专业英语四级阅读-试卷156

专业英语四级（阅读）-试卷156（总分：30.00,做题时间：90分钟）一、READINGCOMPREHENSION（总题数：11,分数：30.00）.PARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSION解析：.SECTIONAInthissectionthereareseveralpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreachquestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.解析：Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothingsapersoncanbesureofinlife:deathandtaxes.Americansdonothaveacorneronthe"death"market,butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStatesleadstheworldwiththemosttaxes.Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.TherearegenerallythreelevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStates:federal,state,andcity;therefore,therearethreetypesoftaxes.Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollarsmustpayacertainpercen-tageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.Itdependsontheirsalaries.Thefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,thatis,thepercentageofthetax（14to70percent）increasesasaperson,sincomeincreases.Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue.Thesecondtaxisforthestategovernment;NewYork,California,NorthDakota,oranyoftheotherforty-sevenstates.Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment.Ofcourse,thepercentageforthestatetaxislower.Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyoubuyinthatstate.Forexample,apersonmightwanttobuyapacketofcigarettesfortwenty-fivecents.Ifthereisasalestaxofeightpercentinthatstate,thenthecostofthecigarettesistwenty-sevencents.Thisfigureincludesthesalestax.Somestatesuseincometaxinadditiontosalestaxtoraisetheirrevenues.Thestatetaxlawsarediverseandconfusing.Thethirdtaxisforthecity.Thistaxcomesintwoforms:propertytax（peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit）andexcisetax,whichischargedoncarsinacity.Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.SinceAmericanspaysuchhightaxes,theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.Peoplealwayscomplainabouttaxes.Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollarsinthewrongway.Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms.AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,theytendtoagreeononesubject;taxesaretoohigh.（分数：6.00）.Whatdoesthesentence"Americansdonothaveacorneronthe'death,market"inParagraph1mean?（分数：2.00）A.Americanscannotmonopolizethe"death"market.VB.Americansdonothaveasecretplacetokeepfromdeathintheirlife.C.Americansarenotgoodatdoingbusinessinthe"death"market.D.Thereisnosuchaplaceasa"death"marketintheU.S.解析：.WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTaboutthepercentageofthefederaltaxandthestatetax?（分数：2.00）A.Theyhavethesamepercentage.B.Thepercentageofthestatetaxishigherthanthatofthefederaltax.C.Thepercentageofthefederaltaxishigherthanthatofthestatetax. VD.Itisnotmentionedinthepassage.解析：.WhichofthefollowingusagesofthetaxesisNOTmentionedinthepassage?（分数：2.00）A.Forraisingtheirrevenues.B.Forpublicworksandmunicipalbuildings.C.Forpoliceandfiredepartments.D.Forsustainingdevelopment.V解析：AccordingtotheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociation,smostrecentannualnationalsurvey,30percentofcollegestudentsreportedfeeling"sodepressedthatitwasdifficulttofunction"atsometimeoverthepastyear.Nearlythreefourthsofrespondentsina2011NationalAllianceonMentalIllnessstudyofcollegestudentsdiagnosedwithmentalhealthconditionssaidtheyexperiencedamentalhealthcrisiswhileinschool.TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct（ADA）andotherfederaldisabilitylawsprohibitdiscriminationagainststudentswhosepsychiatric精神病的）disabilities"substantiallylimitamajorlifeactivity"andmandatesthatcollegesanduniversitiesprovidethemwith"reasonableaccommodations"一suchaslowercourseloadsandextendeddeadlines.Despitethatveryclearlystatedlaw,dozensofcurrentstudentsacrossthecountrytoldNewsweektheywerepunishedforseekinghelp:kickedoutofcampushousingwithnowhereelsetogo,abruptlyforcedtowithdrawfromschoolandeveninvoluntarilycommittedtopsychiatricwards."Collegesareveryaccustomedtoaccommodatinglearningandphysicaldisabilities,buttheydon,tunderstandsimplewaysofaccommodatingmentalhealthdisabilities,"saysProfessorPeterLake,anexpertonhighereducationlawandpolicywhoseeswidespreadfearandreluctanceacrosstheboardto"promotediversitythatencompassesmentaldisabilitiesandmooddisorders."Lakeoftentellsskepticsaboutamanwhosufferedfromclinicaldepressionandconstantlytalkedaboutsuicide:HisnamewasAbrahamLincoln."Wedon,twanttoremovethesepeople,"Lakesays."Wewanttoexpandthedefinitionofdiversitytomakesurethey,reincluded."Mostlifetimecasesofmentalhealthconditionsbeginbytheageof24,andthankstoavarietyoffactors,includingrisingantidepressant（抗抑郁药）prescriptionratesandstigmareductionefforts,collegestudentsaremoreandmorelikelytoaskcampuscounselorsforassistance.Thenumberofstudentsseekingcounselingfor"severe"psychologicalproblemsjumpedfrom16percentin2000to39percentin2012;thepercentageofstudentswhoreportsuicidalthoughtshasrisenalongwithit."Schoolsshouldencouragestudentstoseektreatment.ButalotofpoliciesIseeinvolveexcessiveuseofdisciplineandinvoluntaryleavesofabsence,andtheydiscouragestudentsfromaskingforthehelptheyneed,"saysKarenBower,aprivateattorneywhospecializesindisabilitydiscriminationcasesinhighereducation."Ultimately,thatmakesthecampuslesssafe."Twolarge-scalestudiesfoundthataround10percentofcollegestudentrespondentshadthoughtaboutsuicideinthepastyear,butonly1.5percentadmittedtohavingmadeasuicideattempt.Combinedwithdatafromotherstudies,thatsuggeststhattheoddsthatastudentwithsuicidalthoughtswillactuallycommitsuicideare1,000to1."Thus,policiesthatimposerestrictionsonstudentswhomanifestsuicidalthoughtwillsweepin999studentswhowouldnotcommitsuicideforeverystudentwhowillendhisorherlife,"PaulS.AppelbaumwritesinLaw&Psychiatry:"Depressed?GetOut!""Collegesdon,twantpeoplewhoaresuicidalaround,sowhat'ssupposedtohappentothem?"saysIraBurnim,legaldirectoroftheDCBazelonCenterforMentalHealthLaw."We,regoingtolocktheminabombshelter?"Kickingstudentsoffcampusformentalhealthissuestypicallydoesmoreharmthangoodbyisolatingthemfromtheirsupportsystemswhenwhattheyreallyneedisstabilityandempathy,hesays.Moreover,it,softenacompletelyunnecessaryoverreaction.（分数：6.00）.StudentswithmentaldisabilitiesmightbepunishedinthefollowingwaysEXCEPT.（分数：2.00）A.gettingoutofcampusdormsB.droppingoutofschoolsC.stayinginpsychiatricwardsD.prolongingacademicyearsV解析：.Increasingcollegestudentsturntoprofessionalcounselorsforhelpbecause.（分数：2.00）A.greateffortshavebeenmadetoweakenthefeelingofdisgraceVB.itisencouragedtodecreasethedoseofmedicineC.itismoreeconomicalforstudentswithoutincomeD.mentalhealthconditionsbecomemoreseverethanbefore解析：解析：细节题。根据第三段第一句可知，多亏一些因素，包括抗抑郁处方受众率的提高及减少歧视的努力，大学生越来越愿意向咨询师寻求帮助，故选［A］,同时排除［B］。［C］和［D］均未提及，故可排除。（3）.AccordingtoParagraph5,itcanbeconcludedthat.（分数：2.00）A.suicideshouldbetakenasthemostseriousissueB.10%ofthestudentshavemadeasuicideattemptC.mostofthestudentswithsuicidalthoughtwillneverdoitVD.schoolsshouldimposesevererestrictionsonthesuicideissue解析：解析：推理题。第五段第二句提到，与其他的研究数据结合起来看，这一差距说明，在有过自杀想法的人中，只有千分之一的人最终自杀了，故选［C］。［A］在文中并未提及，故排除；根据第五段第一句可知，有大约10%的大学生受访者曾想过自杀，同时，仅有1.5%的人坦然承认曾有过自杀的尝试，故排除［B］；［D］在文中并未提及，故排除。ConservativecommentatorCharlesKrauthammer,snewbookisflyingofftheshelves—andnobodyknowsexactlywhy.SittingatoptheNewYorkTimesnonfictionbestsellerlistfortwomonthsnow,theconservativeWashingtonPostcolumnist,sThingsThatMatter:ThreeDecadesofPassions,PastimesandPolitics,acollectionofhiswritings,isnotthekindoffiery,rashconservativecommentarythatgenerallyclimbstothetopofthebestsellers,lists.Andyet,thecollectionhassoldenoughtomakepublicistsandpundits（时事评论员，）alikescratchtheirheads.Itis,asconservativepublisherAdamBellowtoldNewsweek,"aphenomenon".PublishedOctober22byCrownForum,aRandomHouseimprintthatspecializesinconservativeauthors,itfirsthittheTimesbestsellerlistinNovember.Withintwoweeks,ithadsurpassedthelatestworksofconservativesGlennBeckandFoxNews,sBillO,ReillyandBrianKilmeadetoclimbtoNo.1.Andthereitremains.ItranksNo.8onAmazon,slistofbest-sellingbooksof2013.AccordingNielsen,thebookhassold601,000hardcovercopiesintheUnitedStatesalone.CrownsaysThingsThatMatterisinits18thprinting,with970,000copiesinprint."WasIsurprised?Iwassurprised,"saidBellow,whorunsHarperCollins,sconservativeimprintBroadsideBooks."Thecollectivewisdominpublishingisthatanthology（选集）collectionsdon,tsell."TheKrauthammercompendiums^略）appearstobesurfingaparticularlyviciouswave.Theconservativepublishingindustryhasflourishedinrecentyearsandbooksbyconservativeauthorsroutinelymakethebestsellers,lists.ButfewbookssellasmanyasKrauthammer,s,particularlyanthologiesofpreviouslypublishedwork."Anythingatthatlevelislargelyserendipitous,"Bellowsaid.Success,itseems,begetsevenmoresuccess."Onceabookbecomesnumberoneonthebestsellerlist,itfunctionsasaformofadvertising,"Bellowexplained."MorecopiesarestockedatBarnes&Noble.Whenconsumerswalkintothestore,theyseebigpilesofthemand,likeinsomeexperimentcreatedbyB.F.Skinner（theAmericanpsychologistwhoarguedthatfreewillisanillusion）,theyreachoutandbuyit."ButwhenyougettotheheadylevelKrauthammerhasreached,itbeginstolookasifitisfarmorethanjustthemarketingmachineatwork.AndtherearealmostasmanytheoriesaboutKrauthammer,ssuccessasbookssold.Howyoufeelaboutthebook,spopularitylargelydependsonhowyouviewtheauthor.Tomany,Krauthammerisathinkingconservative,incontrasttotheblusterofthemodern-dayTeaPartyandquick-firefigureslikeRushLimbaughandGlennBeck.Tothosewhoaretryingtomakesenseoftheriseoftheconservativemovement,Krauthammer'ssuccessisatriumphfortemperate,smartconservatism.Americansthirstyforasubtle,intellectualdebatearebuyinghisbookindroves.（分数：4.00）.AdamBellowbelievesallofthefollowingstatementsEXCEPT.（分数：2.00）A.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterisaphenomenonB.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterissurprisingC.anthologycollectionsdon'tsellusuallyD.conservativeauthorsrarelymakethebestsellers'listsV解析：解析：细节题。根据第七段第二句可知，近几年，保守派出版市场变得繁荣起来，保守派作家的书时常登上畅销书榜单，所以［D］“保守派作者的作品鲜少登上畅销榜单”的表述错误，而且这也不是贝娄的观点，故选［D］。根据第三段可知，贝娄称该文集的畅销已经成为一种现象，故排除［A］；根据第六段首句可知，贝娄对于文集的畅销感到惊讶，故排除［B］；根据第六段最后一句可知，贝娄认为，出版界的集体经验是，文集的销路不会太好，故排除［C］。.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph9that.（分数：2.00）A.successiscloselyrelatedtoadvertisingB.beingthebestselleritselfcandrawpublicattentionVC.Barnes&NobleisapublishinghouseD.consumersbuybooksaccordingtoB.F.Skinner'sadvice解析：解析：推理题。根据第九段第二句可知，贝娄解释到：当这本书成为最畅销的作品时，这一事实如同广告的效果一样。可以推知，成为畅销书这一事实本身就可以引发关注，故选［B］0［A］“成功与广告有着密切的关系”，文中没有提及，故排除；根据第九段后半部分可知，Barnes&Noble是一家书店，排除［C］；［D］“消费者买书时依据B.F.斯金纳的实验结果”，文中未提及，故排除。Thecoldisbadenough,butwinter'sshorterdaysmaketheseasonadowner,tosaytheleast.Buthowrealisseasonalaffectivedisorder（knownasSAD）?SADisoftenacatch-alltermtodescribethewinterdumps,butexpertssayit'softenmisusedandtheconditionisactuallylesscommonthanpeoplethink."Therearealotofmyths.SADisnotamyth.Itisamentaldisorderthatisincompletelyunderstoodandalsosomethingthatiscomplicatedbyquestionsabouttheroleofevolutionarybiology,"saysDr.JeffreyLieberman,thepresidentoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation.Thatdiagnosisisdifferentfromthelowsthatmanyfeelduringthewintermonths.Infact,researchshowsmanypeopleoverestimatetheimpactofseasonsontheirmoodsingeneral.WhereisthelinebetweenSADandthesimpledoldrums?Howmuchwintersadnessistheproductofamood-baseddisorder,andhowmuchisanaturaloutcomeofbeingcoopedupindoors?SADisconsideredasubtypeofamooddisorderlikedepressionorbipolardisorder躁有B症），soaverysmallpercentageareactuallydiagnosedwithit.InordertomeetthequalificationsforaSADdiagnosis,accordingtotheMayoClinic,anindividualmustbeshowthefollowing:depressionandothersymptomsforaminimumoftwoconsecutiveyearsduringthesameseason;depression-freeperiodsfollowingepisodesofdepression;unexplainedbehaviorandmoodchanges.Formostothercasesofseasonalmoodchanges,Liebermansaysmakingsomelifestylechangessuchasexercisingorkeepinggoodsleepinghabitscanhelp."It'simportanttorealizethatjustlikepeopleonMondayshavephysicalandemotionalsymptoms,youdealwithit.Youdon'ttakeatreatmentforMondays."Itonlywarrantstreatmentwhenitstartstointerferewithdailylife,hesays.Whataboutthebrightlightlampsthatclaimtorelievedepressionduringthedarkermonths?They'rebasedontheideathatlighttherapycanboostmelatoni褪黑激素）levels,andalsoserotonin血清素）inthebrain一higherlevelsofserotoninbetweennerveconnectionscanhaveanti-depressiveeffects.Butasappealingasthatsounds,Liebermansaysthereisn'tsolidevidencebehindit."Lighttherapyisnotafake,buttheevidenceisnotthatstrong,"hesays."Butsinceit'snotinvasive,italsoisn'tharmful—exceptperhapstoyourbudget."Soifyou'renotfeelingyourusualcheerfulselfthiswinter,seeyourdoctor.Ifhedoesn'tdiagnoseyouwithSAD,tryaddingsomephysicalactivitytoyourdayandgettingregularsleep.Andrememberthatspringisjustafewmonthsaway.（分数：4.00）1）.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatSADis.（分数：2.00）A.acommonconditionamongpeopleB.atermreferringtothewinterdumpsC.atermnotbeingtotallyunderstoodVD.atermofevolutionarybiology解析：解析：细节题。第二段提到，SAD是一种没有被完全理解的精神障碍，也是被进化生物学的作用复杂化了的问题，故选［C］,同时排除［D］。根据第二段第一句可知，SAD经常泛指冬季低谷期，但是，专家称这个概念常被错误地使用，这种情况实际上并没有人们想象的那么普遍，故排除［A］和［B］。2）.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingisCORRECT?（分数：2.00）A.Itisnecessarytolook