英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习整理单选题知识点：英国部分英国的主要岛屿：GreatBritainandIrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60million的人口NorthernIreland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4人口住在southeasternEngland英语属于Indo-European语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔LatinandGreek色彩中世界英语被Normaninfluence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近aquarter的世界人口讲英文TheGremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，RomanChristianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位WestminsterAbbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edwardtheconfessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期TheNormanconquest标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来theHouseofTudor的统治宗教改革(ReligiousReformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorcehiswife英国革命在1642年爆发于RoyalistsandParliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间BillofRight(人权法案)在GloriousRevolution(光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的IndustrialRevolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主)英国君主的重要性体现在他在publicattitude方面的影响BritishCabinet(内阁)在Collectiveresponsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国PriryCouncil(枢密院)的主要责任是Giveadvice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和abeliefinindividualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(TheLaborPrty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(NationalHealthService)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的Theoilcrisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducinginequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括TheseaareabetweenBritainandIreland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"PrefacetoLyricalBallads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作ThomasHardy是19世纪批判现实主义的代表WaitingforGodot是SamuelBekett写的美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在centralNorthAmerica,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是MississippiRiver哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于NewEnglandNiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有theBlacks 美国最大的少数民族是theBlacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,WesternEuropean,ProtestantandMiddle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrimFathers是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在FrenchandBritish之间"Notaxationwithoutreprestation"是Thepeopleof13colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto(列克星顿)打响1775年5月，Thesecondcontinentacongrsee在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了DeclarationofIndependence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedyandjohnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了famingeconomy,handcrafteconomy,最终形成industrialeconomy第一家国家银行是在AlexanderHamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondaryandhighereducation美国高等教育开始于HarvardUniversity的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July4thWashingtonIrving是美国文学之父TonyMorrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人名词解释：1.AmericanCivilWar(美国内战)AmericanCivilWarisawarthatwasfoughtintheUSbetween1861and1865when11southernstatesrebelledagainstthefederalgovernment.Thesouthernstateswerebeaten,andasaresultofthewar,slavesbecamefree.Meltingpotandsalad(大熔炉)Themeltingpotisananalogyforthewayinwhichhomogeneoussocietiesdevelop,inwhichtheingredientsinthepot(peopleofdifferentcultures,racesandreligions)arecombinedsoastodevelopamulti-ethnicsociety.Theterm,whichoriginatesfromtheUnitedStates,isoftenusedtodescribesocietiesexperiencinglargescaleimmigrationfrommanydifferentcountries.

AmericanConstitution(美国宪法)AmericanConstitution，whichwasdrawnupin1787andcameintoeffectin1789,isthebasiclawoftheland.Forovertwocenturies,ithasguidedthedevelopmentofgovernmentinstitutionandhasthebasisforthenation，spoliticalstability,economicgrowthandsocialprogress.ColdWar(冷战)Inthespringof1947,forthepurposeofestablishingtheU.S.hegenmiony(霸权)inpostwarworld,PresidentTrumandeclaredthe"TuemanDoctrine",aimingatexpandingAmericansphereofinfluence.ThismarkedthebeginningoftheColdWarperiod.theColdWarexertedgreatinfluenceinEurope,andtwoGermanyswerefounded.Then,inApril1949,theU.S.alliedwithotherWesterncountries,formingtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.WhileseekingtopreventCommunistideologyfromgainingfurtheradherents(追随者)inEurope,theU.S.alsorespondedtothechallengeselsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)ThanksgivingisaassociatedwiththetimewhenEuropeansfirstcametotheNewWorld.In1620,theMayflowerarrivedandbroughtabout150Pilgrims.Lifeatthebeginningwasveryhardandtherewasnotenoughfood,somanyofthemdied.DuringthefollowingsummertheNativeAmericanshelpedthemandthentheyhadabountifulharvest.SotheyheldabigcelebrationtothankGodandtheNativeAmericans. BritishLaborParty(英国工会党)BritishLaborPartyknownasapartyofhightaxation,wascreatedbythegrowingtradeunionmovementattheendofthe19thcentury.ItquicklyreplacedtheLiberalPartyasoneofthetwolargestpoliticalparties.TheLaborgovernmentthatcometopowerin1945hadamajoreffortonBritishsociety.ItsetuptheNationalHealthService.Thepartyactivitiesarelargelyfundedbythetradeunions.BritishConservativeParty(英国保守党)Byandlarge,theConservativePartyissupportedbythosewhohavesomethingto"conserve".Economically,theConservativePartysupportsfreeenterpriseandprivatizationofstate-ownedenterprise.Itisagainsttoomuchgovernmentintervention,especiallynationalization.TheConservativePartyfavorsreducingtheinfluenceoftradeunionsandminimizingexpendituresonsocialwelfare.Itspoliciesarecharactizedbypragmatismandabeliedinindividualism.CommonwealthofNations（联邦国家）TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstatse,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthehead.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunionofanysort,anditsmemberstateshavefullautonomytomanagetheirinternalandexternalaffairs.Itisprimarilyanorganizationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteractionaftergainingindependence.ThemajoractivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthwithinitsmembers.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)TheCriticalRealismofthe19thcentryflourishedinthe1840sandtheearly1850s.TheCriticalRealismdescribedthechieftraitsofthesocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.ThegreatestEnglishrealistwasCharlesDickens.StandardEnglish(标准英语)StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschool.Itispreferredbytheeducated,middle-classpeople.IthasdevelopedandhasbeenpromotedasamodelforcorrectBritishEnglish.Itisalsothenormcarriedoverseas.TodayStandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishis