论合同英语的语言特征英语毕业论文

本科毕业论文中文题目：论合同英语的语言特征外文题目:ACommentonLinguostylisticsofContractEnglish院系国际商学院专业英语（国际经济与贸易)年级学号学生指导教师结稿日期2015年5月4日填Ⅰ.IntroductionAcontractisoneofthebasicsocialandlegalinstitutionsinmodernsociety.Acontractframesandcoordinateshumaninteractions.Itisanagreementthatcreates,assigns,delegates,andtransfersrightsandobligations,tangibleandintangiblegoods,services,andentitlementsbetweenthecontractingparties,relyingontheirvoluntary,rational,anddeliberateconsent.Today,contractualrelationshipsamongpersons,communities,organizations,andstatesemergeasanalternativeoratleastasanamendatorylegalinstrumentofmarketcoordinationandstateregulation.Acontractbindspersontoperson,persontoorganization,organizationtoorganization,persontosociety,persontostate,andstatetostateinprivate,social,economic,andpoliticalaffairs.Sincecontractsembracealmostallaspectsofhumanaffairsfrombusinesstomarriage,itisdifficulttodevelopageneraltheoryofcontractthatcouldprovideanormativeframeworkforallhumaninteractionsbasedonvariousmacro-andmicro-level,formalandinformal,andwrittenandunwrittenagreements.Sincethetheoreticaldiversitiesofthenotionofcontractarerootedindifferentlegalandphilosophicaltraditions,theyofferdifferentaccountsofitsphilosophicalorigin,moralmotivations,andpracticaljustificationforitsprevalenceinmodernsociety.Conflictingassessmentscausetheoretical,doctrinal,andpracticaltensionsandincoherenciesincontractlaw,adjudication,andcontractualsettlement.Therefore,despitethelongandrichintellectualhistoryofphilosophical,moral,legal,economic,andpoliticalreflectionsoncontract,manycontemporaryscholarsholdthatcontractsstilllackanyclearandconsistenttheoreticalfoundation.Thecriticalremarksaboutdifferingassumptionsandinterpretationsapplyequallyincivillawcountries,wherecontractsareoftenjustifiedonmoralgroundsandgivenacertainkindofredemptivepowerintheimplementationofajustandwell-orderedsociety,andincommonlawcountries,wheretheeconomicanalysisofcontractsseemstobetoonarrowinitsphilosophicalandmoralfoundation.Thisentrypresentsanoverviewofthebasictheoreticalconceptsofcontractfromcontractarianrightsbasedtoconsequentialistperspectives(explainedhereafter).Insteadofmakingafutileattempttooutlineageneraltheoryofcontract,thisentrywillfocusinsteadonhowcompetingapproachesandtheoriesendeavortoconceiveandexplainthebasicphilosophicalideasunderlyingcontract.Astheerawiththeterminationofthe"ColdWar"andthetendencyofcooperationbeckonstheintegrationofglobaleconomies．theworldhasseenanunprecedentedboomininternationaltrades．Inthecourseofbusinesstransaction,thedocumentsofthegreatestimportancearecontracts,ofwhichadominantproportioniswritteninEnglish,(oratleastEnglishisusedasonelanguageofabilingualcontract)．Becauseacontractisalegaldocumentand"insomewayconnectedwiththeimpositionofobligationsandtheconferringofrights"attentionwillbeonlypaidto,andsettlementwillbeonlybasedon,whatthecontractdeclaresincaseadisputearisesoveratransactionandisbroughttoacourtof1awerarbitration．ThereforeathoroughknowledgeofanEnglishcontractisindispensabletoreadingit1．However,theacquisitionofthethoroughknowledgeisahardnut,becausetheEnglishusedinsomecontractsis"alanguageofgreatcomplexityandtoalaymanoftenobscurity"Itmaybenottoofarfromthetruthtosaythattoanenormousnumberofpeoplefromnon．English．speakingcountry,whohavebeenlearningEnglishformanyyears,someEnglishcontractsareallGreek．EvenanativespeakerofEnglishadmit．ted"whatlittlebitIcanunderstand"．WhyarepeopleinthestreetperplexedbysomeEnglishcontracts?Ioncemadequestionnaire-investigationwhichincludedtwosamples．Oneofthemwasacontractandtheotherwasaletter,butbothrelatedtothesameaffairconcerningthehiringofafiat．Theoutcomesoftheinvestigationshowedthatmorethan90percentoftheinvestigates,a11ofwhomhavelearnedEnglishatleastformorethan8yearswereunabletounderstandthecontractfully,butabletocomprehendtheletterquitewellandthatthereasonforcausingthedifficultyinreadingthecontract,intheiropinion,waslingual,tobemoreexactly,syntacticalandlexical．ManyscholarsandlinguistshaveprobedintothecontractEnglish．buttheystudieditunderthegeneralnameoflegalEnglishanddiscourseduponitonthebasisofoldfashionedcontracts．ThisdissertationisintendedthereforetoexpoundthecontractEnglishspecifically.includingthechangesofthelinguostylistics．Thefirststepistoclassifythecontractsintothreekindsaccordingtolingualstyles．Followingthat,descriptionanddiscussionofeachkindwillbefocusedonthelinguostylisticfeaturesandtheirchanges．Finally,itwillprovideanapproachtofindingawaywhichismostsuitabletousChinese.soastofacilitatereadingsomedifficultEnglishcontractsindailypractice2．II.ClassificationofEnglishContractsWefrequentlymentioncontractsinvariouscontexts:atwork,perhapsemploymentortherapeuticcontracts;athome,possiblyinrelationtobuying,leasingorrentingahome,insurance,loansandmortgages,telephone,internetorfuelsupply;inourgeneralpersonalandfamilyliving,e.g.legal,financialandotherprofessionaladvice;andleisureactivities,suchasjoiningagymorbookingaholiday.Fewofusstoptoconsiderindetailwhatweactuallymeanbytheterm,whatactuallymakesacontractthatislegallyenforceable.Thischaptertakesalookatthelegalaspectsofmaking,keepingandsometimesbreachingcontracts,differenttypesofcontractualagreements,andtheremediesavailableforbreachofthedifferenttypesofcontract.Wearenottryingheretoturnreadersintolawyers,butsimplyprovidearoadmapthrough‘thethicketsofthelaw’tomakesomecommonsenseofitallandtoindicatethepotentialproblemareas.Contractisvariedandsituation-specific,andifoneisinanydoubtaboutaparticularcontract,legaladviceshouldbesought.Aswhathasbeenmentionedabove,basedonthelingualstyles．theEnglishcontractscanbebasicallydividedintothreekinds：Traditional,formalandmoderncontracts．ThetraditionalcontractsarethosethathavealmostnoDunctuationandthemainverbofthefirstsentenceistheverbinarchaicfrom"Witnesseth"andthelastparagraphbeginwiththephrase"inwitnesswhereof".Theformalonesrefertothecontractswithmanydetails,suchasdefinitions,relativetermsandconditionsandwithanumberofcapitalanywhereinasentence．Thestandardcontractsmeanthosecontainingnodefinitions．Thetermsandconditionsarecomparativelyfeweranddirect,andthetextleavesblanksforthepartiestofillin．III.TraditionalContractThereasonwhythiskindofcontractsisregardedastraditionalisthat,justastheword"traditional"implies,thesecontractshavealonghistory．Theearliestoneswerewrittenonparchmentandtheactivitiesthatthiskindofcontractscoverschieflyarewhatcouldbecarriedoutbeforethedevelopmentofinternationalbusiness,suchasthehiringorpurchaseofahouseorapieceofland,orlifeinsurance．Thetwosampleschosenheremaybereasonablycentralandrepresentativeinalinguostylisticsense．Becauseclassicalsocialcontracttheoristsderivedthesocialcontractfromaprepoliticalstateofnatureandpresocialformsofhumanbehavior,opponentsofacontractarianviewtraditionallyhavequestionedusingasocialcontractofspeciousoriginsasthephilosophicaljustificationforthebasicinstitutionsofafairsociety.Somecontemporarycontractariansdrawthenormativeprinciplesofsocialinteractionsfromahypotheticalsocialcontractthatavoidsthequestionofhistoricaloriginsandpresocialformsofhumanbehavior.Othercontemporarycontractariansthinkthatbindingcontractscannotbetracedtoahypotheticalsocialcontractandindividualrightsoriginatingfromphilosophicalideas;theybelievethatasocialcontractoriginatesinarationalagreementbymembersofsociety.Inotherwords,thenormativeprinciplesofinterpersonalrelationshipsconceptuallyemergefromthepracticalproceduresofpoliticaldialoguesthatassignindividualrightsandobligationstopromoteindividualcooperativeinteractionsandsetlegalandmoralconstraintsonthepursuitofpersonalinterests.Rights-basedcontracttheoristsemphasizethatthemostimportantprinciplesoftheformationofcontractualarrangementsamongindividualandinstitutionalcontractorsarefreedomandequity,moralautonomy,fairness,individualwell-being,andsocialutility.Theybelievethatrightsshouldentailthesemoralandlegalconstraintsonthepursuitofeachindividual'seconomicandsocialintereststomotivateandframeallthecontractualrelationshipsamongmembersofsociety.Thesenormativeprinciplesareimplicitlypresentinourpublicmorality,legalandpoliticalcultureprovidingthelegaljustificationforcontractformation,contractlaw,andadjudication.A.FeaturesofLingualStylesofTraditionalContract1.UnusualLengthofSentenceAfteralookatthetwosampleshasbeentaken,whatisconjuredupfirstmaybethatthesentenceswhichmakeupthesamplesareextremelylong．ThefirstsentenceofSampleOne(SeeAppendix)owns250wordsandtheotherhas30words．TheonlysentenceinthesampleTwoconsistsofabout280words．ComparedwiththeaveragelengthofanEnglishsentence(17words),theunusuallengthofatypicalsentenceinatraditionalEnglishcontractisastrikingfeatureofthelingualstyle3．2DearthofPunctuationWhenitcomestounderstandingtheselengthysentences,(lengthynotonlyinaphysicalsense,butalsoinalinguolisticsense)oneoftheproblemsisthatthereisnotmuchhelpfrompunctuation．InSamplesoneandtwo,excepttheparenthesesusedtoprovidesomefurtherexplanations,somesinglequestionmarksandonecolon,therearenoperiods,commas,interrogationsandsoon,whicharenormallyandfrequentlyusedinotherkindsofwritings．Onereasonforthisphenomenonmaybethatpunctuationiseasilyaddedordeletedbyanyoneintentuponachievinglesscommendableends．Thus,thetraditionalcontractEnglishmakesitmoredifficultforcommonpeopletopicktheirwaythroughthealreadycomplicatedgrammarofaninsurancepolicyoralease．Anothermorelikelyexplanationisthatpunctuationoriginatedasalargelydeviceoranaidtophrasing：inotherwords,punctuationwasintendedtoshowthatapersonoughttopauseorgivesomeindicationofabreakwhenhewasreadingaloudapieceofwrittenEnglish．sotoacontract,whichismainlyforvisualreading,readingaloudmaybethelastthingtohappen．AlthoughabsenceordearthofpunctuationforfeitstheeaseofreadingatraditionalEnglishcontract,comparedwithremovinganopportunityforrelativelysimplerforgery,whichissomethingacontractshouldprevent,thedifficultyinreadingandunderstandingmay3worthwhile,especiallyforthepartyconcerned4．3ArchaismBothofthesamplescontainthemainverb"witnesseth"whichshowsthepreservationofan"eth"orancientinflexionalendingforthethirdpersonsingularpresenttenseformoftheverb．Itisinterestingthatexceptthisverbendinginthisway,alltheotherverbsendinamodernway．Thisisolatedusageseemstoshowthat"witnesseth"isusedsimplyasamatteroftradition,for"witnesses"canbeaperfectlyacceptablealternative．OtherexamplesofthearchaismofatraditionalEnglishcon-tractembodythecompoundadverbsthatarecomposedofadverbssuchas"here"．"there"and"where"withoneormoreprepositionsattachedtothem．OnlyfromtheSamplesOneandTwo,wecanfind"hereto","hereon","thereof","hereunder","therefor"andsoon．Therearesomearchaicusagesofverbs．Forexampletheverb"suffer"heremeans"allow"．ThearchaismofthecontractEnglishhelpstoenforcetheextremelyformalqualityandcanbesafelyregardedasoneofthecharacteristicsofthetraditionalcontractEnglish．4.SpecialTermsAnotheroutstandingfeatureofthecontractEnglishisthatthetradtionalEnglishcontractusesmanyaspecialterm．ThecontractEnglish,foritself,hasbuiltupmanywordsthathavenarrownessorbreathofmeaningandkeeponlyoneofarangeofmeaningsofthewords．Forexampletheword"lessor"(Line4,Sampleone)referstothepersonwhoarelettingthefiatandmakingthelease．"Oftheonepart"meansthelegalconceptthattheinterestsintheleaseareintwoparts,oneconcerningResidentialPropertiesandtheotherStephenJackson．Inline9．theverb"demise"conveysthemeaningof"grantingalease"．Inline10．"mansion"isusedlegallyforadwelling·placetogetherwithanysurroundingbuildingswhichbelongtoit,butarenotactuallyjoinedtoitbysomecoveredway,Innormaluse,a"mansionisalargeandim-posinghouse"．Inline7．"reserved"denotesthatalthoughtheland-lordshavegrantedtheuseofthefiatbymeansofthelease,theyhavemadea"reservationforthemselves".Inline20theword"schedule"standsforanyextrapiecesofinformationwhichareindispensableforclarityofcomprehensionbutarenotreallyincorporatedinthepartofthedocument．InSampleTwo．theword"proposal"means"anapplication"or"anapplicationform"．Inline1．"thesociety"refersto"theinsurer"．Inline20,themeaningof"liable"keepsstrictlytoheelwithinthedisciplineoftheinsurance．Thedefinitionis"ofhavingtheobligationorduty"ratherthan"ofbeinglikely"or"ofsuffering"．Inline10．Thedefinitionofthepreviousdeath"is"theearlierdestinethantheexpirationofinsuranceterm5.BSummaryofLingualStylesofTraditionalContractOnthebasisofwhathavebeendiscussedabove,weareabletosoundlysummarizethestylisticfeaturesofthetraditionalcontractEnglish：OneoffeaturesofthetraditionalcontractEnglishisformaltoanextremedegreewithitslongsentencestructures,archaicwords,specialtermandcomplicatednominalgroups．Thesecond,alsothemostimportantone,isitspreciseness．Thischaracteristicisembodiedbyuseofpairedwords,complexexpression,scarcityofpronouns,repetitionofwordsandsoon．ThelastfeatureistheconservationofthetraditionalcontractEnglish．Itisexternalizedbydearthofpunctuationandthesetframeworkthatconsistsofabeginningwiththetwopartiesconcernedexpressedincapitalsandsometimeswiththedatethatseesthecontractsignedwrittenoutfullyinwordsandwith"whereasclause"expressedorimplied．Themainverb"witnesseth"isfollowedbyaverylongabjectandtheendingisoftencharacterizedby"inwitnesswhereof"．IV.FormalContractAlthoughthetraditionalEnglishcontractisstilloperativeandcanbereadoccasionally,theEnglishcontractsthatareoftenadoptedininternationalbusinesseshavechangedsignificantlyindictationandgram-mar．ThereforeitisnecessarytoanalyzeanddiscussintermsoflingualstylesthecurrentEnglishcontracts,whichIboldlydivideintothetwokinds,theformaloneandthemodernone,andthencomparethemwiththetraditionalones．Wetaketheformalcontractsintoaccountfirst．BothoftheSamplesThreeandFourarestilldifficulttoperuse,butnotsodifficultasthetwoofthetraditionalcontracts；atleast,wefeelthatthe"flavor"isalittledifferent．A.FeaturesofLingualStylesofFormalContract1.MixtureofLongandShortSentencesThesetwosamplescontainmanylengthysentences,thoughsomesentencesinthemareshort．SampleThreeismadeupoffivesentences．Eachofthreeofthemisconstitutedby100wordsorso．Theybearsimilarityinlengthtothosepresentedinthetraditionalcontracts．Theothertwo,onewithabout50words,andtheotherwith29words,maybecalledmid-lengthsentences．InSampleFour,therearesixsentencesina11．Threeofthemdeservethenameoflongsentenceswith93,72and81wordsrespectively.Theotherthreeareofnormallengthandtheshortestofthemiscoral：lostof13words．IhavealsoreadagoodnumberofotherformalEnglishcontractsandcountedthewordsthatformasentence．Thefindingsaresimilartowhathavebeenanalyzedabove．Therefore,aconclusionmaybearrivedatthataformalEnglishcontractisstampedwithoneofthelinguostylisticfeatures：longsentences,buttheyaremixedwithsomeshortandmid-1engthsentences.2.FullPunctuationUnlikethetraditionalcontractstheformalEnglishcontractsarefullypunctuatedwithcommasandperiodsandsoon．butquestionmarksandellipsescanfindnowayintothem．Thereasonforthischangemaybetomaketheseformalcontractseasytoreadquicklyandaccuratelysoastokeeppacewiththeswiftrhythmsofourelectronicera．Anotherpossibleexplanationoffullpunctuationmaybethatnowadays．theformalcontractsarealmostalwaysduplicatedorevenmultiplexedandeachcopyisequallyauthenticinlaw．Ifoccursanyalterationordeletionofpunctuationthatmightchangetheoriginalmeaningsofsomesentences,itwillbeimpossibletotamperwithallthecopiesandthedistortedoneiseasilyrecognizedbymodernscience．3.LessArchaismArchaismlingersabouttheformalcontracts．BothinSampleThreeandFour,wecanspotsomecompoundadverbswhicharearchaicandexclusivelyusedincontracts．InSampleThree,"hereunder"and"hereby"arethetwosign.Thereare"hereof","herein","therein","thereof"inSampleFour．．AlltheseadverbsputatouchofarchaismontheformalEnglishcontracts,but,excepttheseadverbs,otherarchaicwordsarerarelyusedinthem,whichisadifferenceoftheformalEnglishcontractsfromthetraditionalones．4.PervasiveSpecialTermsandFormalWordsLikethetraditionalcontract,theformalcontractsarepervadedwithspecialtermsandbigwords．InSampleThree,theverb"attach"means"effect"or"comeintolegaloperation"．Thisdefinitionof"attach"cannothefoundinmanydictionariesbutonlyinWebster’sNewThirdInternationalDictionary,whichreflectsthatthisusageoftheverbishighlyspecialized．Thephrase"inforce"isalsooflegaluse．meaning"ineffect"otherthanthecommonmeaningof"inlargenumbers"．"Commencement"usedinsteadofthecommonword"beginning","Completion","priorto"and"terminate"areusedratherthan"end","be·fore"and"finish".InSampleFour,"entitle","claim","subcontract","liability","liberty","provision"and"clause"areallthespecialtermswhichareoflenusedincontractsandhaveverylimitedsense."Warrant","allegation"and"indemnify"arebrandedwith"formal"insomedictionaries.Thesespecialtermsandformalwordsofferthesimilaritybetweenthetraditionalandformalcontracts．TheonlydifferenceinthisaspectbetweenthetwoliesinthepracticethatsomespecialtermsaredefinedseparatelyandexplicitlyintheformalEnglishcontracts．5.FewerWordsinPairComparedwiththetraditionalcontracts,theformalonesarenotmarkedwithwordsinpair．Inboththetwosamples,noneofthephrasesarecomposedoftwoormoresynonymsornearsynonyms．Ihavereadquiteafewotherformalcontractsandpaidspecialattentiontothewordsinpair,butIcoulddetectalmostnoneofthem．Thechangemayariseoutoftwoconsiderations．Oneisthatsynonymsare"notaswordsofthesamemeaningbutas‘closelyallied’wordsbetweenwhichthereareniceshadesofdistinction"．Theotheristhatinordertobeconcise,eyeaformalcontractshouldavoidusingpairedsynonyms．6.ComplicatedandStrictExpressionTheformalcontractscarryforwardsthefeatureofcomplicatedandstrictexpressionsofthetraditionalcontracts．InSampleThree,thereare"thewarehouseorplaceofstorage","transitincludingsea,landandinlandwaterwaytransitsandtransitsinlighter"and"forallocationordistributionofthegoodsorforstorage"．InSampleFour,agoodexampleis"noclaimorallegationshallbemadeagainstanyPersonwhomsoeverbywhomthecarriageisperformedorundertaken(includingallsubcontractorsofthecarrier)otherthanthecarrier,whichimposesorattemptstoimposeuponanysuchpersoneranyvessel"．B.someSyntacticFeaturesTheformalcontractsEnglishsharessomesyntacticdistinctionswiththetraditionalcontractEnglish．Forinstance,articlesaresometimesleftout,especiallyafter"such"．ThisphenomenonismostevidentinSampleTwo,andwecaneasilyscoopout"suchperson""suchclaim"and"asagent"．CapitalsusedungrammaticallymayalsoberegardedasoneofsyntacticfeaturesownbytheformalcontractEnglishtoo．SampleThreeiscompletelycapitalized．InSampleFour,besidesthewordsspecifiedinthepartofdefinitions.suchas"Person","Carrier","Goods",somewordsconsideredaskeyoressentialwordsarealsoinitiallyorwhollycapitalized.Forexampletheword"Merchant"beginsincapital．C.OtherFeaturesTheformalEnglishcontractsresemblethetraditionalonesalsoinmanyotherways；bothusefeweradjectives,containcompletemainsentences,adoptrepetitionofwordstoavoidusingpronounsandapply"shall"tothethirdpersontoindicatedutiesandobligations．Onethingthatmaybeworthmentioningisthatinformalcontracts,datesarenolongerwrittenoutpurelyinletters,andnumbersdenotingquantity,periodsoftime,sumsofmoneyarealwaysexpressedintwoways；oneisinEnglishwordsandtheotherinArabicdigits．D.SummaryofLingualStylesofFormalContractsAccordingtowhatwehavediscussedandcomparedabouttheformalEnglishcontracts,wemayconcludeitslingualstyles：TheformalcontractEnglish,asthenamehints,isstillveryformalwiththecharacteristicsofagreatproportionoflongsentences,somearchaicandbigwordsandspecialterms．Itisprecisewithcomplicatedandstrictexpressions,capitalizedwords,fewadjectives,repeatedwords,scarcepronounsandsoon·Itisclearwithfulluseofpunctuation,shorterparagraphsandaurabetsexpressedindoubleways．V.ModernContractAfteraglanceatthetwosamples,weareimpressedbythemanifestlydifferentlinguostylisticsofthemodemcontractsfromthoseoftraditionalandformalones．A.FeaturesofLingualStylesofModemContract1.ShortSentencesForonething,thelengthofasentence,themoderncontractsemploymostlyshortsentences．InSampleFive,therearesixsentences．Thelongestholds27wordswhiletheshortestoneaccommodatesonly12words．Theaveragelengthofasentenceinitisalmostexactly17wordsandthesameastheaveragelengthofanEnglishsentenceingeneral．SampleSixcomprisesfivesentences．Thefirstsentence,andthelongestsentenceaswell,contains30words,huttheshortestonehasonly5words．Thelengthofthesentenceonaverageislessthan13words．2.FullPunctuationAsforthematterofpunctuation,simplylookingatthetwosamples．Wecanseethatthemoderncontractsarefullypunctuatedandmaypermitofanypunctuationwiththeexceptionofquestionmarksandellipses．Inthisrespecttheyaresimilartotheformalcontractsbutdifferentfromthetraditionalones．3.FewerArchaicSpecialandBigWordsBothinSampleFiveandSi.wecannotfindsuchwordsas"witness","hereby","herefor"andsoforth．Anextensivereadingofthemoderncontractsexposesthattheycontainveryfewofthiskindofwords．Itmaybesafetoassertthatthemoderncontractsexhibitnotendencyofusingarchaicwordswhichthetraditionalandformalcontractsof-tenresorttosoastoaddinformaltinge．Atthesametime,bigwordsandthespecialtermswithcontractcolorarehardtofindtheirwayintothemoderncontract,althoughinSampleFive,therearesomespecialterms．buttheyconcernthebusinessnotbutthecontractitself．Generallyspeaking,allthewordsinamoderncontractarethoseusedfrequentlyindailylife．4.NoPairedWordsandComplicatedandStrictExpressionsInboththesamplesandinanumberofthemoderncontractsIhaveread,therearehardlyanywordsandexpressionsthatareoftenencounteredpairandcomplicatedandstrictinreadingthetraditionalandformalcontracts．Thestructureofasentenceinthemoderncontractissimpleandeasytounderstand．IonceaskedaChinesestudentwhoisstudyinginajuniormiddleschooltoreadthecontractwhichSampleSixwastakenfrom,andhecouldunderstandittoasatisfactoryextentexceptforsomenewwords．5.UseofDescriptiveAdjectivesandAdverbsThemoderncontractsevenmakeaconcessiontosomedescriptiveandflubjectiveadjectivesandadverbswhicharenever,atlea8t8eldom．seeninthetraditionalandformalcontracts．Justinthetwocontractsofwhichthetwosamplesarepartswecanspot"friendly"．"conscientiou1y","strictly","necessary","acceptable"and"kindly"．Thesewordshelptochangetherigorous,objectiveandcautioustoneofthetraditionalandformalcontractintotherelativelytrustful．subjectiveandhumanetoneofthemoderncontracts．6.NoOmissionofArticleAsfarastheomissionofarticlesisconcerned．tllephenomenoncannotbediscernedfromtheabovesamplesandothermodemcontract.InSampleFive,acarefulreadermayfindthatbefore"signedCommercialinvoices","Fullsetof","CertificateofOrigin"and"bothbuyerandseller"therearenoarticles,butacloserlookatthewordswillrevealthattheseareeitherinitiallycapitalizedwordswhichhavebeentreatedaspropernounsorwordsincouple．Theomissionofarticlesinthesecases,conformstotheconventionalgrammaticalrules．Therefore．itcannotbelookeduponasalingualfeatureofthemoderncontracts．7.UngrammaticalCapitalizationWhenitcomestothecapitalization,themodemcontractsownssomewordsthatdonotstartsentencesbutareinitiallyorwhollycapitalized．InSampleFive,wemayfind"Commingled","Tobeadvised","Asper","AsperASRATANKVOY","FeesISurveycost"．InSam．pleSix,"PartyA’’and"PartyB"arealwaysinitiallycapitalizedwherevertheyappear．InthecontractwhereSampleSixcamefrom．wefind"thiscontract"inthebeginningpart,butintheendingpart"T