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专业英语四级(阅读)-试卷156(总分:30.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、READINGCOMPREHENSION(总题数:11,分数:30.00).PARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSION解析:.SECTIONAInthissectionthereareseveralpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreachquestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.解析:Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothingsapersoncanbesureofinlife:deathandtaxes.Americansdonothaveacorneronthe"death"market,butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStatesleadstheworldwiththemosttaxes.Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.TherearegenerallythreelevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStates:federal,state,andcity;therefore,therearethreetypesoftaxes.Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollarsmustpayacertainpercen-tageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.Itdependsontheirsalaries.Thefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,thatis,thepercentageofthetax(14to70percent)increasesasaperson,sincomeincreases.Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue.Thesecondtaxisforthestategovernment;NewYork,California,NorthDakota,oranyoftheotherforty-sevenstates.Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment.Ofcourse,thepercentageforthestatetaxislower.Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyoubuyinthatstate.Forexample,apersonmightwanttobuyapacketofcigarettesfortwenty-fivecents.Ifthereisasalestaxofeightpercentinthatstate,thenthecostofthecigarettesistwenty-sevencents.Thisfigureincludesthesalestax.Somestatesuseincometaxinadditiontosalestaxtoraisetheirrevenues.Thestatetaxlawsarediverseandconfusing.Thethirdtaxisforthecity.Thistaxcomesintwoforms:propertytax(peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit)andexcisetax,whichischargedoncarsinacity.Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.SinceAmericanspaysuchhightaxes,theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.Peoplealwayscomplainabouttaxes.Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollarsinthewrongway.Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms.AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,theytendtoagreeononesubject;taxesaretoohigh.(分数:6.00).Whatdoesthesentence"Americansdonothaveacorneronthe'death,market"inParagraph1mean?(分数:2.00)A.Americanscannotmonopolizethe"death"market.VB.Americansdonothaveasecretplacetokeepfromdeathintheirlife.C.Americansarenotgoodatdoingbusinessinthe"death"market.D.Thereisnosuchaplaceasa"death"marketintheU.S.解析:.WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTaboutthepercentageofthefederaltaxandthestatetax?(分数:2.00)A.Theyhavethesamepercentage.B.Thepercentageofthestatetaxishigherthanthatofthefederaltax.C.Thepercentageofthefederaltaxishigherthanthatofthestatetax. VD.Itisnotmentionedinthepassage.解析:.WhichofthefollowingusagesofthetaxesisNOTmentionedinthepassage?(分数:2.00)A.Forraisingtheirrevenues.B.Forpublicworksandmunicipalbuildings.C.Forpoliceandfiredepartments.D.Forsustainingdevelopment.V解析:AccordingtotheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociation,smostrecentannualnationalsurvey,30percentofcollegestudentsreportedfeeling"sodepressedthatitwasdifficulttofunction"atsometimeoverthepastyear.Nearlythreefourthsofrespondentsina2011NationalAllianceonMentalIllnessstudyofcollegestudentsdiagnosedwithmentalhealthconditionssaidtheyexperiencedamentalhealthcrisiswhileinschool.TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)andotherfederaldisabilitylawsprohibitdiscriminationagainststudentswhosepsychiatric精神病的)disabilities"substantiallylimitamajorlifeactivity"andmandatesthatcollegesanduniversitiesprovidethemwith"reasonableaccommodations"一suchaslowercourseloadsandextendeddeadlines.Despitethatveryclearlystatedlaw,dozensofcurrentstudentsacrossthecountrytoldNewsweektheywerepunishedforseekinghelp:kickedoutofcampushousingwithnowhereelsetogo,abruptlyforcedtowithdrawfromschoolandeveninvoluntarilycommittedtopsychiatricwards."Collegesareveryaccustomedtoaccommodatinglearningandphysicaldisabilities,buttheydon,tunderstandsimplewaysofaccommodatingmentalhealthdisabilities,"saysProfessorPeterLake,anexpertonhighereducationlawandpolicywhoseeswidespreadfearandreluctanceacrosstheboardto"promotediversitythatencompassesmentaldisabilitiesandmooddisorders."Lakeoftentellsskepticsaboutamanwhosufferedfromclinicaldepressionandconstantlytalkedaboutsuicide:HisnamewasAbrahamLincoln."Wedon,twanttoremovethesepeople,"Lakesays."Wewanttoexpandthedefinitionofdiversitytomakesurethey,reincluded."Mostlifetimecasesofmentalhealthconditionsbeginbytheageof24,andthankstoavarietyoffactors,includingrisingantidepressant(抗抑郁药)prescriptionratesandstigmareductionefforts,collegestudentsaremoreandmorelikelytoaskcampuscounselorsforassistance.Thenumberofstudentsseekingcounselingfor"severe"psychologicalproblemsjumpedfrom16percentin2000to39percentin2012;thepercentageofstudentswhoreportsuicidalthoughtshasrisenalongwithit."Schoolsshouldencouragestudentstoseektreatment.ButalotofpoliciesIseeinvolveexcessiveuseofdisciplineandinvoluntaryleavesofabsence,andtheydiscouragestudentsfromaskingforthehelptheyneed,"saysKarenBower,aprivateattorneywhospecializesindisabilitydiscriminationcasesinhighereducation."Ultimately,thatmakesthecampuslesssafe."Twolarge-scalestudiesfoundthataround10percentofcollegestudentrespondentshadthoughtaboutsuicideinthepastyear,butonly1.5percentadmittedtohavingmadeasuicideattempt.Combinedwithdatafromotherstudies,thatsuggeststhattheoddsthatastudentwithsuicidalthoughtswillactuallycommitsuicideare1,000to1."Thus,policiesthatimposerestrictionsonstudentswhomanifestsuicidalthoughtwillsweepin999studentswhowouldnotcommitsuicideforeverystudentwhowillendhisorherlife,"PaulS.AppelbaumwritesinLaw&Psychiatry:"Depressed?GetOut!""Collegesdon,twantpeoplewhoaresuicidalaround,sowhat'ssupposedtohappentothem?"saysIraBurnim,legaldirectoroftheDCBazelonCenterforMentalHealthLaw."We,regoingtolocktheminabombshelter?"Kickingstudentsoffcampusformentalhealthissuestypicallydoesmoreharmthangoodbyisolatingthemfromtheirsupportsystemswhenwhattheyreallyneedisstabilityandempathy,hesays.Moreover,it,softenacompletelyunnecessaryoverreaction.(分数:6.00).StudentswithmentaldisabilitiesmightbepunishedinthefollowingwaysEXCEPT.(分数:2.00)A.gettingoutofcampusdormsB.droppingoutofschoolsC.stayinginpsychiatricwardsD.prolongingacademicyearsV解析:.Increasingcollegestudentsturntoprofessionalcounselorsforhelpbecause.(分数:2.00)A.greateffortshavebeenmadetoweakenthefeelingofdisgraceVB.itisencouragedtodecreasethedoseofmedicineC.itismoreeconomicalforstudentswithoutincomeD.mentalhealthconditionsbecomemoreseverethanbefore解析:解析:细节题。根据第三段第一句可知,多亏一些因素,包括抗抑郁处方受众率的提高及减少歧视的努力,大学生越来越愿意向咨询师寻求帮助,故选[A],同时排除[B]。[C]和[D]均未提及,故可排除。(3).AccordingtoParagraph5,itcanbeconcludedthat.(分数:2.00)A.suicideshouldbetakenasthemostseriousissueB.10%ofthestudentshavemadeasuicideattemptC.mostofthestudentswithsuicidalthoughtwillneverdoitVD.schoolsshouldimposesevererestrictionsonthesuicideissue解析:解析:推理题。第五段第二句提到,与其他的研究数据结合起来看,这一差距说明,在有过自杀想法的人中,只有千分之一的人最终自杀了,故选[C]。[A]在文中并未提及,故排除;根据第五段第一句可知,有大约10%的大学生受访者曾想过自杀,同时,仅有1.5%的人坦然承认曾有过自杀的尝试,故排除[B];[D]在文中并未提及,故排除。ConservativecommentatorCharlesKrauthammer,snewbookisflyingofftheshelves—andnobodyknowsexactlywhy.SittingatoptheNewYorkTimesnonfictionbestsellerlistfortwomonthsnow,theconservativeWashingtonPostcolumnist,sThingsThatMatter:ThreeDecadesofPassions,PastimesandPolitics,acollectionofhiswritings,isnotthekindoffiery,rashconservativecommentarythatgenerallyclimbstothetopofthebestsellers,lists.Andyet,thecollectionhassoldenoughtomakepublicistsandpundits(时事评论员,)alikescratchtheirheads.Itis,asconservativepublisherAdamBellowtoldNewsweek,"aphenomenon".PublishedOctober22byCrownForum,aRandomHouseimprintthatspecializesinconservativeauthors,itfirsthittheTimesbestsellerlistinNovember.Withintwoweeks,ithadsurpassedthelatestworksofconservativesGlennBeckandFoxNews,sBillO,ReillyandBrianKilmeadetoclimbtoNo.1.Andthereitremains.ItranksNo.8onAmazon,slistofbest-sellingbooksof2013.AccordingNielsen,thebookhassold601,000hardcovercopiesintheUnitedStatesalone.CrownsaysThingsThatMatterisinits18thprinting,with970,000copiesinprint."WasIsurprised?Iwassurprised,"saidBellow,whorunsHarperCollins,sconservativeimprintBroadsideBooks."Thecollectivewisdominpublishingisthatanthology(选集)collectionsdon,tsell."TheKrauthammercompendiums^略)appearstobesurfingaparticularlyviciouswave.Theconservativepublishingindustryhasflourishedinrecentyearsandbooksbyconservativeauthorsroutinelymakethebestsellers,lists.ButfewbookssellasmanyasKrauthammer,s,particularlyanthologiesofpreviouslypublishedwork."Anythingatthatlevelislargelyserendipitous,"Bellowsaid.Success,itseems,begetsevenmoresuccess."Onceabookbecomesnumberoneonthebestsellerlist,itfunctionsasaformofadvertising,"Bellowexplained."MorecopiesarestockedatBarnes&Noble.Whenconsumerswalkintothestore,theyseebigpilesofthemand,likeinsomeexperimentcreatedbyB.F.Skinner(theAmericanpsychologistwhoarguedthatfreewillisanillusion),theyreachoutandbuyit."ButwhenyougettotheheadylevelKrauthammerhasreached,itbeginstolookasifitisfarmorethanjustthemarketingmachineatwork.AndtherearealmostasmanytheoriesaboutKrauthammer,ssuccessasbookssold.Howyoufeelaboutthebook,spopularitylargelydependsonhowyouviewtheauthor.Tomany,Krauthammerisathinkingconservative,incontrasttotheblusterofthemodern-dayTeaPartyandquick-firefigureslikeRushLimbaughandGlennBeck.Tothosewhoaretryingtomakesenseoftheriseoftheconservativemovement,Krauthammer'ssuccessisatriumphfortemperate,smartconservatism.Americansthirstyforasubtle,intellectualdebatearebuyinghisbookindroves.(分数:4.00).AdamBellowbelievesallofthefollowingstatementsEXCEPT.(分数:2.00)A.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterisaphenomenonB.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterissurprisingC.anthologycollectionsdon'tsellusuallyD.conservativeauthorsrarelymakethebestsellers'listsV解析:解析:细节题。根据第七段第二句可知,近几年,保守派出版市场变得繁荣起来,保守派作家的书时常登上畅销书榜单,所以[D]“保守派作者的作品鲜少登上畅销榜单”的表述错误,而且这也不是贝娄的观点,故选[D]。根据第三段可知,贝娄称该文集的畅销已经成为一种现象,故排除[A];根据第六段首句可知,贝娄对于文集的畅销感到惊讶,故排除[B];根据第六段最后一句可知,贝娄认为,出版界的集体经验是,文集的销路不会太好,故排除[C]。.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph9that.(分数:2.00)A.successiscloselyrelatedtoadvertisingB.beingthebestselleritselfcandrawpublicattentionVC.Barnes&NobleisapublishinghouseD.consumersbuybooksaccordingtoB.F.Skinner'sadvice解析:解析:推理题。根据第九段第二句可知,贝娄解释到:当这本书成为最畅销的作品时,这一事实如同广告的效果一样。可以推知,成为畅销书这一事实本身就可以引发关注,故选[B]0[A]“成功与广告有着密切的关系”,文中没有提及,故排除;根据第九段后半部分可知,Barnes&Noble是一家书店,排除[C];[D]“消费者买书时依据B.F.斯金纳的实验结果”,文中未提及,故排除。Thecoldisbadenough,butwinter'sshorterdaysmaketheseasonadowner,tosaytheleast.Buthowrealisseasonalaffectivedisorder(knownasSAD)?SADisoftenacatch-alltermtodescribethewinterdumps,butexpertssayit'softenmisusedandtheconditionisactuallylesscommonthanpeoplethink."Therearealotofmyths.SADisnotamyth.Itisamentaldisorderthatisincompletelyunderstoodandalsosomethingthatiscomplicatedbyquestionsabouttheroleofevolutionarybiology,"saysDr.JeffreyLieberman,thepresidentoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation.Thatdiagnosisisdifferentfromthelowsthatmanyfeelduringthewintermonths.Infact,researchshowsmanypeopleoverestimatetheimpactofseasonsontheirmoodsingeneral.WhereisthelinebetweenSADandthesimpledoldrums?Howmuchwintersadnessistheproductofamood-baseddisorder,andhowmuchisanaturaloutcomeofbeingcoopedupindoors?SADisconsideredasubtypeofamooddisorderlikedepressionorbipolardisorder躁有B症),soaverysmallpercentageareactuallydiagnosedwithit.InordertomeetthequalificationsforaSADdiagnosis,accordingtotheMayoClinic,anindividualmustbeshowthefollowing:depressionandothersymptomsforaminimumoftwoconsecutiveyearsduringthesameseason;depression-freeperiodsfollowingepisodesofdepression;unexplainedbehaviorandmoodchanges.Formostothercasesofseasonalmoodchanges,Liebermansaysmakingsomelifestylechangessuchasexercisingorkeepinggoodsleepinghabitscanhelp."It'simportanttorealizethatjustlikepeopleonMondayshavephysicalandemotionalsymptoms,youdealwithit.Youdon'ttakeatreatmentforMondays."Itonlywarrantstreatmentwhenitstartstointerferewithdailylife,hesays.Whataboutthebrightlightlampsthatclaimtorelievedepressionduringthedarkermonths?They'rebasedontheideathatlighttherapycanboostmelatoni褪黑激素)levels,andalsoserotonin血清素)inthebrain一higherlevelsofserotoninbetweennerveconnectionscanhaveanti-depressiveeffects.Butasappealingasthatsounds,Liebermansaysthereisn'tsolidevidencebehindit."Lighttherapyisnotafake,buttheevidenceisnotthatstrong,"hesays."Butsinceit'snotinvasive,italsoisn'tharmful—exceptperhapstoyourbudget."Soifyou'renotfeelingyourusualcheerfulselfthiswinter,seeyourdoctor.Ifhedoesn'tdiagnoseyouwithSAD,tryaddingsomephysicalactivitytoyourdayandgettingregularsleep.Andrememberthatspringisjustafewmonthsaway.(分数:4.00)1).WecanlearnfromthepassagethatSADis.(分数:2.00)A.acommonconditionamongpeopleB.atermreferringtothewinterdumpsC.atermnotbeingtotallyunderstoodVD.atermofevolutionarybiology解析:解析:细节题。第二段提到,SAD是一种没有被完全理解的精神障碍,也是被进化生物学的作用复杂化了的问题,故选[C],同时排除[D]。根据第二段第一句可知,SAD经常泛指冬季低谷期,但是,专家称这个概念常被错误地使用,这种情况实际上并没有人们想象的那么普遍,故排除[A]和[B]。2).AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingisCORRECT?(分数:2.00)A.Itisnecessarytolook

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