植物生理学专有名词定义题

Pleasegivedefinitionofthefollowingbotanicalterms

06A

EndomembranesystemCollectively,thecellularmembranesthatformacontinuum(plasmamembrane,tonoplast,endoplasmicreticulum,Golgibodies,andnuclearenvelope).

CrossingoverTheexchangeofcorrespondingsegmentsofgeneticmaterialbetweenthechromatidsofhomologouschromosomesatmeiosis.

CasparianstripAbandlikeregionofprimarywallcontainingsuberinandlignin;foundinanticlinal-radialandtransverse-wallsofendodermalandexodermalcells.

1.4SporicmeiosisMeiosisresultingintheformationofhaploidsporesbyadiploidindividual,orsporophyte;thesporesgiverisetohaploidindividuals,orgametophytes,whicheventuallyproducegametesthatfusetoformdiploidzygote;thezygotes,inturn,developintosporophytes;thiskindoflifecycleisknownasanalternationofgenerations.

1.5BasidiosporesSporesofthebasidiomycota,producedwithinandborneonabasidiumfollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.

1.6TypespecimenUsuallyadriedplantspecimenhousedinanherbarium;selectedbyataxonomisttoserveasthebasisforcomparisonwithotherspecimensindeterminingwhethertheyaremembersofthesamespeciesornot.

1.7UnilocularsporangiumTheunilocularreproductivestructureswhichwereproducedbydiploidsporophytestoformhaploidzoosporesthatgerminatetoproducegametophytes,meiosisfirstlytakesplacewithintheunilocularsporangia.

1.8SorusAgrouporclusterofsporangiaorsporesinferns.

1.9OvuliferousscalesIncertainconifers,theappendageorscalelikeshoottowhichtheovuleattached.

1.10ParietalplacentationOfplacentation,withplacentaspositionedonthewallofaunilocularcompoundovaryandovulesattachedtotheouterwalloftheovaryinsteadoftheaxisandpointinginwards.

06B

1.1ProtoplastTheprotoplasmofanindividualcell;inplants,theunitofprotoplasminsidethecellwall.

1.2ChiasmataTheX-shapedfigureformedbythemeetingoftwononsisterchromatidsofhomologouschromosomes;thesiteofcrossing-over.

1.3MetaxylemThepartofprimaryxylemthatdifferentiatesaftertheprotoxylem;themetaxylemreachesmaturityaftertheportionoftheplantpartinwhichitislocatedhasfinishedelongating.

1.4GameticmeiosisMeiosisresultingintheformationofhaploidgametesfromadiploidindividual;thegametesfusetoformadiploidzygotethatdividestoformanotherdiploidindividual.

1.5ClosedvascularbundleAvascularbundleinwhichacambiumdoesnotdevelop.

1.6BinomialsystemofnomenclatureAccordingtoInternationalCodeofBotanicalNomenclature,thescientificnameofaparticularplantspeciesshouldbecomposedoftwowords.Thefirstoneisgenusname,ofwhichthefirstlettershouldbecapitalized,andthesecondoneisthespecificepithet.

1.7ConchocelisTheinconspicuousredfilaments,whichgrowsinseashells,arethediploidphaseoftheedible,blade-formingseaweedPorphyra(thehaploidphase).

1.8AxileplacentationOvulesareborneatoraroundthecenterofacompoundovaryonanaxisformedfromjoinedsepta.

1.9IndeterminateinflorescencesFlowersmaybeclusteredinvariouswaysintoaggregationscalledinflorescences.Inindeterminateinflorescences,theyoungestflowersareatthetopofanelongatedaxisoronthecentreofatruncatedaxis.Anindeterminateinflorescencemaybearaceme,panicle,spike,catkin,corymb,umbel,spadix,orhead.

1.10EmbryosacThefemalegametophyteofangiosperms,generallyaneight-nucleate,seven-celledstructure;thesevencellsaretheeggcell,twosynergidsandthreeantipodals(eachwithasinglenucleus),andthecentralcell(withtwonuclei).

07A

Planttaxonomy:Involvingthenamingandclassifyingofplantsandstudyingtherelationshipsamongthem.

Plasmodesmata:Theminutecytoplasmicthreadsthatextendthroughopeningsincellwallsandconnecttheprotoplastsofadjacentlivingcells.

Phragmoplast:Aspindle-shapedsystemoffibrils,whicharisesbetweentwodaughternucleiattelophaseandwithinwhichthecellplateisformedduringcelldivision,orcytokinesis.Thefibrilsofthephragmoplastarecomposedofmicrotubules.PhragmoplastsareformedinallgreenalgaeexceptthemembersoftheclassChlorophyceaeandinplants.

Alternationofheteromorphicgenerations:Areproductivecycleinwhichahaploidphase,thegametophyte,producesgametes,which,afterfusioninpairstoformazygote,germinate,producingadiploidphase,sporophyte.Sporesproducedbymeioticdivisionfromthesporophytegiverisetonewgametophytes,completingthecycle.Sporophytelooksdifferentwithgametophyteinexternalappearance.

Bulliformcell:Alargeepidermalcellpresent,withothersuchcells,inlongitudinalrowsingrassleaves;alsocalledmotorcell.Believedtobeinvolvedwiththemechanismofrollingandunrollingoftheleaves.

Interfascicularcambium:Thevascularcambiumarisingbetweenthefascicle,orvascularbundles,frominterfascicularparenchyma.

Protonema：Thefirststageindevelopmentofthegametophyteofmossesandcertainliverwort;protonematamaybefilamentousorplatelike.

1.8Ovuliferousscales:Incertainconifers,theappendageorscalelikeshoottowhichtheovuleattached.

1.9Hypogynousflower:Perianthandstamensaresituatedonthereceptaclebeneaththeovaryandfreefromitandfromthecalyx.

1.10Axileplacentation:Insomeflowers,theovulesareborneonacentralcolumnoftissueinapartitionedovarywithasmanyloculeastherearecarpels.

07B

Plantanatomy：Thestudyofplantinternalstructure.

Tonoplast:Thecytoplasmicmembrancesurroundingthevacuoleinplantcells;alsocalledvacuolarmembrance.

Phragmosome:Thelayerofcytoplasmthatformsacrossthewallwherethenucleusbecomeslocatedanddivides.

Archegonium:Amulticellularstructureinwhichasingleeggisproduced;foundinthebryophytesandsomevascularplants.

Periderm:Outerprotectivetissuethatreplacesepidermiswhenitisdestroyedduringsecondarygrowth;includescork,corkcambium,andphelloderm.

Fusiforminitials:Theverticallyelongatedcellsinthevascularcambiumthatgiverisetothecellsofaxialsysteminthesecondaryxylemandsecondaryphloem.

Ovule:Astructureinseedplantscontainingthefemalegametophytewitheggcell,allbeingsurroundedbythenucellusandoneortwointeguments;whenmature,anovulebecomesaseed.

Parietalplacentation:Thearrangementoftheplacentae-knownastheplacentation.Ofwhich,theovulesareborneontheovarywalloronextensionsiscalledparietalplacentation.

Indeterminateinflorescences:Flowersmaybeclusteredinvariouswaysintoaggregationscalledinflorescences.Inindeterminateinflorescences,theyoungestflowersareatthetopofanelongatedaxisoronthecentreofatruncatedaxis.Anindeterminateinflorescencemaybearaceme,panicle,spike,catkin,corymb,umbel,spadix,orhead.

Aggregatefruits:Afruitdevelopingfromtheseveralseparatecarpelsofasingleflower.

10A

1.1PlastidsOrganelleinthecellsofcertaingroupsofeukaryotesthatisthesiteofsuchactivitiesasfoodmanufactureandstorage;plastidsareboundedbytwomembranes.

PlasmodesmataTheminutecytoplasmicthreadsthatextendthroughopeningsincellwallsandconnecttheprotoplastsofadjacentlivingcells.

CollenchymaAsupportingtissuecomposedofcollenchyumacells;commoninregionsofprimarygrowthinstemsandinsomeleaves.

VascularcambiumAcylindricalsheathofmeristematiccells,thedivisionofwhichproducessecondaryphloemandsecondaryxylem.

BulliformcellsAlargeepidermalcellpresent,withothersuchcells,inlongitudinalrowsingrassleaves;alsocalledmotorcell.Believedtobeinvolvedwiththemechanismofrollingandunrollingoftheleaves.

1.6BinomialsystemofnomenclatureAccordingtoInternationalCodeofBotanicalNomenclature,thescientificnameofaparticularplantspeciesshouldbecomposedoftwowords.Thefirstoneisgenusname,ofwhichthefirstlettershouldbecapitalized,andthesecondoneisthespecificepithet.

1.7LeptosporangiumAsporangiumthatarisesfromasingleinitialcellandwhosewalliscomposedofasinglelayerofcells.

1.8DoublefertilizationThefusionoftheeggandsperm(resultingina2nfertilizedegg,thezygote)andsimultaneousfusionofthesecondmalegametewiththepolarnuclei(typicallyresultingina3nprimaryendospermnucleus);auniquecharacteristicofallangiosperms.

1.9IndeterminateinflorescencesFlowersmaybeclusteredinvariouswaysintoaggregationscalledinflorescences.Inindeterminateinflorescences,theyoungestflowersareatthetopofanelongatedaxisoronthecentreofatruncatedaxis.Anindeterminateinflorescencemaybearaceme,panicle,spike,catkin,corymb,umbel,spadix,orhead.

1.10AxileplacentationOvulesareborneatoraroundthecenterofacompoundovaryonanaxisformedfromjoinedsepta.

10B

1.1ProkaryoticcellsCellslackingamembrane-boundednucleusandmembrane-boundedorganelles;BacteriaandArchaea.

1.2OrganellesSpecialized,membrane-boundedpartsofacell.

1.3HomologouschromosomeChromosomesthatassociateinpairsinthefirststageofmeiosis;eachmemberofthepairisderivedfromadifferentparent.Homologouschromosomesarealsocalledhomologs.

1.4SecondarygrowthInplants,growthderivedfromsecondaryorlateralmeristems,thevascularandcorkcambium;secondarygrowthresultsinanincreaseingirth,andiscontrastedwithprimarygrowth,whichresultsinanincreaseinlength.

1.5EndosymbiosisTheendosymbiosistheoryattemptstoexplaintheoriginsoforganellessuchasmitochondriaandchloroplastsineukaryoticcells.Thetheoryproposesthatchloroplastsandmitochondriaevolvedfromcertaintypesofbacteriathatprokaryoticcellsengulfedthroughendophagocytosis.Thesecellsandthebacteriatrappedinsidethementeredasy