荷工作的邮政系统可以发送和处理更多的贺卡。”A项符合题意。4.判断推理题。由TheChristmastree,thehollyandtheivy,themistletoe,theexchangeofgifts,themythofSantaClaus,andthecarolsofallnations,theplumpuddingandthewassailbowlareallelementsintheAmericanChristmasofthemid-twentiethcentury.可知20世纪中期以前，世界各地移民对美国的圣诞庆祝方式有很大的影响。A项“19世纪晚期和20世纪初，来自许多国家的移民浪潮对美国的圣诞节庆祝活动产生了重大影响。”符合题意。试题答案A。10.【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项ineffect“实际上；生效”；B选项nextto“几乎，差不多；紧挨着”；C选项atrandom“胡乱地；随便地；任意地”；D选项inhand“在手头；在进行中；在控制中”。句意：热只不过是原子运动的能量；所以，如果你能使原子慢下来，你······是在给它们降温。由句意判断可知，此处“实际上你是在给它们降温”与前半句“热只不过是原子运动的能量”逻辑通顺。因此A选项正确。11.【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。句意：英国的报纸的不同寻常之处在于：它被分为了两个完全不同的部分即高质量的报纸和普通受欢迎的报纸。前后部分是因果关系，inthat在于······故B项符合题意。12.【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：没有事实，我们就不能形成有价值的观点，因为我们的思考是建立在事实知识之上。ourthinking与factualknowledge之间是主动的关系，所以排除A、C两项。再由句意：“思考是建立在事实知识之上”，可知B项为试题答案。13.【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。reimburse偿还，归还；refurbish再磨光，刷新；relinquish放弃，弃绝；recount详述，重新计算。句意：令人遗憾的是，学生没有偿还他们的助学贷款，以致于后来的学生在助学贷款的申请上面临更大的问题。根据therebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.可知A项最符合题意。14.【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。extinguish“熄灭；偿清”；siege“围攻”；seduce“引诱”；estimate“估计；评价”。句意：一个简单的策略是尽量挽留员工待久点，为雇主提供更长的时间来发掘和评估最优秀的员工。由moretimeforemployerstospot可知D项正确。15.【答案】Amongthestarswhichdottheuniverse,peoplethinkthattherearesomestarsencircledbyplanetslikeoursunandintelligentcreaturesmayliveontheseplanets,maybetheyaremoreadvancedthanus.Soitispossiblethatwhensomecreaturestaketheirownspacecraftthroughspaceaboutonemillionyearslater,theywillfindoneofour“Voyager”spacecraft.Thedistancebetweenplanetsissofarawaythatthechanceofsuchameetingisverysmall,butthisisnotentirelyimpossible.Scientistshopetohavetheopportunitytopassinformationtoourdistantneighbors,lettingthemknowourblueplanetusedtobethehomelandofhumanbeingwhoisveryintelligentandsomewhatcivilized.16.【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。serious“严肃的；认真的”；coercive“强制的”；credible“可靠的；可信的”；deceptive“欺诈的；虚伪的”。句意：通过惩罚违法犯罪者来阻止潜在的罪犯是法律的一个主要目的，当法律惩罚很少被实行以至于它不再是一种可信的震慑时，该主要目的就没有达到。由“Amajorgoalisnotserved目标没达到”可知C项符合语境。17.【答案】1.她可能是一位历史教授，知道每一场内战的死亡人数；她可能是一位生物学教授，能够绘制出所有常见生物分子的图表；也可能是能够列举联邦税表每一项条款的会计学教授。2.成为这段无聊独白的接受者的唯一好处是，学生们不必担心被要求提出问题或发表意见；知识渊博的人不愿意放弃哪怕一分钟时间来为学生发声。3.这种形式并不像一些学生错误地认为的那样，表明了对学生作为学术界新生成员的尊重。4.她刚说出最后一个容易被遗忘的单词，知识渊博的那位就收拾好笔记，冲出门去，回到自己的私人办公室，在那里她可以追求自己的专业学术兴趣——没有任何学生可能的打扰。5.在她看来，她已经履行了她的义务，她从她的研究中抽出时间把她所知道的传授给学生。18.【答案】它（经验）来自于你自己的经历，自己看到、听到、尝到、闻到和感觉到的东西。由于我们无法在一开始得到足够的经验，甚至不能再次经历刚经历过的事情，使得经验如此宝贵。我们不能同时出现在两个地方。现在，你不可能坐在你现在的位置，且同时漫步在巴黎著名的香榭丽舍大街上。它能给我们个人带来几乎无限的额外经验；当然，这是间接的经验。丰富的经验为我们有限的经验提供了理想的补给；通过这样做，阅读成为我们最深刻的思想塑造活动之一。19.【答案】C【解析】考查现在分词。accelerating加速的，催化的；duplicating复制，拷贝；floating漂浮，浮动；roaring吼，叫喊。句意：磁悬浮列车将在磁场中以每小时500公里的速度沿着导轨运行。由磁悬浮列车的特点可知“它是漂浮在磁场中”，故C项符合句意。20.【答案】D【解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。skimpy“不足的；吝啬的”；abstruse“深奥的；难懂的”；iniquitous“邪恶的；不公正的”；mendacious“虚假的；说谎的”。句意：一个人心中如果充满嫉妒、不诚实或虚假的言语，那么其不可能有正直的面容。由句中的or可知，空格处所填的词与dishonest意思接近，故答案为D。第2卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Inscientificstudies,supportingevidenceismuchmoresatisfyingtoreportthanarediscreditedhypotheses,but,infact,the（

）oferrorsismorelikelytobeusefulthanistheestablishmentofprobabletruth.问题1选项A.formulationB.correctionC.detectionD.accumulation2.单选题Theschemeshouldbeinoperationbytheendoftheyear,andcompanieswillbedisciplined,evendisconnected,ifthey（

）phoninganyconsumerswhosenamesappearontheregister.问题1选项A.stayonB.waitupC.indulgeinD.persistin3.单选题Bycreatingvalue,apowerfulmessage,youcangetpeopletocometoyou,insteadoftryingto（

）themwithyourmessageandbrand.问题1选项A.substantiateB.authenticateC.satiateD.smother4.单选题Theattorneywasanintelligentdebater;he（

）thecross-questioningoftheSupremeCourtJudgeonthecaseissueinquiry.问题1选项A.relishedB.estimatedC.interruptedD.dreaded5.单选题Inarguingagainstassertionsthatenvironmentalcatastropheisimminent,herbookdoesnotridiculeallpredictionsofdoombutratherclaimsthattherisksofharmhaveinmanycasesbeen（

）.问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.deridedC.ignoredD.scrutinized6.单选题Ourbiologicaluniquenessrequiresthattheeffectsofasubstancemustbeverifiedby（

）experiments,evenafterthousandsoftestsoftheeffectsofthatsubstanceon