参考教案各章to organic chemistry

Chapter1313.113.1Organiccontaincarbonatoms -, Thecompoundcontaincarbonandhydrogen13.213.2RepresentingorganicTheempiricalformula最简式 showthesimplestwhole-numberratioofthedifferentatomsinthemoleculesCH2Themolecularformula分子式----showtheactualnumberofeachatomsinamolecule.Thestructuralformula:（结构式----Thisisashorthandformofthe yed.Theformulaearewrittenwithoutshowingthecarbon-hydrogenbonds.Eachcarboniswrittensepara y,withtheatomsorgroupsthatareattachedtoit.The ----thisshoweveryatomandeverybondinthemoleculesinglebondis—,doublebondis﹦,triplebondis≡eeTheskeletalformula:（骨架式Weshowonlythecarbonskeletonasstraightlines,eachofwhichrepresentsaC-Cbond,plusanyfunctionalgroupsThecarbonskeletonhasnocarbonorhydrogenatomswrittenThereisacarbonatomateachendandacarbonwherethelinesmeetThereareenoughhydrogenatomstomakesurethateverycarbonformsfourbondsTheskeletonisdrawntogivearoughimpressionofbondangles.Inasaturatedcarbonchaintheseare109.5°thegeneralmaywrittenforeachseriesofcompoundsCnH2n+2,StructureoffunctionalStructureoffunctionalGeneralNameofanStructuralformulaoftheexample (X=F,Cl,Br,I)Alcohols,-Carboxylicacids,EthanoicAmines,-Nitriles,-13.3Namingtheorganiccompoundsmetheth乙，propbut丁，penthex-heptoct辛，non壬，decSuffix（后缀）-ane-ene-anol,醇， ,醛anoateHow Hydrocarbonside-chain:-

-anone-anoicacidRuleThenumberofcarbonatomsinthelongestchainprovidethestemofthename，endingwith–ane.（选择最长的碳链作为主链，对主链进行编号时，RuleForthebranchedchain,thesidechain(支链issuffixwithyl.ForexampleCH3ismethyl.（取代基也就是支链用yl作为后缀）RuleEachside-chainmustbeincludedinthenameifthereareseveralidenticalside-chain,thenameisprefixedbydi-,tri-,tetra-,etc.forexample2,2,3-trimethyl-indicatestherearethreemethylsgroup,twoonthesecondandoneonthethirdcarbonatomofthelongestchain.（当有多个相同的取代基Notethatnumbersareseparatedbycomma(逗号),anumberandaletterareseparatedbyahyphen(分隔符)（数字与数字之间用 隔开，字母与RuleWheredifferentalkylgroupsarepresent,theyare cedinalphabeticalorderasin3-ethyl-2-methylhexane.（当有不同的取代基时按照字母的先后RuleCompoundscontainingaringofcarbonatomsareprefixedbycyclo-.Cyclohexaneis（环状的烃类用cyclo-作为前缀RuleIftherearefunctionalgroups,makesurethepositionofthefunctionalgroupisthelowestnumberThenumberwhichshowthepositionofthefunctiongroupis RuleThesimplestarene(芳香烃isbenzeneWhenonealkylgroupisattachedtoabenzenering,anumberisnotneededbecauseallthecarbonatomsareequivalent(相当的).Twoormoregroupswillrequireanumber（环状的芳香烃是苯，对苯RuleHalogencompoundsarenamedinthesamewayasalkyl-substituedalkanesorarenas —————alkoxy-(e.g.methoxy-—N=N—alkyoraryle.g.—RuleAliphaticalcoholsandketonesarenamedinasimilarwaytoRuleAliphaticaldehydeandcarboxylicacidgroupsareattheendofacarbonchain,sotheydonotneedanumberruleNoticethattheacidisnamedbycountingupthetotalnumberofcarbonatomsinthechain-includingtheoneinthe-COOHgroup.So,forexample,CH3CH2COOHispropanoicacid,andCH3CH2COOisthepropanoategroup.13.4FunctionalMostorganiccompoundsaremadeupofahydrocarbonchainthathasoneormorerelativegroupsattached13.4Functional ;Alkenes Carboxylicacids StructureoffunctionalStructureoffunctionalGeneralNameofanStructuralformulaoftheexample (X=F,Cl,Br,I)Alcohols,-Carboxylicacids,EthanoicAmines,-Nitriles,-CompoundswithfunctionalgroupsthatmaybedesignatedasprefixesorsuffixesCompoundswithfunctionalgroupsthatmaybedesignatedasprefixesorsuffixesCarboxylic-oicalkanoicalkylAcyl-oylalkanoylIsomershavethesamemolecularformula,buttheiratomsarearrangeddifferently.StructuralStructuralIsomerswiththeSameFunctionalChainChainChainisomersareisomersthathavedifferentcarbonskeletons.PositionPositionPositionisomersareisomersthathavethesamecarbonskeletonandfunctionalgroup.Theydifferonlyinthepositionofthefunctionalgroup.StructuralIsomerswiththedifferentFunctionalStructuralIsomerswiththedifferentFunctionalalcoholandStereoisomerismGeometricalisomersarestereoisomersthathavedifferentarrangementsoftheiratomsinspaceduetorestrictedrotationaboutacovalentbond.Cis-trans 前提1.（restrictedrotationaboutaC=C2.(twodifferentgroupsoneachsideofOpticalMirrorimageofalefthandisarightOpticalisomerism:ifamoleculecontainsacarbonatomthatisbondedtofourdifferentatoms,thenitcanformtwoopticalButan-2-Identifyingchiralcentresinskeletal 2,3,3-Trichloropentaneisachiralcompound.Thechiralcarbonatomisshownbyanasterisk.TheirenantiomersThereisnochiralcarbonatominthe3-molecule.ThecompoundhasnoNotethatcarbon-3isnotachiralcentrebecauseittwoidenticalgroups(–CH2CH3)bondedto 2-Phenylbutaneisachiralcompound.Thechiralcarbonatomisshownbyanasterisk.TheirenantiomersThereisnochiralcarbonatominthetrans-but-2-molecule.Thecompoundhasno13.5Organicreactions-Reactions-mechanisms:（反应机理 inorganicreactionsbysummarizingtheoverallreactioninaseriesofsteps.TwoTwowaysofBreakingCovalentAcurlyarrowwithhalfanarrowhead‘themovementofasingleelectron.

’isusedtoElectricallyneutralatomsorgroupsofatomspossessinganunpairedHighlyreactivebecauseoftheunstableelectronicEnergymust din,eitherinformofheatorirradiationwithe.g.chlorineundergoeshomolysisreadilywhenheated,orwhenirradiatedwithlightofawavelengththatcanbeabsorbedbythemoleculetoformtwochlorineGeneralequationofhomolysisofabondtoe.g.methaneundergoeshomolysistoformamethylradicalandhydrogen’acurlyarrowwithafullarrowhead‘themovementofanelectronpair.’2chargedfragmentsorions

isusedtoHeterolysisofabondrequiresthebondtobepolarized（偏振Thegreaterthedifferenceinelectronegativitybetweentheatoms,thegreateristhepolarizationofthebonds.Theproductofheterolysisofabondtocarbondependsontheelectronegativityoftheatomthatisbondedtothecarbonatom.TypesofReactiveSpeciesinOrganicElectrophilesElectrophilesandtendtoacceptpossessanemptyorbitaltorec