2022高考英语甲卷B篇二次精读（教师版）

第2课时第一节：真题再现〔2022全国甲卷B篇〕语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自然自然生态生物与人的智力比照词数：247+129=376建议用时：8’文章出处：选自Magister(数字杂志商店)BBCEart名为CockatoosAreSkilfulShapeSorters的文章。atoosAreSkilfulShapeSorterGoffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole〞inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys〞tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key〞wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference〞.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrialanderrorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwoyearoldbabies.Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanoneyearoldsmostlikelypleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollowuptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignalReaders D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters体裁：说明文主题：人与自然——自然生态——生物与人的智力比照【字数】237+130【语篇导读】通过试验发觉，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的外形识别力量相当于两岁的人类幼儿。24.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。依据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能娴熟地使用工具)〞以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys〞tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys〞wouldletoutthenut.(争论人员给了这些鸟5把外形各异的“钥匙〞供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙〞会让坚果出来)〞可知，在试验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。应选B。25.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。依据文章其次段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)〞结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里〞的任务。应选C。26.【答案】D【解析】推理推断题。通过文章最终一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(依据争论人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清晰凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的外形)〞可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。应选D。27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的外形识别力量与两岁的人类相像)〞可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别外形的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别外形的娴熟工)〞符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。应选D。【全篇译文】戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉，一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小型鹦鹉，已被证明具有与人类两岁儿童相像的外形识别力量。虽然不知道在野外会不会使用工具，但事实证明，在笼子里饲养时，这些鸟儿能娴熟地使用工具。在最近的一个试验中，给凤头鹦鹉一个里面有坚果的盒子。盒子的正面有一个几何外形的"钥匙孔"，有五把不同外形的"钥匙"供鸟儿们选择。插入正确的"钥匙"就能放出坚果。在人类中，婴儿在一岁左右就能将圆形放入圆孔中，但要再过一年之后才能对不太对称的外形做同样的事情。这种熟悉到一个外形需要转到一个特定的方向才能放进去的力量被称为"多种心型的参考框架"。在试验中，戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉在大多数状况下，仅凭视觉识别就能为此项工作选择正确的工具。在使用试错法的状况下，凤头鹦鹉在类似的测试中比猴子做得更好。这说明戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉在空间移动物体时的确拥有一个多中心型的参考框架，与两岁的婴儿类似。据争论人员称，下一步是尝试找出凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来进行外形选择。24.试验中，凤头鹦鹉是如何从盒子里拿到坚果的？A.通过遵循指示。 B.通过使用一个工具。C.通过把盒子转过来。 D.通过取下盒盖。25.依据文章内容，人类一岁的孩子最有可能完成哪项任务？A.用钥匙来开锁。 B.将鹦鹉与其他鸟类区分开来。C.把球放进一个圆洞里。 D.将不同外形的玩具分组。26.后续测试的目的是为了了解凤头鹦鹉的什么状况？A.它们能看多远。 B.它们如何追踪移动的物体。C.它们是否比猴子更聪慧。 D.它们在测试中是否使用触觉。27.哪个可以作为该文的适宜标题？A.凤头鹦鹉。快速查错的人B.凤头鹦鹉。的学习者C.凤头鹦鹉。聪慧的信号阅读者D.凤头鹦鹉：娴熟的外形分类者。娴熟的外形分类者其次节：精深语篇高频核心词汇:nsertv插入，嵌入;etirev.退职；〔使〕退休oardv.上船〔或火车、飞机、公共汽车等〕4.recognize/recognisev.认出，识别出;5.specificadj.特有的，特定的(近particular);ndicatev.说明，显示;ossessv.具有(特质);luen.线索9.shape外形ramen.〔图画、门、玻璃等的〕框架11.referencen.提到；谈及；涉及12.geometricadj.几何〔学〕的；13.differentlyadv.不同地14.skilfuladj.娴熟的15.shaperecognitionn.外形识别;16.keyholen.锁眼，钥匙孔(kev+hole);17.shapedadj.具有(或呈)……外形的;18.trialanderrorn.反复试验的，不断摸索的;19.entirelyadv全部地，完全地(近pletely);20.unlockv.(用钥匙)开……的锁(un+lock);21.groupv.名词动化把……分类/分组;22.followupadj.进一步的23.shapesortern.外形归类员24.sunrisen.日出25.entirelyadv.完全地，完整地26.prehistoricadj.史前的，有文字记载以前的27.operaticadj.歌剧的；歌剧风格的28.realizationn.熟悉，领悟isualadj.视觉的ecognitionn.识别,成认，接受词性转换：1.recognize

v.

recognition

n.

认出，认可

unrecognizable2.possessionn．私有物品→possessvt.拥有，占有3.indicatevt.指示，说明→indicationn．指示三、熟词生义keep熟义：v.保持；生义：供给；饲养原句：Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.翻译：虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能娴熟地使用工具)词汇应用recognize(BrEalsorec·og·nise)/ˈrekəɡnaɪz//ˈrekəɡnaɪz/v.①(notusedintheprogressivetenses不用于进行时)toknowwhosbisorwhatsthiswhenyouseeorhearthemorit,becauseyouhaveseenorheardthemoritbefore熟悉；认出；区分出~sb/sthIrecognizedhimassoonashecameintheroom.他一进屋我就认出了他。~sb/sthby/fromsthIrecognizedherbyherredhair.我从她的红头发认出了她。②toadmitortobeawarethatsthexistsoristrue成认；意识到~sthTheyrecognizedtheneedtotaketheproblemseriously.他们成认需要严厉?对待这个问题。~sthassthDrugswerenotrecognizedasaproblemthen.那时候还没有把看成是一个问题加以重视。~how,what,etc.…Nobodyrecognizedhowurgentthesituationwas.当时没有人意识到形势有多么紧急。~that…Werecognizedthatthetaskwasnotstraightforward.我们意识到这个任务并非轻而易举。itisrecognizedthat…Itwasrecognizedthatthissolutioncouldonlybetemporary.人们意识到这只是个临时的解决方案。~sb/sthtobe/havesthDrugswerenotrecognizedtobeaproblemthen.那时候还没有把看成是一个问题加以重视。③toacceptandapproveofsb/sthofficially〔正式〕认可，接受，赞成~sb/sth(assth)berecognizedtobe/havesthHeisrecognizedtobetheirnaturalleader.人们都成认他是他们的当然领袖。④berecognized(assth)tobethoughtofasverygoodorimportantbypeopleingeneral欣赏；赏识；看重；公认Thebookisnowrecognizedasaclassic.这本书现在是一部公认的经典著作。⑤~sb/sthtogivesbofficialthanksforsththattheyhavedoneorachieved正式向…致谢；正式感谢Hisservicestothestatewererecognizedwiththeawardofaknighthood.他被封为爵士，以表彰他对国家的奉献。五、核心词块:1.letout放出2.workout把……弄清晰3.longtodosth渴望做某事elyon依靠，依靠5.tellsthfromsth区分……和……;6.findoutaboutsth查明，弄清(状况)7.letout放掉eaveanimpressionon给……留下印象9.choosefrom从中选择10.besimilarto与……相像11.inmostcases大局部状况下12.workout找……的答案13.(be)nativeto源于……的，原产于;14.presentsbwithsth向某人供应某物;15.findoutaboutsth.查明，弄清状况六、长难句分析【长难句分析】原文：Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulatthough让步状语从句的省略。toolusewhilekeptinthecage.〔第一段其次句〕while引导时间状语从句though引导省略的让步状语从句省略了thebirdsarewhile引导省略的时间状语从句省略了thebirdsare句子主干：thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(主系表结构)译文：虽然不知道在野外会不会使用工具，但事实证明，在笼子里饲养时，这些鸟儿能娴熟地使用工具。原文：Inhumans.babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetricalshapes.(para.2)分析：本句为并列复合句。but前的分句是简洁句，but后的分句是主从复合句，其中before引导时间状语从句。译文：在人类中，婴儿在一岁左右就能将圆形放入圆孔中，但要再过一年之后才能对不太对称的外形做同样的事情。原文：Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference〞.(para2)分析：本句为主从复合句。句子的主干结构是:Thisabilityiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference〞。torecognizethatashape…beforeitwillfit作后置定语修饰ability，其中ashape….beforeitwillfit是由that引导的宾语从句。译文：这种能够熟悉到需要将某个外形朝特定方向转动才能装进的力量被称为“异中心参照系〞。原文：ThisindicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofthat引导宾语从句referencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwoyearoldbabies.〔其次段最终一句〕when引导省略的时间状语从句省略了Goffin’scockatoosaresimilartotwoyearoldbabies作状语，相当于非限制性定语从句：whichissimilartotwoyearoldbabies.对戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉在空间移动物体时的确拥有一个多中心的参考框架，进行补充说明。句子主干：Thisindicatesthat...(主谓宾结构)译文：这说明戈芬凤头鹦鹉在空间移动物体时的确拥有一个多中心的参考框架，与两岁的婴儿类似。Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthewhether引导宾语从句cockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.〔第三段〕句子主干：Thenextstepistotryandworkout...(主系表结构)译文：据争论人员称，下一步是尝试找出凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来进行外形选择。第三节：实战演练典例1：根底练★★典例2：力量提升练★★★典例3：力量挑战★★★★Passage1(2020全国Ⅱ卷*阅读理解B篇)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh﹣techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath﹣relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition〔认知〕aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents'ine，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child﹣parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage."Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate〔旋转〕andtranslateshapes，"Levinesaidinastatement.﹣ineparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmoreplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.〔1〕Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay？BA.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself﹣control.D.Gaininghigh﹣techknowledge.〔2〕WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？CA.Parents'age.B.Children'simagination.C.Parents'education.﹣parentrelationship.〔3〕Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay？DA.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.〔4〕Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage？AA.Themorepuzzleschildrenplayedwith，thebettertheyperformedontasks.B.Childrenwhointeractedmorewiththeirparentswerebetteratpuzzles.C.Thehigherthefamilyine，thebetterthechildrenwereatpuzzles.D.Familieswithhigherinespaymoreattentiontopuzzles.〔5〕Whatisthetextmainlyabout？BA.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.AwomanpsychologistD.Ateachingprogram.【分析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力嬉戏的争论，介绍了争论考虑的因素，争论过程和结果。【解答】〔1〕细节理解题。依据其次段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill〔在2岁到4岁之间玩智力嬉戏的儿童在空间力量方面更好〕可知，孩子们可以从智力嬉戏中开展更好的空间技能。应选B。〔2〕细节理解题。依据其次段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'ine，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid.〔Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面掌握差异性之后，拼图嬉戏被发觉是一个重要的认知猜测〕可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的教育程度。应选C。〔3〕细节理解题。依据倒数其次段中However，boystendedtoplaywithmoreplexpuzzlesthangirls，〔男孩比女孩更喜爱玩简单的谜题〕可知。他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。应选D。〔4〕推理推断题。依据第四段的Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate〔旋转〕andtranslateshapes〔玩拼图嬉戏的孩子在评估他们旋转和平移外形力量的任务中表现得比不玩拼图的孩子好〕可知，孩子们玩的拼图越多，他们在任务上的表现就越好。应选A。〔5〕主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力嬉戏的争论，介绍了争论考虑的因素，争论过程和结果。所以是关于科学争论的。应选B。Passage2(2018全国Ⅰ卷*阅读理解D篇)Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew，butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices〔装置〕wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing，CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration—Desktopputers，basicmobilephones，andbox﹣setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players，smartphones，andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002，beforetabletsande﹣readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices，however，wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."Theliving﹣roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids'room，andsuddenlyoneday，youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse，"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices—wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam，olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions〔排放〕morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution〔解决方案〕？Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007，buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction，suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon﹣demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.〔1〕Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices？AA.Theyareenvironment﹣friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.〔2〕WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch？DA.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.〔3〕Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy？BA.Thebox﹣setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopputer.〔4〕Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices？AA.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。叙述的是持续使用旧的电子产品既不环保也不经济，争论人员测试出假如弃置旧电器，换用新的多功能电子产品，将有近一半的节能节约，所以使用新的电子产品有利于环境。【解答】〔1〕A.细节理解题。依据第一段That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment﹣andourwallets﹣astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.〔这对环境和我们的钱包来说都是坏消息，由于这些过时的设备比做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能量。〕可知，作者认为新的电子产品是环保的。应选A。〔2〕D.推理推断题。依据其次段Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing，CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife﹣fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.〔为了弄清晰这些设备使用了多少电能，纽约罗切斯特理工学院的卡莉•巴比特和她的同事追踪了每种产品在其整个生命周期内的环境本钱﹣﹣﹣从矿物开采到我们停止使用该设备。〕可知，巴比特的团队进行这项争论了解设备的耗电量。应选D。〔3〕B.细节理解题。依据第四段Theyfoundthatmoreon﹣demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.〔他们发觉，在平板电脑上观看更多的点播消遣节目，而不是在电视和台式电脑上观看，可以削减44%的能耗。〕可知，平板电脑最省电。应选B。〔4〕A.推理推断题。依据第一段Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew，butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices〔装置〕wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment﹣andourwallets﹣astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.〔我们可能认为，我们是一种文化，一看到有光泽的新东西就抛弃了我们的旧技术，但一项新的争论说明，我们在旧设备过时后仍会连续使用它们。这对环境和我们的钱包来说都是坏消息，由于这些过时的设备比做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能量。〕可知，作者认为持续使用旧的电子产品既不环保也不经济，中间段落在测试各代电子产品进一步证明首段的观点。最终一段谈到解决方案，争论人员测试出假如弃置旧电器，换用新的多功能电子产品，将有近一半的节能节约。由此可知，作者支持使用新产品替代旧产品。应选A。典例2：力量提升练★★★Passage1(2022浙江1月卷*阅读理解C篇)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere'sanewbonustoaddtotheever﹣growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle﹣agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia〔失智症〕inlaterlife﹣andiftheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDrHelenaHörder，oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden，said："Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit'spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular〔心血管的〕fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy，191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheyweretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak〔最大值的〕cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsorhigher，while92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitnesslevel，withapeakworkloadof80wattsorless，orhavingtheirtestsstoppedbecauseofhealthproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime，44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia，paredto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However，thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia，itonlyshowsanassociation."saidHörder."Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied，allofwhomwerefromSweden，sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.〔1〕Whatisontheever﹣growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph？AA.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercise.B.Exercisessuitableforthemiddle﹣aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondementia.D.Advantagesofsportywomenovermen.〔2〕Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomentodobicycleexercise？BA.Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.Toassesstheircardiovascularcapacity.C.Tochangetheirhabitofworkingout.D.Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproblems.〔3〕WhatdoweknowaboutDrHörder'sstudy？DA.Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory.C.Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D.Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.〔4〕Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext？CA.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementia.﹣AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExercise.C.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementia.D.BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness.【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明白常常熬炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。【解答】〔1〕A.细节理解题。依据文章第一段"Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle﹣agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia〔失智症〕inlaterlife，andistheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen."〔新的争论人员发觉，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且的确如此，与不太喜爱运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。〕可知，第一段提到了健身熬炼的好处。应选A项。〔2〕B.细节理解题。依据其次段"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit'spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascularfitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."〔这些发觉令人兴奋，由于在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓基至防止他们患上痴呆症。〕以及本段"Forthestudy.191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeakcardiovascularcapacity."〔在这项争论中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值力量。〕可知，做这项试验的目的是测试女性的心血管峰值力量。应选B项。〔3〕D.推理推断题。依据文章第五段"Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades."〔这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智病症况。〕可知，此次试验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。应选D项。〔4〕C.标题归纳题。依据文章第一段"Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle﹣agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia〔失智症〕inlaterlife，andistheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen."〔新的争论人员发觉，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且的确如此，与不太喜爱运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。〕以及文章后面几段通过列举试验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明白身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。可知C项"健康女性患痴呆症的可能性较小"，符合题意。应选C项。Passage2(2021全国乙卷*阅读理解D篇)Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks，myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction〔干扰〕inhisopenoffice，hesaid，"That'swhyIhaveamembershipattheco﹣workingspaceacrossthestreet﹣soIcanfocus."Hismentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall，co﹣workingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout〔布局〕.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheypletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground，fromtotalsilenceto50decibels〔分贝〕，70decibels，and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant；however，theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup﹣thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop﹣significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall，thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant，thestudyalsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise﹣nottooloudandnottotalsilence﹣mayactuallyimproveone'screativethinkingability.Therightlevelofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowander，withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof"distractedfocus"appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices？Theproblemmaybethat，inouroffices，wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed，theresearchersfoundthatface﹣to﹣faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess，andyetaco﹣workingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.〔1〕Whydoestheinterviewerpreferaco﹣workingspace？AA.Ithelpshimconcentrate.B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D.Itencouragesface﹣to﹣faceinteractions.〔2〕Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability？CA.Totalsilence.B.50decibels.C.70decibels.D.85decibels.〔3〕Whatmakesanopenofficeunweletomanypeople？DA.Personalprivacyunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.〔4〕Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext？DA.He'sanewsreporter.B.He'sonofficemanager.C.He'saprofessionaldesigner.D.He'sapublishedwriter.【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经受叙述人们为什么不喜爱开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的制造性思维的争论。【解答】〔1〕A.细节理解题。依据第一段"That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet﹣soIcanfocus.〔这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格﹣﹣这样我就可以集中精力了。〕"可知，采访者喜爱共享办公空间的缘由是那里可以关心他集中精力。应选A项。〔2〕C.细节理解题。依据其次段"Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant；however，theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup﹣thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop﹣significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.〔大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参加者〔置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中〕的表现明显好于其他组。〕"和第三段"Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant，thestudyalsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise﹣nottooloudandnottotalsilence﹣mayactuallyimproveone'screativethinkingability.〔但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该争论还说明，适当的背景噪音﹣﹣不要太大声，也不要完全宁静﹣﹣实际上可能会提高一个人的制造性思维力量。〕"可知，70分贝的那组参加者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进制造性思维力量。应选C项。〔3〕D.细节理解题。依据最终一段"Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices？Theproblemmaybethat，inouroffices，wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed，theresearchersfoundthatface﹣to﹣faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess，andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.〔那么，为什么我们中有那么多人厌烦开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中留意力时，我们无法阻挡自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，争论人员发觉，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在供应肯定程度的噪音的同时，也供应不受干扰的自由。〕"可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢送的缘由是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到许多干扰。应选D项。〔4〕D.推理推断题。依据第一段"Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks，myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.〔在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还常常想起的话。〕"可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。应选D项。典例3：力量挑战★★★★Passage1(2021浙江1月卷*阅读理解C篇)Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees〔黑猩猩〕usetomunicate.Theysaywildchimpsmunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda，andexaminingmorethan5，000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter，wholedtheresearch，saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalmunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps，shesaid，hadasystemofmunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures，"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect."Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall，theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytomunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures，DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtomunicate.Inonecase，amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby，signaling："Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies〔物种〕outthere.Thatismeaningfulinitsmunication，sothat'snotuniquetohumans，"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz，anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester，saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But，sheadded，theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletomunicate，orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcont