新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结

Unit1ThedefinitionofINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-"comesfromtheLatinwordfor"between",anddictionariesdefinecommunicationasexchanginginformation.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。InterculturalCommunicationreferstotheexchangeofinformationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。Astheveryphrasesuggests,InterculturalCommunicationemphasizescross-culturalcompetenceratherthanlanguageonly.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。1.2whatmakesICacommonphenomenon:newtechnology,innovativecommunicationsystem,globalizationoftheeconomy,changesinimmigrationpatterns新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化ThedefinitionofglobalizationGlobalizationistheprocessbywhichregionaleconomies,societies,andcultureshavebecomeintegratedthroughcommunication,transportation,andtradebetweennations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。Itisasocial,cultural,political,andlegalphenomenon.它是一种社会、文化、政治和法律现象BlocksinIC<1>AssumptionofSimilarities<1>相似性假设Manypeopleassumetherearesufficientsimilaritiesamongpeoplesoftheworldtomakecommunicationeasy.Theyexpectthatsimplybeinghumanandhavingcommonrequirementsoffood,shelter,security,andsoonmakeseveryonealike.许多人认为世界上的民族之间有足够的相似之处使交流变得容易。他们期望，仅仅是作为人类，拥有共同的食物、住所、安全等需求，就能让每个人都一样。Unfortunately,theyoverlookthefactthattheformsofadaptationtothesecommonneedsandvalues,beliefs,andattitudesarevastlydifferentfromculturetoculture.不幸的是，他们忽视了一个事实，即不同文化对这些共同需求、价值观、信仰和态度的适应形式是巨大不同的。Thebiologicalcommonalitiesarenotmuchhelpwhenitcomestocommunication,whereweneedtoexchangeideasandinformation,findwaystoliveandworktogether.当我们需要交流思想和信息，找到共同生活和工作的方式时，生物上的共性并没有多大帮助<2>Languagedifferences<2>语言差异Vocabulary,syntax,idioms,slang,dialects,andsoonallcausedifficulty.词汇、句法、成语、俚语、方言等都造成困难。Wordmeaning:somepeoplewillclingtojustonemeaningofawordorphraseinthenewlanguage,regardlessofconnotationorcontext.词义:有些人只会执着于新语言中一个词或短语的一个意思，而不考虑其内涵或上下文。<3>Nonverbalmisinterpretations<3>非语言的误解Learningtheforeignlanguageisactuallyonlythebeginningoflearningaculture.学习外语实际上只是学习一种文化的开始。Themisinterpretationofnonverbalsymbols-suchasgestures,postures—isacommunicationbarrier.Butitispossibletolearnthemeaningsoftheseobservablemessages.对非语言符号(如手势、姿势)的误解是一种沟通障碍。但是，了解这些可观察信息的含义是可能的。Whatismoredifficulttounderstandarethelessobviousunspokencodesofthecultures,suchasthehandlingoftimeandspatialrelationshipsandthesubtlesignsofrespect.更难以理解的是这些文化中不太明显的潜规则，比如对时间和空间关系的处理，以及微妙的尊重符号。<4>Preconceptionsandstereotypes4>偏见和刻板印象Astereotypeisafixedgeneralimageorsetofcharacteristicsthatpeoplebelieverepresentaparticulartypeofpersonorthing.刻板印象是人们认为代表某一特定类型的人或事物的固定的总体形象或一系列特征。例:日语:“不可思议的”“(持续的，似乎不恰当的微笑)”阿拉伯人:“易燃物”(导致美国学生与中东聚集保持距离)。墨西哥:“讨价还价”(可能不公平地将M专业学生的犹豫或要求解读为获得优惠待遇的举动。)e.g.Japanese:"inscrutable"”(constantandseeminglyinappropriatesmile)Arabs:“inflammable"(causeU.S.studentstokeepadistancefromtheMiddleEastgathers).Mexico:"bargain"(mayunfairlyinterpretahesitationorrequestfromanMstudentasamovetogetpreferentialtreatment.Stereotypesareover-generalized,secondhandbeliefsfromwhichwemakesenseoutofwhatgoesonaroundus,whetherornottheyareaccurateorfitthecircumstances.刻板印象是一种过于一般化的、二手的信念，我们通过它来理解周围发生的事情，不管它们是否准确或符合环境。Inaforeignlandtheiruseincreasesourfeelingofsecurity.在异国他乡，使用它们会增加我们的安全感。Butstereotypesareblocksforcommunicatorsbecausetheyinterferewithobjectiveviewingofotherpeople.但刻板印象对沟通者来说是障碍，因为它们妨碍了人们客观地看待他人。Stereotypesarenoteasytoovercomebecausetheyarefirmlyestablishedasmythsbyone'sowncultureandprejudices.刻板印象是不容易克服的，因为它们被一个人自己的文化和偏见牢固地确立为神话.<5>Tendencytoevaluate<5>评价的倾向Thefifthblocktounderstandingbetweenpersonsofdifferingculturesisthetendencytoevaluate,toapproveordisapprove,thestatementsandactionsoftheotherperson.不同文化背景的人之间相互理解的第五大障碍是人们倾向于评价、赞同或不赞同他人的言论和行为。Ratherthantrytocomprehendthoughtsandfeelingsoftheother,weassumeourowncultureorwayoflifeisthemostnatural.Thisbiaspreventstheopen-mindednessneededtoexamineattitudesandbehaviorsfromtheother'spointofview.我们认为自己的文化或生活方式是最自然的，而不是试图去理解别人的思想和感情。这种偏见阻碍了从他人的角度来审视态度和行为所需要的开放心态。Themiscommunicationcausedbyimmediateevaluationisdeepenedwhenfeelingsandemotionsareinvolved.当感情和情绪牵涉其中时，由即时评价引起的误解就会加深。<6>Highanxiety<6>高焦虑Highanxietyortension，alsoknownasstress,iscommoninCross-culturalexperiencesduetothenumberofuncertaintiespresent.高度焦虑或紧张，也被称为压力，是常见的跨文化经验，因为存在的不确定性。Moderatetensionandpositiveattitudesprepareonetomeetchallengeswithenergy-Toomuchanxietyortension,whichoftencomesintheformofdefenses,withdrawal,orhostility,requiressomeformofrelief.适度的紧张和积极的态度使一个人准备以能量迎接挑战。太多的焦虑或紧张，通常以防御、退缩或敌意的形式出现，需要某种形式的缓解。Anxiousfeelingsusuallypermeatebothpartiesinaninterculturaldialogue.Thehostcannotmaintainthenormalflowofinteraction;silencesaretoolongortooshort;andsomeothernormsmaybeviolated.在跨文化对话中，焦虑情绪通常渗透到双方。主持人不能维持正常的互动流程;沉默过长或过短;还有一些其他的规范可能会被违反。Howtoovercomethesixblocks-studyotherlanguages-moreattentiontosituationaldetails-investigativeapproachratherthanstereotypes-exposeourselvestodifferences-learntolowertensionlevel-anxietymanagement研究其他语言、多注意情境细节、研究方法而不是刻板印象、让我们接触不同、学会降低紧张水平、焦虑管理Casestudy1p23Unit2thedefinitionofculture1.1VariousDefinitionsofCulture文化这个词有许多含义。Thewordculturehasnumerousmeanings.Itissaidthattherearemorethan150definitionsaboutculture.据说关于文化有150多种定义Culturewastreatedearlierasacomplexwholeofoursocialtraditionsandasaprerequisitionforustobeamemberofthesociety.文化在早期被视为我们社会传统的一个复杂的整体，是我们成为社会一员的先决条件。Culturecanbeasetoffundamentalideas,practices,andexperiencesofagroupofpeople,whicharetransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughalearningprocess.文化可以是一群人的基本思想、实践和经验的集合，通过学习的过程代代相传。Culturemayaswellreferstobeliefs,norms,andattitudesthatareusedtoguideourbehaviorsandsolvehumanproblem.文化也可能是指用来指导我们的行为和解决人类问题的信念、规范和态度。1.2CultureasaWaytoSatisfyHumanNeeds文化是满足人类需求的一种方式Maslow'sHierarchyofNeedsisatheoryinpsychology,proposedbyAbrahamMaslowinhis1948paperATheoryofHumanMotivation.马斯洛需求层次理论是亚伯拉罕·马斯洛在1948年的论文《人类动机理论》中提出的一种心理学理论。1.3culturalasaniceberg【howdouunderstand?】1/10isabovethewater——overt/surfaceculturecanbeseen9/10isbelowthewater——deepcultureoutofawarenessAbovewater:whattoeatandhowtoeathowtokeephealthyhowtoraisechildrenhowtoparticipateinceremonieshowtointroduceandgreetpeopleBelowwater:whatisgoodorbadwhatisrightorwrongwhatisbeautifulanduglywhatiscleanordirtyhowisanindividualrelatedtoothersCulture的特性1.4CharacteristicsofCulture(1)Cultureisholistic.(1)文化是整体的。Thischaracteristicunderscoresthecomplexnatureofculture.Asaholisticsystem,aneducationsystem,areligioussystem,anassociationsystem,apoliticalsystem,andsoon,thevariousaspectsofculturearecloselyinterrelated.Anychangeinasubsystemwillaffectthewholesystem.这一特点突出了文化的复杂性。作为一个整体系统，一个教育系统，一个宗教系统，一个社团系统，一个政治系统，等等，文化的各个方面是密切相关的。一个子系统的任何变化都会影响整个系统。E.G.,theAmericanCivilRightsMovementalteredAmericanattitude,values,andbehaviors.美国民权运动改变了美国人的态度、价值观和行为。(2)Cultureisacquired.后天形成Webegintoconsciouslyandunconsciouslylearnourcultureinourearlylifethroughtheprocessofsocializationorenculturation.Interactionwithfamilymembersandfriendsisthemostcommonwayforustolearnourculture.Othersourcesforlearningourcultureareschools,churches,media,folktales,andart.我们开始有意识和无意识地学习我们的文化在我们的早期生活通过社会化或文化的过程。与家人和朋友的互动是我们学习文化最常见的方式。学习我们的文化的其他来源是学校、教堂、媒体、民间故事和艺术。(3)Cultureischanging.Culturesareconstantlychangingovertime.Someculturesaremoreopenandacceptingchange,otherstendtoresistit.Cultureschangeintheprocessoftransmissionfromgenerationtogeneration,grouptogroup,andplacetoplace.e.g.China'sOpiumWarbroughtgreatsocialandculturalchanges.文化是随着时间不断变化的。有些文化更开放，更能接受改变，有些则倾向于抵制改变。文化在代代相传、群体传承、地域传承的过程中不断变化。如，鸦片战争给中国带来了巨大的社会和文化变化。(4)Cultureispervasive.(4)文化无处不在。Liketheairwebreathe,culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink,wetalk,andwebehave.Culturecombinesvisibleandinvisiblethingsaroundus.Cultureisthesumtotalofhumansocietyanditsmeanings.就像我们呼吸的空气一样，文化渗透到我们生活的方方面面，影响着我们的思维方式、说话方式和行为方式。文化结合了我们周围有形和无形的事物。文化是人类社会及其意义的总和。FillintaskNonverballanguagemovementmultiplyrevealingtonelimitdistinctionfurtherremarkcontactgestureHowdowecommunicate?Thefirstanswerthatislikelytocometomostpeople'smindsisthrough(1)_______:wespeak,welisten,weread,wewrite.Whenwethink(2)______.webecomeincreasinglyawarethatwealsocommunicatein(3)_____ways,throughgesturesandbody(4)_______.Thesignalsgivenbyour"bodylanguageareoftenmore(5)________thanthewordsweuse.Mostofuswillhavehadtheexperienceofsomeonesayingsomethingtous-makingaflattering(6)______,forinstance—thatwefeltwasinsincere.Whydidwefeelthat?Maybeitwasthe(7)_____inwhichitwassaid,orsomethingintheperson'smovementoreye(8)______withus.Whenweturntocommunicationprocessesacrosscultures,thecomplexitiesandcomplications(9)______.languageisagainthemostobviousexample.IfyouspeakonlyEnglishandthepersonyoutrytotalktospeakonlyJapanese,communicationwillbe(10)____——thoughyouwill,ifyoubothreallytry,beabletounderstandeachothertosomeextentbymeansof(11)_______.Evenwithspeakersofthesamelanguage,problemsmaybetheresultofintraculturaldifferences,thatis,(12)_____betweensubgroupswithaculture.DefinitionofcommunicationComponentofcommunication2.2ComponentsofCommunication<1>Context:背景:·Physicalsetting：locations、theseatingarrangementslighting、thetimeofday、thedistancebetweencommunicators·物理设置:位置、座位安排、照明、时间、通信器之间的距离·Historicalcontext：previouscommunicationevents·历史语境:之前的沟通事件·Psychologicalcontext：themannerofperceivingthemselvesandothers·心理情境:感知自己和他人的方式·Culturalcontext：communicationnorms·文化语境:沟通规范<2>Participants:<2>参与者:·Rolesofsendersandreceivers：sendersformmessages--encodingreceiversprocessthemessagesandreacttothem—decoding·发送方和接收者的角色:1.发件人形成消息——编码2.接收者处理消息并对其作出反应——解码·Variablesaffectingparticipantsrelationships:familiarorunfamiliargender:malesorfemalesculture:fromthesamecultureorfromdifferentcultures·变量影响参与者1.关系:熟悉或不熟悉2.性别:男性或女性3.文化:来自同一文化或来自不同文化<3>Messages:·Meaningsthemeaningsmaynotbetransferredsuccessfully·Symbolswordschosenfacialexpressions,gesturestoneofvoice·EncodingandDecodingmessageencodedmaynotbedecodedasintendedcultureandnonverbalfactors<4>Channelssound,sight,smell,taste,touchthemorechannelsused,themoresuccessfulthecommunication<5>Noise:·Externalnoisestimuliinthesurroundingthatdistractattention·Internalnoiseinterferingthoughtsandfeelingsinsideacommunicator·Semanticnoisee.g.inappropriatechoiceofwords<6>Feedback:VerbalresponseNonverbalresponseCase1p61用5分析(whythecommunicationfailed?)Unit3cultureandavaluesCommonhumanproblems人类的基本5个问题TheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck'sfivebasicquestionsWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?=HumannatureorientationWhatistherelationofmantoNature?=Man-natureorientationWhatisthetimesenseofhumanlife?=TimeorientationWhatisthemodeofhumanactivity?=ActivityorientationWhatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?=SocialorientationBasicvaluesTherangeofalternativesolutionstoaculture'sproblemsislimited.Culturesmustselecttheirsolutionsfromarangeofalternatives--HumanBasicValues.****HumanNature【BasicallyEvil——MixtureofGoodandEvil——BasicallyGood】RelationofMantoNature【MansubjugatedbyNature——ManinHarmonywithNature——ManbeingtheMasterofNature】SenseofTime【Past——Present——Future】Activity【Being(whoyouare)——Growing(selfdevelopment)——Doing(whatyoudo)】SocialRelationship【Authoritarian——Group-Oriented——Individualistic】民族文化的划分【名词解释】2.3Hofstede'sDimensionsofNationalCultures(1)Powerdistanceindex(PDI):“Powerdistanceistheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutions(likethefamily)acceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.”"Culturesthatendorselowpowerdistance:expectandacceptpowerrelationsthataremoredemocratic.Peoplerelatetooneanothermoreasequalsregardlessofformalpositions.Subordinatesaremorecomfortablewiththoseinpowerandmaycritiquethedecisionsmadebythem.、Inhighpowerdistancecountries,lesspowerfulpeopleacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreautocratic.Subordinatesacknowledgethepowerofotherssimplybasedonwheretheyaresituatedincertainformal,hierarchicalpositions.Assuch,thePowerdistanceindex(PDI)doesnotreflectanobjectivedifferenceinpowerdistribution,butratherthewaypeopleperceivepowerdifferences.权力距离指数：权力距离是指组织和机构中权力较弱的成员(如家庭)对权力不平等的接受程度和期望程度。支持低权力距离的文化:期望和接受更民主的权力关系。人们之间的关系更多的是平等的，而不是正式的职位。下属更喜欢那些有权力的人，可能会批评他们所做的决定。在高权力距离的国家，权力较小的人接受更专制的权力关系。下属承认他人的权力仅仅是基于他们所处的正式的等级地位。因此，权力距离指数反映的不是权力分配的客观差异，而是人们感知权力差异的方式。(2)Individualism(IDV)vs.Collectivism:个人主义(IDV)vs集体主义:“Thedegreetowhichindividualsareintegratedintogroups?.Inindividualisticsocieties,thestressisputonpersonalachievementsandindividualrights.Peopleareexpectedtostandupforthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamily,andtochoosetheirownaffiliations.Incontrast,incollectivistsocieties,individualsactasmembersofalife-longandcohesivegroup/organization(note:"Thewordcollectivisminthissensehasnopoliticalmeaning:itreferstothegroup,nottothestate"2).Peoplehavelargeextendedfamilies,whichareusedasaprotectioninexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.个人融入群体的程度?在个人主义的社会里，强调的是个人的成就和个人的权利。人们应该为自己和直系亲属挺身而出，选择自己的归属。相比之下，在集体主义社会中，个人作为一个终身的、有凝聚力的群体/组织的成员(注:“这种意义上的集体主义一词没有政治意义:它指的是群体，而不是国家”。人们有大家庭，这是一种保护，以换取绝对的忠诚。(3)UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI):不确定性规避指数(UAI):"asociety'stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity'.Itreflectstheextenttowhichmembersofasocietyattempttocopewithanxietybyminimizinguncertainty.Peopleincultureswithhighuncertaintyavoidancetrytominimizetheoccurrenceofunknownandunusualcircumstances.Theyproceedwithchangesstepbystepbyplanningandbyimplementingrules,lawsandregulations.Incontrast,lowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesacceptandfeelcomfortableinunstructuredsituationsorchangeableenvironmentsandtrytohaveasfewrulesaspossible.Peopleintheseculturestendtobemoretolerantofchange.“一个社会对不确定性和模糊性的容忍度”。它反映了社会成员试图通过减少不确定性来应对焦虑的程度。在高不确定性规避文化中，人们尽量减少未知和不寻常情况的发生。他们通过规划和实施规则、法律和规章逐步进行变革。相比之下，低不确定性规避文化接受并适应无组织的情况或多变的环境，并试图有尽可能少的规则。生活在这些文化中的人往往对变化更宽容。(4)Masculinity(MAS)vs.Femininity:“Thedistributionofemotionalrolesbetweenthegenders".Masculinecultures'valuesincludecompetitiveness,assertiveness,materialism,ambition,andpower;whereasfeminineculturesplacemorevalueonrelationshipsandqualityoflife.Inmasculinecultures,thedifferencesbetweengenderrolesaremoredramaticandlessfluidthaninfemininecultureswheremenandwomenhavethesamevaluesemphasizingmodestyandcaring.ThisdimensionisoftenrenamedQuantityofLifevs.QualityofLife.男性与女性:情感角色在性别间的分配”。男性文化的价值观包括竞争性、果敢、物质主义、野心和权力;而女性文化更重视人际关系和生活质量。在男性文化中，性别角色之间的差异比在女性文化中更明显，也更不稳定，在女性文化中，男女具有强调谦虚和关爱的相同价值观。这一维度通常被重新命名为“生命的数量”vs“生命的质量”。(5)Longtermorientation(LTO)vs.Shorttermorientation:Firstcalled"Confuciandynamism",itdescribessocieties’timehorizon.Longtermorientedsocietiesattachmoreimportancetothefuture.Theyfostervaluesorientedtowardsrewards,includingpersistence,savingandcapacityforadaptation.Inshorttermorientedsocieties,valuespromotedarerelatedtothepastandthepresent,includingsteadiness,respectfortradition,preservationofone'sface,andfulfillingsocialobligations.长期导向(LTO)与短期导向:最初被称为“儒家物力论”，它描述了社会的时间跨度。长期导向的社会更加重视未来。它们培养以回报为导向的价值观，包括坚持、储蓄和适应能力。在短期导向的社会中，所提倡的价值观与过去和现在有关，包括稳定、尊重传统、保持脸面和履行社会义务。High、lowcontextculture【whatis...】EdwardHall'sTheoryonHighandLowContextCultures***Edward.T.Hall,whosewritingsabouttherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationarewellknown,classifiesculturesbytheamountofinformationimpliedbythecontextofthecommunicationitself,regardlessofthespecificwordsthatarespoken.Hallhasobservedthatmeaningandcontextareboundupwitheachother.Whileaverbalcodecanbeanalyzedonsomelevelsindependentofcontext,inreallifethecode,thecontext,andthemeaningcanonlybeseenasdifferentaspectsofasingleevent.Hallclaimsthathumaninteraction,onthebroadlevel,canbedividedintohigh-contextandlow-contextcommunicationsystems.爱德华·霍尔的高低语境文化理论***T.Hall关于文化与交际关系的著作广为人知，他根据交际语境本身所隐含的信息量对文化进行了分类，而不考虑所使用的具体词汇。霍尔观察到，意义和语境是相互联系的。虽然语言代码可以在某些层面上独立于语境进行分析，但在现实生活中，代码、语境和意义只能被视为单个事件的不同方面。霍尔认为，从广义上讲，人类互动可以分为高语境和低语境两种交流系统。Ingeneral,low-contextcommunicationreferstocommunicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode.Inlow-contextcommunication,thespeakerisexpectedtoberesponsibleforsendingclear,persuasivemessagethatthelistenercandecodeeasily.Whilehigh-contextcommunicationreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbalmode.Inhigh-contextcommunication,thelistenerorinterpreterofthemessageisexpectedto"readbetweenthelines,"toaccuratelyinfertheimplicitintentoftheverbalmessage,andtoobservethenonverbalhintsthataccompanyandenhancetheverbalmessage.一般来说，低语境交际是指直接言语交际模式。在低语境交际中，讲话者应该负责传达清晰、有说服力的信息，让听者容易理解。高语境交际指的是间接言语交际模式。在高语境交际中，信息的听者或解释者被期望“从字里行间阅读”，以准确地推断言语信息的隐含意图，并观察伴随和加强言语信息的非言语暗示。Alow-context(LC)communicationisoneinwhichthemassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode,andthecontextorsituationplaysaminimalrole.Whenweuselow-contextcommunicationwestresstheimportanceofexplicitverbalmessagestoconveypersonalthoughts,opinions,andfeelings.Ahigh-context(HC)communicationisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherwithinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecodedandexplicitpartofthemessage.Whenweusehigh-contextcommunicationwestresstheimportanceofmultilayeredcontexts(e.g.，historicalcontext,socialnorms,roles，situationalandrelationalcontexts)thatframetheinteractionencounter.在低语境(LC)通信中，大量的信息都归属于显式代码，而上下文或情境只起很小的作用。当我们使用低语境沟通时，我们强调明确的语言信息的重要性来传达个人的想法、意见和感受。高上下文(HC)通信是这样一种通信，其中大部分信息要么在上下文中，要么在人的内部，而很少信息在消息的编码和显式部分中。当我们使用高语境交流时，我们会强调多层语境的重要性。Case10p97Listentoastoryincase10anddiscussthefollowingquestions.41.WhydidtheJapanesegeneralmanagerfeelextremelysurprisedwhenheheardthatMr.LegrandhaddecidednottobeawayfromFrance?Whatwouldhethinkofhim?2.WhatwouldbeyourfirstchoiceifyouhadbeeninMr.Legrand'sposition?Unit4简答：relationbetweenculture&languagewecansummarizetherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguageasthefollowing:languageisakeycomponentofculture.Itistheprimarymediumfortransmittingculture.Withoutlanguage,culturewouldnotbepossible.Childrenleaningtheirnativelanguageareleaningtheirownculture;learningasecondlanguagealsoinvolveslearningasecondculturetosomedegrees.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Itreflectsculture.Culturaldifferencesarethemostseriousareascausingmisunderstanding,unpleasantnessandevenconflictincross-culturalcommunication.(1)语言是文化的重要组成部分。它是传播文化的主要媒介。没有语言，就不可能有文化。孩子学习母语就是学习自己的文化;在某种程度上，学习第二语言也包括学习第二文化。(2)另一方面，语言受到文化的影响和塑造。它反映了文化。在跨文化交际中，文化差异是造成误解、不愉快甚至冲突的最严重的领域。Sapir-whorfhypothesisTheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthelinguistictheorythatthesemanticstructureofalanguageshapesorlimitsthewaysinwhichaspeakerformsconceptionsoftheworld.Itcameaboutin1929.ThetheoryisnamedaftertheAmericananthropologicallinguistEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andhisstudentBenjaminWhorf(1897-1941).Itisalsoknownasthetheoryoflinguisticrelativity,linguisticrelativism,linguisticdeterminism.Sapir-Whorf假设是一种语言理论，认为语言的语义结构会影响或限制说话人对世界的看法。它出现于1929年。该理论以美国人类学语言学家爱德华·萨皮尔(EdwardSapir,1884-1939)和他的学生本杰明·沃尔夫(BenjaminWhorf,1897-1941)的名字命名。它又被称为语言相对论、语言相对论、语言决定论。Neo-WhorfianismisessentiallyaweakerversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisandsaysthatlanguageinfluencesaspeaker'sviewoftheworldbutdoesnotinescapablydetermineit.新沃尔夫主义本质上是Sapir-Whorf假说的一个弱化版本，它认为语言会影响说话者的世界观，但并不是不可避免地决定世界观。思考题therelationbetweenlanguage,cultureandthoughtsCase:(1)TheJapaneselanguagevariessubstantiallyindifferentsocialsituations.Separatevocabulariesareusedforaddressingsuperiors(上级),peers,andinferiors(下级).Inaddition,wordsthatmenandwomenusedifferinJapanese.MaledominanceisrevealedintheSpanishlanguagethroughtheuseofgenderednounsandpronouns.Agroupofmen,forinstance,wouldbereferredtoasellos,andagroupofwomenasellas,theoendingbeingmasculineandtheaendingbeingfeminine.Butifagroupcontainsseveralmenandonewoman,itiscalledellos,usingthemasculinegender;ifagroupcontainsseveralwomenandoneman,thegroupisstillcalledellos.Agroupofgirlsiscalled?groupofgirlsthatincludesasingleboyiscalledninos.Unit5Differentorientationofcommunicationpatterns【简答】EastAsianorientation1.Processorientation——communicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretation;2.Differentiatedlinguisticcodes——differentlinguisticcodesareuseddependinguponpersonsinvolvedandsituations;3.Indirectcommunicationemphasis—theuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormative;4.Receivercentered-meaningisintheinterpretation.Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovalofpreconception.东亚方向1.过程导向——沟通被认为是一个无限解释的过程;2.不同的语言代码——不同的语言代码根据不同的人和情况使用;3.间接沟通的重要性-间接沟通的使用是普遍的和公认的规范;4.以接受者为中心的意义存在于解释中。重点是倾听、敏感和消除偏见。NorthAmericanorientation1.Communicationisperceivedasthetransferenceofmessages2.Lessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodes——linguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastAsia3.Directcommunicationemphasis——directcommunicationisthenormdespitetheextensiveuseofindirectcommunication4.Sendercentered——meaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.Emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessage,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills.北美方向1.沟通被认为是信息的传递2.差异较小的语言代码——语言代码的差异不像东亚那样广泛3.强调直接沟通——尽管广泛使用间接沟通，直接沟通仍是规范4.以发送者为中心——意思是在发送者创建的消息中。重点是如何制定最好的信息，如何提高来源的可信度和传递技巧。Culturaldifferencesincommunicationpatterns文化交际模式【4个，基本概念】【highinvolvement/consideration词汇解析】Highinvolvementvs.highconsideratenessHighinvolvementstyle：talkmore;interruptmore;expecttobeinterrupted;talkmoreloudlyattimes;e.talkmorequickly.Eg.Italian：Aconversationisn'tfununlessitbecomesheated.Highconsiderationstyle：speakoneatatime;usepolitelisteningsounds;refrainfrominterrupting;giveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponses.Eg.American：Well,everyoneisentitledtoanopinion.Directstylevs.IndirectstyleThetoneofvoice,thespeaker'sintention,andtheverbalcontentreflectourwayofspeaking,ourverbalstyle,whichinturnreflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.Verbalstyleframes"how"amessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensioncanbethoughtofasacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,dependingonroleidentities,interactiongoals,andsituations.However,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizedirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.Incontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizeindirecttalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsilence.Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker'sintentionsandareexpressedinastraighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtoconcealthespeaker'sactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmoresubtletoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverallU.S.Americanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectcommunication.Phrasessuchas"saywhatyou