2023届新高考名校英语好题速递分项汇编（教师版）

专题01阅读理解（第02期）-2023届新高考名校英语好题速递分项汇编

阅读理解【2023届广东省六校高三第一次联考】

CompetitionJudgesNeeded

AnyonewithrelevantknowledgeorskillsisencouragedtosignuptojudgeSigmaXi'sStudentResearch

Showcase（SRS）,anonlinesciencecommunicationcompetitioninwhichstudentscompeteforawardsand

recognitionofoutstandingvirtualresearchpresentations.Thecompetitionisopentohighschool,undergraduate,

andgraduatestudentsandmostworldwideresearchdisciplines（学科）arerepresentedacrossthefollowing

categories.

•agriculture,soil,andnaturalresources

•cellbiologyandbiochemistry

•humanbehavioralandsocialsciences

,mathandcomputerscience

•physicsandastronomy

InformationforJudges

Professionalresearchersandsciencecommunicatorsfromtheabove-listeddisciplinesareneededtoevaluate

andinteractwithcontestantsbypostingcommentsandquestionsonpresentationwebsites.Eachjudgeassessesup

to10websiteswherestudentssubmittheirpresentationscontainingmainlyaresearchabstractandaslide

presentation.SigmaXimembershipispreferred,butnotrequired,tojudge.JudgingtakesplacefromApril26to

May10,2022,allowingflexibilitywitheachjudge'spersonalscheduleasnotravelisrequired.

ClickheretodownloadtheSRSJudgesManualfbrmoreinformationandjudgingcriteria.

InformationforGeneralvisitors

Generalvisitorstothepresentationwebsitescanalsowatchthepersonalvideosofthepresentersandvotefor

thePeople'sChoiceAwardwinner,whowillreceiveaprizemoneyofupto$250.Visitorsofgeneralscience

backgroundcanalsoreadtheabstractsandcommentinthediscussionforums.Locatethelinkonthesitethatmost

likelyappearsascomments&reactions.

VisitforasampleStudentShowcasepresentationsite.

1.Whoisthemostlikelycandidateforthejudgeofthecompetition?

A.Aprofessorofwesternliterature.B.AmemberofSigmaXi.

C.Aspecialistinhumansocialsciences.D.Anundergraduateofcellbiology.

2.Whatisthejudgeexpectedtodo?

A.Assesssciencepresentationwebsites.

B.Interviewthecontestantsatagiventime.

C.VoteforthePeople'sChoiceAwardwinner.

D.Evaluatepersonalvideosgivenbypresenters.

3.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?

A.Amagazine.B.Awebsite.

C.Anadvertisement.D.Anacademicarticle.

【答案】1.C2.A3.B

【导语】这是一篇应用文。在线科学传播比赛SigmaXi学生研究展示需要招募专业评委，文章提供了招募

要求等信息。

1.细节理解题。根据列举部分中的"humanbehavioralandsocialsciences”（人类行为和社会科学）和“Information

forJudges”部分第一句"Professionalresearchersandsciencecommunicatorsfromtheabove-listeddisciplinesare

neededtoevaluateandinteractwithcontestantsbypostingcommentsandquestionsonpresentationwebsites."（需

要来自上述学科的专业研究人员和科学传播者通过在演示网站上发布评论和问题来评估以及与参赛者互

动。）可知，一位人文社会科学专家最有可能成为比赛评委。故选C。

2.细节理解题。根据“InfbrmationforJudges”部分第二句"Eachjudgeassessesupto10websiteswherestudents

submittheirpresentationscontainingmainlyaresearchabstractandaslidepresentation.”（每位评委会评估多达10

个网站，学生在这些网站上提交的演示文稿主要包括研究摘要和幻灯片。）可知，评委需要评估科学演示网

站。故选A。

3.推理判断题。根据最后一段""（访问/查看学生展示演示网站示例0）推知，

这篇文章有可能来自一个网站。故选B。

[2023届广东省六校高三第一次联考】

TheideaofclimbingEverestdisgustedme.ThemountaincametorepresenttheoppositeofeverythingthatI

lovedandrespectedaboutclimbing.Whathadoncebeenthefinalmountainclimbinggoalbecamethefocusofa

commercialguidingindustry.Overtheyears,thecrowdsatBaseCampgrew,leavingbehindtonsoftrash.

WheneverIwasaskedwhetherI'dclimbEverest,myanswerwasalwaysthesame:notinterested.

That'sprobablywheremypersonalEvereststorywouldhaveended,wereitnotforanoldfriendandhis

obsession（执念）withoneofthegreatestmysteries.In1999,ThomPollardbegantoexploreandfoundtheremains

ofGeorgeMallory,thecelebratedBritishclimberwhodisappearedwhileattemptingtobethefirsttoclimbEverest.

ButMallory'spartner,SandyIrvine,andthecamerahehadlikelycarried,werenotfound.Themountainclimbing

worldhasbeenwonderingwhethertheymighthavereachedthetopin1924.

Pollard'sstorymovedme.Ibegantopackfortheclimbandexpectedthatouradvancedequipmentwould

makeitmanageable,perhapseasy.Iwaswrong.Onthehighestpointontheplanet,IwasmoretiredthanI'dever

beeninanyclimbing.Alongtheway,Icontinuouslytippedmyhat,notjusttoMalloryandIrvinebuttoanyone

whohasthedrivetopushhimselforherselfupthisroute.Mysearchwasinvain,butIbegantoreconsiderEverest.

Iwitnessedmanyclimbers,whoweremuchmorethanjustself-centeredtourists.Wesharedrouteinformation,

weatherforecasts,andfamilyphotos—allunitedaroundcommongoals.

IwenttoEveresttoseekIrvine.Butintheend,Ifoundsomethingmoredifficulttoget:thespiritthatIrvine

andMalloryshared.Itwashidinginplainsight,rightwhereithasalwaysbeen:insidethebravesoulswhoriskso

muchtofollowinstoriedadventurers?footstepsupEverest.

4.WhatisthemainreasonwhytheauthorhatedclimbingEverest?

A.Hechangedhisclimbinggoal.

B.Everestwasseriouslypollutedbytrash.

C.Everestbecameanindustrytomakemoney.

D.Themountainwastoocrowdedwithclimbers.

5.WhydidtheauthorclimbEverestlater?

A.Becausehedesiredtochallengehimself.

B.BecausehegotmotivatedbyThomPollard.

C.Becausehisoldfriendpersuadedhimtoclimbagain.

D.BecausehewantedtofollowthefootstepsofMalloryandIrvine.

6.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tippedmyhat“inParagraph3mean?

A.Expressedmygratitude.B.Provedmydetermination.

C.Relievedthetiredness.D.Showedmyrespect.

7.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Admirationfortheclimbers.B.Concernabouttherisk.

C.Confidenceaboutthejourney.D.HopeforEverest?sfuture.

【答案】4.C5.B6.D7.A

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。在ThomPollard的激励下，作者开始攀登珠峰，但他发现这比他想象得要难很

多，作者对那些冒着巨大风险追随传奇探险家的脚步攀登珠穆朗玛峰的勇敢灵魂表达了钦佩之情。

4.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"Whathadoncebeenthefinalmountainclimbinggoalbecamethefocusofa

commercialguidingindustry.”（曾经的最终登山目标成为了商业向导行业的焦点。）可知，作者讨厌攀登珠峰

是因为它变成了一个赚钱的行业。故选C。

5.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句"PollarcTsstorymovedme.”（波拉德的故事打动了我。）可知，作者后来

攀登珠峰是因为被ThomPollard打动了。故选B。

6.词句猜测题。根据第三段第四句"Onthehighestpointontheplanet,IwasmoretiredthanI'deverbeeninany

climbing."（在这个星球的最高点，我比以往任何一次攀登都要累。）和第五句中的“notjusttoMalloryand

Irvinebuttoanyonewhohasthedrivetopushhimselforherselfupthisroute”（不只是对马洛里和欧文，还有所

有有动力推动自己走上这条路的人）可知，此处是指向这些人致敬。故选D。

7.主旨大意题。根据最后一段最后一句"Itwashidinginplainsight,rightwhereithasalwaysbeen:insidethe

bravesoulswhorisksomuchtofollowinstoriedadventurers*footstepsupEverest."（它隐藏在显而易见的地方，

就在它一直存在的地方：在那些冒着巨大风险追随传奇探险家的脚步攀登珠穆朗玛峰的勇敢灵魂的内心

里。）可知，作者在最后一段中表达了他的钦佩之情。故选A。

EveryyearthousandsofpeoplecometothecityofPamplona,innorth-easternSpain,fortheopportunityto

runfortheirlivesassixfightingbullsarereleasedtochargethroughthetown.Thereareinjuriesanddeathsevery

year,buttheeventisofinteresttomanypeople.ApaperjustpublishedinSciencedescribestheinsighttheevent

offersintothepsychologyofpanickedcrowds.

Thatisausefultopictoexplore.Architects,civilengineersandurbanplannersmusttrytoworkouthow

peoplewillbehaveintheeventofadisasterlikeafire,afloodoraterroristattacksotheycandesigntheircreations

toavoidpotentiallydeadlycollisions（碰撞）.Unfortunately,solidinformationishardtocomeby.DanielParisi,the

paper'sleadauthor,realisedthatthePamplonabull-runsofferedtheperfectnaturalexperiment.

DrParisiandhisteamwenttotwodifferentrooftoplocationsinPamplonainJuly2019,andfilmedthe

runnersastheanimalswerereleased,Laterinthelab,theycalculatedthespeedoftherunners,thedensity（密度）of

thecrowd,theprobabilityofarunnertrippingandfallingandtherelationshipbetweenrunner-groupdensityand

speed.

Perhapsunsurprisingly,theresearchersfoundthatrunnerspickedupspeedwhenthebullsdrewnear.Less

expectedwasthefindingthatthespeedofindividualrunnersincreasedwiththedensityofthecrowd,whichwas

contrarytoalong-heldassumptioninarchitecturalandurban-designcirclesthatpeoplewillslowtheirpaceas

groupdensitygoesup,inordertolowertheriskofacollision,whichcouldleadtoafalland,perhaps,injuryor

death.

Yetitseemsthat,intheheatofthemoment,peoplepaylittleattentiontothedangerofcollidingwitheach

other,anddonotslowdown.Theresponsibilitythereforefallsuponurbandesignerstoworkouthowbesttoplan

theconstructionoffuturetunnels,bridgesandotherpassagesthatrestrictflow.Theonlyoptionmaywellbeto

makethemwider.

8.WhatdidDrParisiandhisteamdoinPamplona?

A.Theyprovedhistheory.

B.Theyrecordedabull-run.

C.Theywatchedathrillingbull-fight.

D.Theydesignedapsychologicalexperiment.

9.Whatwastheunexpectedfindinginthestudy?

A.Peoplesloweddownincrowdedareas.

B.Trippingposedadangertobull-runners.

C.Bullscomingnearmadepeoplerunningfaster.

D.Peopletendedtospeedupinhigh-densitycrowds.

10.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?

A.Peoplelosetheirmindindisasters.

B.Futuretunnelsandbridgesmaybewider.

C.Panickedcrowdsareawareofthedangerofcollision.

D.Restrictingflowhelpstopreventpeoplecollidingeachother.

11.Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Howcrowdsreacttopanic

B.Bull-runscaughtoninSpain

C.DrParisi'sfindingshockstheworld

D.Whatarchitectscanlearnfrombull-running

【答案】8.B9.DIO.Bll.D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。在Pamplona,每年有很多人来看“奔牛”，科学家通过研究“奔牛”过程中人们奔

跑速度的快慢，发现跑步者的速度随着人群密度的增加而增加，这给了建筑设计师关于城市建设的很多启

O

8.细节理解题。根据第三段"DrParisiandhisteamwenttotwodifferentrooftoplocationsinPamplonainJuly

2019,andfilmedtherunnersastheanimalswerereleased.（2019年7月，Parisi博上和他的团队前往Pamplona

的两个不同的屋顶，拍摄了这些动物被释放出来时人们奔跑的景象）“可知，Parisi和他的团队拍摄了牛被放

出来时的场景。故选B项。

9.细节理解题。根据第四段“Lessexpectedwasthefindingthatthespeedofindividualrunnersincreasedwiththe

densityofthecrowd,whichwascontrarytoalong-heldassumptioninarchitecturalandurban-designcirclesthat

peoplewillslowtheirpaceasgroupdensitygoesup,inordertolowertheriskofacollision,whichcouldleadtoa

falland,perhaps,injuryordeath.（有些出人意料的是，研究发现，跑步者的速度随着人群密度的增加而增加。

这与建筑和城市设计界长期以来的假设相反，即随着人群密度的增加，人们会放慢速度，以降低发生碰撞

的风险，因为碰撞可能导致摔倒，甚至受伤或死亡）”可知，研究意外发现，人群密度越大，人们跑得越快。

故选D项。

10.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Theresponsibilitythereforefallsuponurbandesignerstoworkouthowbestto

plantheconstructionoffuturetunnels,bridgesandotherpassagesthatrestrictflow.Theonlyoptionmaywellbeto

makethemwider.（因此，城市设计师的责任在于研究如何最好地规划未来隧道、桥梁和其他通道的建设去限

制流量。唯一的选择很可能是把它们加宽广可知，未来的桥梁和隧道可能会更宽阔。故选B项。

11.主旨大意题o根据第一段“ApaperjustpublishedinSciencedescribestheinsighttheeventoffersintothe

psychologyofpanickedcrowds.（一篇刚刚发表在《科学》上的论文描述了对这次活动恐慌人群的心理洞察）”

以及最后一段“Theresponsibilitythereforefallsuponurbandesignerstoworkouthowbesttoplanthe

constructionoffuturetunnels,bridgesandotherpassagesthatrestrictflow.（因此，城市设计师的责任在于研究如

何最好地规划未来隧道、桥梁和其他通道的建设去限制流量）”可知，本篇章不仅是谈论奔牛，而是讨论“奔

牛作为观察人们在危险中如何表现的自然实验场景''给建筑设计师的启示。故选D项。

OnJanuary1st,2018,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm

—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）.Lastyear,China,theworld'sbiggestgaining

market,announcednewruleslimitingchildrentojustasinglehourofplayaday.Clinicsareappearingaroundthe

world,promisingtocurepatientsoftheirhabit.

Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thecaseforthedefenceisthatthisisjust

anothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock'n9rolljazz,comicbooks,andeven

novels.Asthenewestformofmassmedia,gamingismerelyenduring（忍受）itsowntimebeforeitfinallystops

beingcontroversial.

However,somearguethatunlikerockbandsornovelists,gamesdevelopershaveboththemotiveandthe

meanstoengineertheirproductstomakethemaddictive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged.Intheold

daysgameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesof

in-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytodevelopers,income.Foranother,gamesmakerscombine

psychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.Smartphonesandmodernvideogame

machinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Thatallowsproducts

tobeconstantlyadjustedtoincreasespendingongames.

Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.Now

thatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoses（诊断）becomemorecommon.Clinics

arealreadyreportingboomingbusiness,aslockdownshavegivengamersmoretimetospendwiththeirhobby.And

beingputtogetherinthepublicmind,fairlyornot,withgamblingwillnotdotheindustryanyfavours.

12.WhatisthefunctionofParagraph1?

A.Toarousethereaders,interestaboutthetopic.

B.Toinformthereadersoftheharmfuleffectsofgames.

C.Todiscusswhetheritisnecessarytopanicaboutgames.

D.Toshowgrowingpublicconcernabouttheproblemofgames.

13.Whyistelevision,togetherwithothermediaforms,mentionedinParagraph2?

A.Toprovethatthepanicovergameswillfadeaway.

B.Toshowthattheyareashighlyaddictiveasgames.

C.Tocomparethedifferencesamongthesemediaforms.

D.Toarguethatthesemediaformsarenotharmfulatall.

14.Howdogamesdevelopersmakegamesaddictive?

A.Theydon'tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.

B.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.

C.Theyrewardtopplayerswithmoreplaytime.

D.Theykeepplayers5videogamemachinesupdated.

15.Inthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto.

A.offerasuggestionB.makeaprediction

C.giveawarningD.putforwardasolution

【答案】12.D13.A14.B15.C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。“游戏障碍”被世界卫生组织列为疾病。不同心理学家就游戏是否真的让人上瘾这

一问题展开讨论。

12.推理判断题。由第一段“OnJanuary1st,2018,“gamingdisorder''一inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,

despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldealthOrganization（WHO）.（2018年1月1日，世界卫

生组织认证了“游戏障碍”——它指的是人们不受控制地玩游戏，尽管会造成伤害）”和“Clinicsarcappearing

aroundtheworld,promisingtocurepatientsoftheirhabit.（世界各地都出现了承诺治愈患者习惯的诊所，）“可

知，“游戏障碍”已经被官方列为疾病，甚至于出现了很多诊所来治疗此问题。这些现象都说明了大众对游戏

问题越来越关注。故选D。

13.推理判断题。由第二段“Thecaseforthedefenceisthatthisisjustanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshave

beengivenabouttelevision,rock*n'roll,jazz,comicbooks,andevennovels.（辩方认为这仅仅是另一种道德恐

慌，电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书甚至小说也发出了类似的警告）“可知，辩方认为游戏上瘾和电视、摇滚

乐等其它都只是道德恐慌。结合段尾“Asthenewestformofmassmedia,gamingismerelyenduring（忍受）its

owntimebeforeitfinallystopsbeingcontroversial.（作为一种新型的大众媒体，游戏在它最终停止争议之前，

只是在经历它自己的时代）”可推断出，引用电视等其它媒体形式目的是为了强调游戏并没有那么恐慌，它和

其它媒体方式一样，都有自己存在的时间，最终这种恐慌会消失。故选A。

14.细节理解题o由第三段“SmartphonesandmodernvideogamemachinesusetheirpermanentInternet

connectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Thatallowsproductstobeconstantlyadjustedtoincrease

spendingongames.（智能手机和现代电子游戏机利用自身永久性的互联网连接将游戏数据传回开发者。这可

以让产品能够不断调整来增加游戏支出）”可之，游戏开发者是通过接收到的数据不断调整产品，让产品越来

越受吸引欢迎。故选B。

15.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,and

thatproblemisgrowing.（游戏行业应该意识到在现实世界中，游戏存在一个问题，而且这个问题还在不断恶

化）''和"Andbeingputtogetherinthepublicmind,fairlyornot,withgamblingwillnotdotheindustryanyfavours.

（而在大众心中，无论公平与否，与赌博放在一起都不会给游戏行业带来任何好处）”可知，作者对游戏呈负

面态度，是在给游戏行业提出警告，大众不会认同和赌博挂钩的行业。故选C。

、阅读理解【2023届粤湘鄂名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题】

IfyouhavenodifficultyinunderstandingwhatnativeEnglishspeakerssayindailylife,thereisawholenew

worldofbrilliantpodcast（播客）seriestoexplore.Ifyouaren'tsurewheretostart,havealookatthese:

TheJoeRoganExperience★★★★★TheJoeRogan

■

xperienceisagreatlearningdevicebecauseofitsinteresting

nglishconversationsbetweenRoganandhisguests.Atthetime

fwritingtherehavebeenover1,660episodeswithsubjects

mgingfromcomedyandsciencetopoliticsandsports.Roganis

soafamousstand-upcomedian,sotheshowisfullofcultural

referencesandidioms.

ThisAmericanLife★★★★★ThisAmericanLifeisa

产ucnuiuciwicngiibiiicaincibwnvwmiianIIIM^IHintouie

■

■lltureoftheUSA.Itisamixtureofjournalismandstorytelling,

■三■

7

This""Icusingonreal-lifetalesfromcitizensofallregionsofthe

Americar1|untry.Thestoriesarenewandvaried.Oneepisodewastapedfor

LifeIhoursinanall-nightrestaurant;anotherinterviewedworkerson

rike.

TheWriter'sVoice★★★★☆TheNewYorkerisa

famousAmericanmagazine,andeveryweekitprintsanewshort

售story.Inthispodcast,theweek'sstoryisreadaloudbyitswriter.

Thepublishedworkcoversawiderangeoflifeexperiencesacross

THEWRITER'jtheUnitedStatesandbeyond.It*sagreatwaytoenjoysomeofthe

VOICEbestnewfictioninthecountry.

OverheardatNational

(Jeographic★★★★★NationalGeographicisamuch-loved

1Americanmagazine(andTVchannel)famousfbrincredible

.

loriesandphotographyrelatedtoscienceandtheenvironment.

)verheardisaboutthediscussionsNatGeoemployeeshavehad

whiletakingbreaks.Expectcrazystoriesfromexplorers,

photographers,andscientistsfromaroundtheworld.

1.Inordertofullyenjoythesepodcasts,youshould.A.haveinteractionwithhosts

B.havegoodEnglishcompetence

C.beinterestedinbeingapodcaster

D.befamiliarwithAmericansociallife

2.Whichpodcastgivesyoumorestoriesbehindthescene?

A.TheWriter'sVoice.

B.ThisAmericanLife.

C.TheJoeRoganExperience.

D.OverheardatNationalGeographic.

3.Whatdothesepodcastshaveincommon?

A.Theyenjoygreatpopularity.

B.TheirstoriesaresetinAmerica.

C.Theyareattachedtomagazines.

D.Theirworksareupdatedweekly.

【2023届粤湘鄂名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题】

【答案】1.B2.D3.A

【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要向在日常生活中理解以英语为母语的人说的话没有困难的人介绍了

全新的精彩播客系列。

1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句"IfyouhavenodifficultyinunderstandingwhatnativeEnglishspeakers

sayindailylife,thereisawholenewworldofbrilliantpodcastseriestoexplore.（如果你在日常生活中理解以英

语为母语的人说的话没有困难，还有一个全新的精彩播客系列等着你去探索）”可知，如果想要完全享受这些

播客，首先你要有好的英语能力。故选B项。

2.细节理解题。根据文章最后——段倒数第二句"OverheardisaboutthediscussionsNatGeoemployeeshavehad

whiletakingbreaks.（偶然听到的是国家地理员工在休息时的讨论）''可知，OverheardatNationalGeographic可

以让你听到更多的幕后故事。故选D项。

3.推理判断题。根据第一个小标题下第二句"Atthetimeofwritingtherehavebeenover1,660episodeswith

subjectsrangingfromcomedyandsciencetopoliticsandsports.（到我写这篇文章的时候，己经有1660多集了，

主题从喜剧、科学到政治和体育）”和其余三个小标题的第一句"ThisAmericanLifeisagreatchoiceforEnglish

learnerswhowantaninsightintothecultureoftheUSA.（《美国生活》对于想要深入了解美国文化的英语学习

者来说是一个很好的选择）'"'TheNewYorkerisafomousAmericanmagazine,andeveryweekitprintsanew

shortstory.（《纽约客》是美国著名的杂志，它每周出版一篇新的短篇小说）“"NationalGeographicisa

much-lovedAmericanmagazine（andTVchannel）famousforincrediblestoriesandphotographyrelatedtoscience

andtheenvironment^《国家地理》是一本深受喜爱的美国杂志（和电视频道），以与科学和环境有关的令人难

以置信的故事和照片而闻名）“可知，这几个播客的共同点是它们都很受欢迎。故选A项。

【2023届粤湘鄂名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题】

TheclimatechangeinCaliforniahascausedterribledamagetoCalifornia^marineecosystems.Untold

billionsofseastars,orstarfish,fromatleast20speciesdisappearedfromtheentirePacificcoastbecauseofthe

marineheatwaves.Intheabsenceofsunflowerseastars,amajorpredatorforseaurchins（海胆）,theurchin

populationsexploded.Theylaidwastetokelpforests（海草林）alreadyweakenedbyhighoceantemperatures.

However,CentralCalifornia'skelpecosystemshavedonesomewhatbetterthanthoseinNorthernCalifornia.

AnewstudyledbyJoshuaSmith,anecologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,examinestheroleseaotter（海獭）

populations—anaturalpredatorforurchins—playinpreservingexistingkelpforestsintheMontereyBay.

Theresearchprojectspannedthreeyears,duringwhichintensiveunder-watersurveysproducedsomevery

interestingdataaboutseaotterbehavior.Seaottershaveveryhighmetabolisms（新陈彳弋谢）thatkeepthemwarmin

icywatersandwhichalsomakethemgreedyconsumersofshellfish,urchin,andfish—seaotterscaneat25

percentoftheirbodyweightinfoodinaday.Attheobservedsites,astheurchinpopulationgrew,theotter'sdiet

shiftedtobecomemoreheavilydependentonurchins.Infact,theotterswereeatingthreetimesasmanyurchinsas

theyhadbeenbefore2014.Asaresult,theyprovidedcrucialprotectionfromurchinstothekelpforests.

Thefactthatotterswereabletocontributetothehealthofthesurvivingkelpforestsbykeepingurchin

populationsincheckprovidesSmithwithhopefortheforests5continuedsurvival.4tTheimportantthingisthatthe

urchinsareultimatelyreduced,hesays."Theseaottershavemaintainedpatchesofkelpforestthatcanthenhelp

refillthebarrenareastoenhancetherecoveryoffbrests.^^

4.WhatinfluencedoesclimatechangehaveonCalifornia^marineecosystems?

A.Agreaterdiversityofmarinespecies.B.Thedisappearanceofurchins.

C.Anexplosivegrowthofseastars.D.Theweakeningofkelpforests.

5.WhatisthestudyledbyJoshuaSmithabout?

A.Urchins'responsetooceanwanning.

B.Thereproductionofmarineanimals.

C.Otters?roleinprotectingkelpforests.

D.Thecurrentconditionofmarineecosystems.

6.Whatisadirectresultoftheshiftinotters,diet?

A.Theottersaremorelikelytostaywarm.

B.Theshellfishpopulationshaveexploded.

C.Urchins'threattokelpforestsisrelieved.

D.Thekelpforestshavemadeafullrecovery.

7.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.SeaOtterstotheRescue

B.MarineSpeciesinDanger

C.UrchinsAreDestroyingKelpForests

D.OttersIncreaseKelpForests'CarbonStorage

【答案】4.D5.C6.C7.A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了加州气候变化造成海胆泛滥从而影响到当地的海草林，研究发现海

獭对于海胆的猎食对于海草林有一定的保护作用。

4.细节理解题。根据第一段“Theylaidwastetokelpforestsalreadyweakenedbyhighoceantemperatures.（他们

糟蹋海草林，海草林已经因海洋高温而变得脆弱）“可知，气候变化引起的高温海水已经影响了海草林。故选

Do

5.细节理解题。根据第二段“examinestheroleseaotterpopulations—anaturalpredatorforurchins—playin

preservingexistingkelpforestsintheMontereyBay.（研究海獭种群一海胆的天然捕食者一在保护蒙特利湾现

有海带森林中所起的作用）“可知，本次研究主要是去核实海獭对于保护现存海草林方面的作用。故选C。

6.细节理解题。根据第三段“Asaresult,theyprovidedcrucialprotectionfromurchinstothekelpfdrests.（因此，

它们为海草林提供了至关重要的保护，防止海胆入侵户可知，海獭饮食发生变化，大批的海胆被海獭猎食，

海胆对于海草林的影响得到了缓解。故选C。

7.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“AnewstudyledbyJoshuaSmith,anecologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,

examinestheroleseaotterpopulations—anaturalpredatorforurchins—playinpreservingexistingkelpforests

intheMontereyBay.（加州大学的生态学家约书亚・史密斯领导的一项新研究调查了海獭种群——海胆的天然

捕食者一在保护蒙特雷湾现有的海草林所起的作用。）“可知，本文主要是介绍海獭捕食海胆，从而让现存

的海草林得到保护。故选A。

AnewNorthwesternUniversitystudyreaffirmstheimportanceofgettingagoodnight'ssleep.Byexamining

fruitflies,brainactivityandbehavior,theresearchersfoundthatdeepsleephasthepowertoclearwastefromthe

brain.Thiswastepotentiallyincludespoisonousproteinsthatmayleadtoneurodegenerative（神经退化）diseases.

“Wasteclearancecouldbeimportant,ingeneral,formaintainingbrainhealthorforpreventingneurodegenerative

diseases/'saidDr.Allada,seniorauthorofthestudy."Wasteclearancemayoccurduringwakeandsleepbutis

greatlystrengthenedduringdeepsleep.”

Althoughfruitfliesseemverydifferentfromhumans,theneurons（神经元）thatgovernflies,sleep-wake

cyclesarestrikinglysimilartoourown.Forthisreason,fruitflieshavebecomeawell-studiedmodelorganismfor

sleepandneurodegenerativediseases.

Inthiscurrentstudy,AlladaandhisteamexaminedProboscis（针状喙）ExtensionSleep,adeep-sleepstagein

fruitflies,whichissimilartodeep,slow-wavesleepinhumans.Theresearchersdiscoveredthat,duringthisstage

fruitfliesrepeatedlyextendandmovebacktheirproboscises.t6Thiskindofmovementmovesfluidspossiblytothe

flyversionofkidneys（肾）Alladasaid."Ourstudyshowsthatthispromoteswasteclearanceandaidsininjury

recovery.^^

WhenAllada^teamdisturbedflies'deepsleep,theflieswerelessabletoclearthewastefromtheirsystems

andweremorelikelytobeinfluencedbyinjuries.

Alladasaidthisstudybringsusclosertounderstandingthemysteryofwhyallorganismsneedsleep.All

animals,especiallythoseinthewild,areincrediblyweakwhentheysleep,butresearchincreasinglyshowsthatthe

benefitsofsleep,