2022-2023学年上海市嘉定区高二（下）期末英语试卷

第=page11页，共=sectionpages11页2022-2023学年上海市嘉定区高二（下）期末英语试卷一、选词填空-句子（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）1.

A.appearancesB.imitatingC.distinguishD.isolateE.advantageousF.diverse

G.identicalH.criterionI.markingsJ.poisonousK.threateningWhydifferentspeciesstartlookingexactlythesameIsitbettertostandoutfromthecrowdorbesimilartothebackground？Forbirds，theansweriscomplicated.Whilepeacocks（孔雀）showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators（捕食者），otherbirdsfindit（1）______tohidethemselvesbyimitatingthelooksofotherbirds.

Groupsofbirdsflyingtogetheroftencomefromthesamespecies，makingithardto（2）______onefromanother.However，somegroupsofbirdsincludingtwoormorespeciestakeonsimilar（3）______，whichisanuncommonphenomenon."Theyallsharerandomfeatures，likefeathersonheadoryellowbellies（腹部），whichmakesthemalmost（4）______.Youcan'treallytellthemapartwithoutlookingattheir（5）______."saysScottRobinson，afamousscholar.Hisnewstudysuggests（6）______anotherbird'sappearanceisnotacoincidence（巧合）butratheranevolutionarymethodtoincreasetheirchancesofsurvival.Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecterhelpsreduceattackfromothermembersandappearmore（7）______topotentialpredators.

"Inimitation，youoftenwanttolooklikesomethingbecausethere'sanadvantagetobeingthatotherthing.Youwantspeciestothinkyou're（8）______orlow-profitabletarget"saysRebeccaKimball，aprofessorofbiology."Ingroupingbirds，oneideaisthatthishasmoretodowithapredator'sabilityto（9）______atarget.Whenthereareagroupofbirdsmovingaround，itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern."

Whileitmaynotseemlikeitatfirst，imitatingotherbirdsishelpingtocreatemore（10）______species.Notonlydobirdsimitatemorethanonespeciesastheygrowup，buttheirappearancevariesovertime.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)二、阅读理解（本大题共11小题，共22.0分）AAschoolgirlhascreatedasolar-poweredbackpackthatfilters（过滤）outairpollutionafterbeinginspiredbyherasthmatic（患哮喘病的）mother.

EleanorWoods，12，fromatowninnorthernEngland，enteredthe"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionafterhermotherputtheapplicationforminherroom.Shewentontowintheawardforherinnovativebag.

The"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionwaslaunchedtochangeperceptions，encouragemorediversitywithinengineeringandtoshowchildrenhowtheycouldcombineaninterestinfashionwithacareerinSTEM（science，technology，engineeringormaths）.

Poweredbygreenenergyfromsolarpowerandadynamo—amachinethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy—thebackpackfilterspollutedairbeforefanningoutcleanerairnearby.

"Ihaveanairfilterathomebecausemymumhasmildasthma.MyBreatheBetterBackpackisallaboutkeepingmyfriends，familyandclassmatessafeusinganairfilter.Itlookscoolandwillhelpgetkidsoutsideandfightoffcolds，"saidEleanor."Thefirstthingthatcametomindisthatblueisoneofmyfavoritecolorsandbluefeelscleanandthebubblesontheoutsidehaveacleanthemeforbreathing."

ThepandemicencouragedEleanor'sawarenessofhowpollutionaffectsaperson'shealthandthespreadofdiseases.Spendingalotoftimewithherasthmaticmumoverseverallockdownsgavethe12-year-oldfoodforthought.Theschoolgirladded，"Mygenerationisreallyawareofpollution，andwehavelessonsonitatschoolalongwithdiseasesspreading，andthisisanotherreasonIdesignedthis，becauseitisgettingmuchworse."Theyoungdesignersaidsheisbecomingincreasinglyawareofthepollutionthatsurroundsher，asshelivesonamainroad.Eleanorsaid，"Iwalktoschool，nexttotheroad，andcantastethepetrolwhenbusescomethrough."

Speakingafterwinningthecompetition，Eleanorsaidtheimpactofherbackpackwillhefar-reaching."Ifjustafewpeoplestartusingit，itcouldbereallygoodfortheplanet，"shesaid.2.Accordingtothepassage，the"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionaimsto______.A.introducethediversitywithinengineering

B.developpeople'sinterestinfashiondesign

C.encourageapplicationofSTEMtofashion

D.raisethepublicawarenessofairpollution3.EleanorinventedtheBreatheBetterBackpackto______.A.curehermother'smildasthmabytransformingenergy

B.helpthosewhoneedairfiltersbyreducingairpollution

C.attractkids1attentionbyitscolorsandbubblesoutside

D.preventdiseasesspreadingbyfanningoutcleanerair4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthebackpack？______A.Theoutsidedesignofitshowsthethemeofthecompetition.

B.Eleanor'sinspirationtoinventitcomesfrombubbles.

C.Itisequippedwithanenergytransfertoproducefreshair.

D.Itsimpactonthecompetitionwillbefar-reaching.5.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage？______A.UseofBackpackBringsBenefitstoEnvironment

B.YoungDesignersareBecomingAwareofPollution

C.MotherassistsSchoolgirlinWinningCompetition

D.SchoolgirlCreatesBagthatFiltersoutAirPollutionBBBCScienceFocusMagazineSubscriptionIdeas，discoveries，andthebigquestionsanswered

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A.Bycreatinganaccountonyouareabletoseewhenyournextissueisduet，howmanyissuesyouhaveremainingonyourcurrentpayment，changeyourdeliveryaddress，andIrenewyoursubscription.6.Accordingtothepassage，ifreaderschoose"Singlepayment"，thepriceofanissueoftheprinteditionisabout______.A.＄6 B.＄8 C.＄14 D.＄207.Accordingtothepassage，you'llreceive______asafirstmagazineifyouforgettosetadate.A.thefirstissue B.thelatestcopy

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D.answersomequestionsraisedbytheregularreadersCAsplasticwasteincreasesrapidlyaroundtheworld，anessentialquestionremainsunanswered：Whatharm，ifany，doesitcausetohumanhealth？

Afewyearsago，asmicroplasticsbeganturningupintheorgansoffishandshellfish，theconcernwasfocusedonthesafetyofseafood.Shellfishwereaparticularworry，becauseintheircase，unlikefish，weeattheentireanimal—stomach，microplasticsandall.In2017，Belgianscientistsannouncedthatseafoodloverscouldconsumeupto11，000plasticparticles（粒子）ayearbyeatingmussels（贻贝），afavoritedishinthatcountry.

Bythen，however，scientistsalreadyunderstoodthatplasticscontinuouslyfragmentsmallpiecesintheenvironment，tearingovertimeintofibersevensmallerthanastrandofhumanhair—particlesaresosmallthattheyeasilyflyintheair.AteamattheU.K.'sUniversityofPlymouthdecidedtocomparethethreatfromeatingpollutedwildmusselsinScotlandtothatofbreathingairinatypicalhome.Theirconclusion：Peoplewilltakeinmoreplasticbybreathinginortakingtiny，invisibleplasticfibersfloatingintheairaroundthem—fibersfromtheirownclothes，carpets，andsoftcoveringonfurniture—thantheywillbyeatingthemussels.

So，itwasn'tmuchofasurprisewhen，in2022，scientistsfromtheNetherlandsandtheU.K，announcedtheyhadfoundtinyplasticparticlesinlivinghumans，intwoplaceswheretheyhadn'tbeenseenbefore：deepinsidethelungsofsurgicalpatients，andinthebloodofunknowndonors.Neitherofthetwostudiesansweredthequestionofpossibleharm.Buttogethertheysignaledashiftinthefocusofconcernaboutplasticstowardthecloudofdustparticlesintheair，someofthemaresosmallthattheycangetintodeepinsidethebodyandeveninsidecells，inwaysthatlargermicroplasticscan't

DickVethaak，aprofessorofecotoxicology（生态毒理学），doesn'tconsidertheresultsalarming，exactly—"but，yes，weshouldbeconcerned.Plasticsshouldnotbeinyourblood.""Weliveinamulti-particleworld，"headds，referringtothedust，pollen（花粉），andsmogthathumansalsobreatheineveryday."Thetrickistofigureouthowmuchplasticscontributetothatparticleburdenandwhatdoesthatmean."9.Whatdoestheword"fragment"inpara.3probablymean？______A.breakinto B.takein C.pickout D.makeup10.ThestudydonebyateamattheUK.'sUniversityofPlymouthshowsthat______.A.microplasticsfromthingsinourdailylifeantmorepoisonous

B.peopleeatingpollutedmusselsaremorelikelytogetdiseases

C.invisibleplasticfibersaremoreharmfultotheenvironment

D.theinfluenceofmicroplasticsinmusselsislessthanthought11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.microplasticsinpollutedwildmusselscancauseseriousdiseases

B.there'snoneedtoworryabouttheplasticsfoundinhumanblood

C.wecanavoidbreathingparticlesbyfiguringoutparticleburden

D.moreattentionshouldbepaidtothedustparticlesthanplastics12.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage？______A.AreMicroplasticsHarmfultoUs？

B.ShouldMicroplasticsbeinOurBlood？

C.CanMicroplasticsGetintoOurBodies？

D.DoWeKnowAnythingaboutMicroplastics？三、阅读七选五（本大题共4小题，共8.0分）Directions：Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

TextingorTalking？Thetelephonewasanamazinginvention.Peoplecouldfinallyspeaktoeachotherinstantlyfromonehometoanother.Themobilephonetookthistechnologyfurther，meaningwecouldmakecontactwithpeopletoandfromalmostanywhereintheworld.（1）______

Idon'tmeanwehavetakenupletterwritingagain.Althoughahandwrittenletterhasapersonaltouch，sendingitbypostistooslowtosatisfyourdesiretokeepintouchimmediately.（2）______AstudyintheUKafewyearsagofound49percentofteenagerspreferredtosendatextratherthanspeaktosomeone.

CertainlysendinganSMS，textormessagethroughachatappmeanswecancomposewhatwewanttosay，andwecanbemoreefficientinsayingit—especiallyifweexpressourselvesbyusingemojis（表情符号）.（3）______Textmessagingalsoallowsprivacy—otherpeoplecan'toverhearyourtextifyou'reinapublicplacesuchasonatrain.

（4）______Wemayevenforgettheartofpleasantries（客套）.Atextcanbemisinterpretedtoobecauseyoumissoutonaspeaker'sintonation（语调）.Wealwaysspeakwithmelodyandintonationtoourvoice…youtakethatchannelofinformationoutofcommunication，youloseanotherwaythatsenseisbeingconveyed.

A.Buttextinginsteadoftalkingcanseemantisocial.

B.Itcanalsobequickerthanhavingtochatwithsomeone，althoughIfeelyoucanstillendupwastingtimebyhavingafulldiscussionbytext!

C.Butdespitehavingtheinstantabilitytotalktooneanother，itseemsmanyofusprefertocommunicatebytext.

D.Ifit'stakingyoumorethan10minutestocomposearesponse，youmaybebetteroffcallingtheperson.

E.Theprivacyofmessagessentandreceivedisprotected.

F.Butwhatoursmartphonesnowallowustodoenablesustocommunicateinanynumberofquick，cheapbutsilentways.13.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G14.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G15.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G16.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G四、完形填空（本大题共15小题，共15.0分）MostpeoplehaveseenanimalssolveproblemsinonecontextoranotherWhetherit'sadoggettingfoodoutofapuzzletoy，asquirrel（松鼠）breakingintoa"squirrel-proof，birdfeeder，or—inwhatishopefullyararerexperience—abearopeningadoortogettothefoodinside!

Doallindividualswithinaspeciescomeupwith（1）______solutionstoproblems？Oraresomeindividualsmoreinnovativethanothers？Inungulates（forexample，goatsandhorses），socialoutsidersaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheir（2）______groupmates：ifanindividualspendstimeontheouterareasoftheirgroup，theyaremorelikelytosucceedataproblem-solvingtask.

（3）______，insomespeciesofprimates（灵长类动物）andbirds，ithasbeenshownthatindividualswithlowsocialstanding—thatis，thosewhoregularlylosefights，andwhodon'thave（4）______ofaccesstovaluableresources—tendtoinnovatemore.

Theaboveexamplestieintothetheorythattheindividualswhoareleastabletogainaccesstogoodquality（5）______，suchasfoodandshelter，arethemostlikelytoinnovate.This"badcompetitor"theorysuggeststhatindividualsinnovatebecausetheymustdosoto（6）______.Imagineyou'reagoatwhocan'tgetaccesstothefeedingcontainerbecauseyou'renotinthein-group.You'dprobablybemore（7）______tofigureouthowtoopenacontainerwithfoodinsidethanyourmorepopular（andwell-fed）groupmates.

However，whilethereissupportforthistheoryinsomespecies，manyspeciesshowopposingpatterns.（8）______，beinga"badcompetitor"doesn'tseemtobeageneraldriverofinnovationacrossspecies.（9）______appearstohaveamoregeneralinfluenceonanimalinnovativeness.Ameta-analysis（综合分析）across37studiesofanimalinnovationfoundthatbeingbrave（thatis，approaching（10）______objectsandexploringnewenvironments）waslinkedtoinnovativebehavior.Forexample，braveCaribgrackles（aspeciesofbird）andungulatesaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheirmoreeasilyfrightenedgroupmates.（11）______hasalsobeenlinkedtoinnovationinavarietyofspecies，fromzebrafinches（斑胸草雀）toAsianelephants.

Bothmakeinstinctivesense.Themorelikelyanindividualisto（12）______withanewproblem（thatis，thebravertheyare，andthemoretimetheyspendtryingtosolveaproblem（thatis，themorepersistenttheyare），themorelikelytheyaretofinda（n）（13）______.

Regardlessofthereasonindividualsinnovate，onceanindividualfindsasolutiontoaproblem，（14）______aprobleminvolvingresourceaccess，theirbehaviorcanspreadlikewildfire.Otherindividualspayattentionwhenagroupmateinnovates，and（15）______theproblem-solvingbehavior.17.

A.instant B.comprehensive C.fair D.creative18.

A.friendly B.popular C.close D.faithful19.

A.Similarly B.Inevitably C.Apparently D.Gradually20.

A.purpose B.priority C.pressure D.potential21.

A.services B.materials C.goods D.resources22.

A.pretend B.compete C.survive D.evolve23.

A.reluctant B.excited C.motivated D.confused24.

A.Thus B.Besides C.Still D.Meanwhile25.

A.Emotion B.Gender C.Appearance D.Personality26.

A.living B.novel C.endangered D.ideal27.

A.Persistence B.Intelligence C.Performance D.Confidence28.

A.conflict B.compare C.interact D.identify29.

A.position B.object C.solution D.chance30.

A.absolutely B.fortunately C.definitely D.particularly31.

A.copy B.change C.influence D.evaluate五、语法填空（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）32.Mostunderratedpleasuresofone'slifeOneofthebiggestdriversofgoodrelationshipsinourlivesisadevelopedlevelofunderstandinginthoserelationships.Therelationships（1）______thisunderstandingendupcreatingtoomuchmaintenancework.Soitbecomesmorelikeluggageoratleastsomethingthatneedsattentionorcareratherthanfun.

Irealizeditwithacoupleoffriendsofmine.Recentlymy"friendecosystem"hadasuddenchange.Acoupleofthem（2）______（leave）althoughIstillhaveacouplearound.Iamalsoaddingacoupleofnewones.

Thewholechangemademethoughtful.Istartedtothinkaboutthecauseofbeingbetterfriendswithsome.Itturnsoutthatamongthelargenumberofotherfactors，oneofthekeyonesis（3）______（understand）.Itcanthenbeextendedtopersonalandevenbusinessrelationships.

While（4）______（hire）akeyemployee，onecanbesurethatitwillworkwelliftheotherpersonenjoysandunderstandsyouwell.Itwillbefar（5）______（productive）astherelationshiprelatedmaintenanceislowandyoucanfocusonactualoutput.It（6）______helpyouevenwhenyouarelookingforfundingpartners，seedcapitalorbusinessjointventures（企业）.

Finally，howdoyouensureyouareunderstood？Tostartwith，makesurethatthepeoplewho（7）______（matter）toyouinanycapacitylikebusiness，managerial，personalorfamilyhaveanopenrelationshipwithyou.Creatinganopenenvironment（8）______otherscandiscussconstructiveaspectsordifficultdiscussionisimportant.

Beingcaringandrespectfulto（9）______andbeingtruthfularetwodifferentthings.Truthfulnessisasimportantasbeingrespectfulandcaring.Inthelongterm，truthfulnesswillresultinacaringrelationship，（10）______youareunderstoodwellandhaveanopenrelationship，youcan'tbetruthful.

Whenyougettothatlevelwiththepersonwhereyouarecompletelyunderstood，itwillbeanawesomefeeling!(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)六、单词拼写-单句（本大题共7小题，共14.0分）33.Thesinger______（得到钢琴伴奏）byhersister.（根据汉语提示完成句子）34.Mychoice______（基于假设）thathousepricewouldremainsteady.（根据汉语提示完成句子）35.Afterfourmonths'study，he______（被授予证书）.（根据汉语提示完成句子）36.Whatthewitnesssaidincourt______（与……不一致）thestatementhemadetothepolice.（根据汉语提示完成句子）37.Thereportincludes______（公司未来发展的全面评估）.（根据汉语提示完成句子）38.Ialwayshavesomeextracashwithme______（以备急需）.（根据汉语提示完成句子）39.Thetermsofthesupermarket______（使顾客有权换货或全额退款）whentheybuylow-qualityproducts.（根据汉语提示完成句子）七、句子翻译（本大题共4小题，共16.0分）40.在网上下单时，记得核对信息。（order）（汉译英）______41.这个古镇以许多传统活动为特色，是绝佳的旅游胜地。（featurev.）（汉译英）______42.有了这个应用程序，用户很容易就能在手机上进行个性化学习。（it）（汉译英）______43.篮球队的成功有赖于学校的大力支持，学校提供了充足的资金用于购买训练设施等必需品。（provide）（汉译英）______八、书面表达（本大题共1小题，共25.0分）44.假设你是明启中学的学生李华，你校图书馆打算开展一次主题为"阅读的力量"的读书活动，现向全校学生征集活动方案，写一封信给图书馆，推荐活动方案，内容须包括：

（1）具体的活动安排；

（2）活动的意义。

答案和解析1.【答案】【小题1】E【小题2】C【小题3】A【小题4】G【小题5】I【小题6】B【小题7】K【小题8】J【小题9】D【小题10】F【解析】（1）考查形容词。句意：虽然孔雀炫耀其色彩鲜艳的羽毛来吸引配偶和抵御捕食者，但其他鸟类则发现通过模仿别的鸟类的外表来隐藏自己是有利的。"findit+adj.+todosth."是固定句型，所以空处应用形容词作宾补。根据"Whilepeacocks（孔雀）showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators（捕食者）"，While引导让步状语从句，所以这里与上文形成转折，表示的是虽然孔雀展示自己色彩鲜艳的羽毛，但其他鸟类发现模仿别的鸟类外表是有利的。advantageous意为"有利的，有好处的"。故选E。

（2）考查动词。句意：成群的鸟类经常来自同一物种，使得很难区分彼此。根据空前的不定式符号to，这里应用动词原形。根据空后的"onefromanother"，这里是说难以区分彼此。distinguish意为"区分，辨别"。故选C。

（3）考查名词。句意：然而，有两个或两个以上物种的一些鸟类群体具有相似的外观，这是一种罕见的现象。根据空前的"similar"可知，这里应用名词作宾语。根据下文中的"Theyallsharerandomfeatures"，这里是说这些鸟的外表相似。appearance意为"外表"，此处不止一只鸟的外表，应用复数。故选A。

（4）考查形容词。句意：它们都有随机的特征，比如头上的羽毛或黄色的腹部，这使它们几乎完全相同。"make+宾语+宾补"是固定结构，分析句子结构，这里应用形容词作宾补。根据下文中的"Youcan'treallytellthemapart"，这里是说这些鸟看起来几乎一样。identical意为"完全同样的，相同的"。故选G。

（5）考查名词。句意：如果不看它们的标记，你就无法真正区分它们。根据空前的their，空处应用名词作宾语。根据空前的"withoutlookingattheir"，这里是说如果不看这些鸟的标记，就不能把它们区分开，"标记"为名词marking，表示不止一个标记，应用复数。故选I。

（6）考查动名词。句意：他的新研究表明，模仿另一只鸟的外表并不是巧合，而是一种增加它们生存机会的进化方法。根据空后的"anotherbird'sappearance"和第一段中的"byimitatingthelooksofotherbirds"，这里是说模仿另一只鸟的外表。imitate意为"模仿"，分析句子结构，suggests后面是一个宾语从句，空处作主语，应用动名词形式imitating。故选B。

（7）考查形容词。句意：看起来像一只优势种类的鸟有助于减少其他成员的攻击，并显得对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。空处应用形容词，作appear的表语。根据句中的"Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecieshelpsreduceattackfromothermembers"，这里是说外表像优势种类的鸟可以看起来对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。threatening意为"威胁的"。故选K。

（8）考查形容词。句意：你想让物种认为你是有毒的或好处少的目标。根据空前的you're，空处应用形容词作表语。根据or后的low-profitable，前后表达的特征相近，这种特征可以让捕食者打消猎捕的念头，所以让对方认为有毒可以达到目的。poisonous意为"有毒的"。故选J。

（9）考查动词。句意：在对鸟类进行分组时，一种想法是，这更多地与捕食者找出目标的能力有关。空前有不定式符号to，所以空处应用动词原形。根据下文中的"itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern"，捕食者更容易识别有不同特征的鸟，即有找出目标的能力。isolate意为"将……剔出（以便看清和单独处理）"。故选D。

（10）考查形容词。句意：虽然一开始可能看起来不像，但模仿其他鸟类有助于创造更多样化的物种。根据空前的more和空后的species，这里应用形容词作定语，修饰名词species。根据下文中的"theirappearancevariesovertime"，这里是说模仿有助于创造出更加多样的物种。diverse意为"多样化的"。故选F。

本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了不同物种模仿其他物种特征的原因。

如何做选词填空

1.根据语法，判断词性

一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。

2.利用语境，确定词形

当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式，如主谓一致，动词的时态，语态，固定短语，名词的数和所有格，形容词，副词的比较级等。

2~5.【答案】C、B、C、D【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据文章第三段The

"Backpack

to

the

Future"

competition

was

launched

to

change

perceptions，encourage

more

diversity

within

engineering

and

to

show

children

how

they

could

combine

an

interest

in

fashion

with

a

career

in

STEM

（science，technology，engineering

or

maths）.（发起"未来背包"比赛是为了改变观念，鼓励工程领域的多样性，并向孩子们展示他们如何将对时尚的兴趣与STEM（科学、技术、工程或数学）职业相结合。）可知"背包走向未来"竞赛旨在鼓励STEM在时尚领域的应用。A．introduce

the

diversity

within

engineering介绍工程中的多样性；B．develop

people's

interest

in

fashion

design培养人们对时装设计的兴趣；C．encourage

application

of

STEM

to

fashion鼓励STEM在时尚中的应用；D．raise

the

public

awareness

of

air

pollution提高公众对空气污染的意识。故选C。

（2）细节理解题。根据文章第五段"I

have

an

air

filter

at

home

because

my

mum

has

mild

asthma.My

Breathe

Better

Backpack

is

all

about

keeping

my

friends，family

and

classmates

safe

using

an

air

filter.It

looks

cool

and

will

help

get

kids

outside

and

fight

off

colds，"

said

Eleanor.

"The

first

thing

that

came

to

mind

is

that

blue

is

one

of

my

favorite

colors

and

blue

feels

clean

and

the

bubbles

on

the

outside

have

a

clean

theme

for

breathing."（"我家里有一个空气过滤器，因为我妈妈有轻度哮喘。我的呼吸更好背包是关于使用空气过滤器来保护我的朋友、家人和同学的安全。埃莉诺说："它看起来很酷，有助于让孩子们出去走走，抵御感冒。"我首先想到的是，蓝色是我最喜欢的颜色之一，蓝色感觉很干净，外面的气泡有一个干净的呼吸主题。"）可知埃莉诺发明了the

Breathe

Better

Backpack，通过减少空气污染来帮助那些需要空气过滤器的人。故选B。

（3）推理判断题。根据文章第四段Powered

by

green

energy

from

solar

power

and

a

dynamo—a

machine

that

changes

mechanical

energy

into

electrical

energy—the

backpack

filters

polluted

air

before

fanning

out

cleaner

air

nearby.（该背包由太阳能和发电机（一种将机械能转化为电能的机器）提供的绿色能源驱动，在附近扇出更清洁的空气之前过滤污染的空气。）可知这种背包配有一个能量转换器，可以产生新鲜空气。故选C。

（4）标题归纳题。根据文章第一段A

schoolgirl

has

created

a

solar-powered

backpack

that

filters

（过滤）

out

air

pollution

after

being

inspired

by

her

asthmatic

（患哮喘病的）

mother.（受患有哮喘的母亲的启发，一名女学生发明了一种太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。）可知本文的最佳标题是D．Schoolgirl

Creates

Bag

that

Filters

out

Air

Pollution（女学生创造过滤空气污染的背包）。故选D。

本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一位英国北部小镇的12岁女孩Eleanor

Woods，她因为母亲患有哮喘而创造了一款太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。

一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。

阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

二、看题干，带着问题读文章。

首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。

三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

6~8.【答案】A、C、B【解析】（1）数字计算题。根据图片中Singlepayment部分的信息，如果一次性支付，14期总价110美元可以再打折20%，所以每一期所花费的钱为110×（1-20%）÷14≈6（美元）。故选A。

（2）细节理解题。根据Q．Whenwillmysubscriptionstart？下面的Ifyoudonotselectafuturedateyourfirstmagazinewillthenextissueavailable.（如果你不选择未来的日期，你的第一本杂志将是下一期）可知，如果你忘记设定日期，你的第一本杂志将会是下一期的杂志。故选C。

（3）推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是标题BBCScienceFocusMagazineSubscription（BBC科学焦点杂志订阅）可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是提供购买杂志的详细信息。故选B。

本文是一篇应用文。文章是一个网站介绍BBC《科学焦点》杂志的订阅信息。

阅读理解题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。

9~12.【答案】A、D、D、A【解析】（1）猜测词义题。根据文章第三段By

then，however，scientists

already

understood

that

plastics

continuously

fragment

small

pieces

in

the

environment，tearing

over

time

into

fibers

even

smaller

than

a

strand

of

human

hair

—

particles

are

so

small

that

they

easily

fly

in

the

air.（然而，到那时，科学家们已经明白，塑料在环境中不断分裂成小碎片，随着时间的推移，撕裂成甚至比人头发丝还小的纤维颗粒如此之小，以至于它们很容易在空气中飞行。）可知fragment的意思是"分裂，分解"。A．break

into分裂；B．take

in吸收；C．pick

out挑选出来；D．make

up组成。故选A。

（2）推理判断题。根据文章第三段Their

conclusion：People

will

take

in

more

plastic

by

breathing

in

or

taking

tiny，invisible

plastic

fibers

floating

in

the

air

around

them—fibers

from

their

own

clothes，carpets，and

soft

covering

on

furniture

—

than

they

will

by

eating

the

mussels.（他们的结论是：与食用贻贝相比，人们会通过呼吸或吸入漂浮在周围空气中的微小、看不见的塑料纤维来自自己的衣服、地毯和家具上的柔软覆盖物来摄入更多的塑料。）可知英国普利茅斯大学的一个团队进行的研究表明，微塑料对贻贝的影响比想象的要小。故选D。

（3）推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段But

together

they

signaled

a

shift

in

the

focus

of

concern

about

plastics

toward

the

cloud

of

dust

particles

in

the

air，some

of

them

are

so

small

that

they

can

get

into

deep

inside

the

body

and

even

inside

cells，in

ways

that

larger

microplastics

can't（但它们一起标志着人们对塑料的关注焦点转向了空气中的尘埃粒子，其中一些粒子非常小，可以进入身体深处，甚至细胞内部，而较大的微塑料则不能）可知应该更多地关注灰尘颗粒而不是塑料。故选D。

（4）标题归纳题。根据文章第一段As

plastic

waste

increases

rapidly

around

the

world，an

essential

question

remains

unanswered：What

harm，if

any，does

it

cause

to

human

health？（随着塑料垃圾在全球范围内迅速增加，一个基本问题仍未得到解答：它对人类健康造成了什么危害（如果有的话）？）可知本文的最佳标题是A．Are

Microplastics

Harmful

to

Us？（微塑料对我们有害吗？）。故选A。

本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了随着塑料垃圾在全球的快速增加，一个重要的问题仍未得到回答：它对人类健康是否有害。

一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。

阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

二、看题干，带着问题读文章。

首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。

三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

13~16.【答案】C、F、B、A【解析】（1）推理判断题。前文Themobilephonetookthistechnologyfurther，meaningwecouldmakecontactwithpeopletoandfromalmostanywhereintheworld.（手机进一步推动了这项技术的发展，这意味着我们几乎可以与来自世界任何地方的人联系。）讲述了手机使得和世界任何地方的人联系变得更加方便，后文Idon'tmeanwehavetakenupletterwritingagain.（我的意思不是说我们又开始写信了。）提到前面说的事情不是写信。所以空处应是与前文形成转折，且讲述的内容应和写信接近，C项"但是，尽管我们能够即时相互交谈，但我们中的许多人似乎更喜欢通过文本进行交流。"符合题意。故选C。

（2）细节理解题。前文Althoughahandwrittenletterhasapersonaltouch，sendingitby